PPG FEB 2012

SHORT NOTES PRONOUNS We use a pronoun to replace the actual name of a person or a thing. By using a pronoun, we do not have to repeat the same noun over and over again. It makes writing and speaking much quicker and clearer, too.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1. We use personal pronouns to replace the names of people or animals. He She They It to replace Maniam Kim May Tony and David Suki, the parrot

2. We can use a personal pronoun as the subject or the object of a sentence. Example: Mrs Tan cooks for her family every day. She cooks for them every day.

Subject

Object

Here are more examples: Subject I you we he she they it Object Me You Us Him her them it
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POSSESIVE PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

1. We use possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives to show belonging. 2. Possessive pronouns are not followed by any nouns in a sentence. The camera is mine. That room is theirs.

3. Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns. These are his socks. Is that your cap?

Here are more examples: Possessive pronouns mine yours ours his hers Possessive adjectives my your our His her its

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of a verb are the same person. He cut himself when he used the blade.
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She sewed herself a new dress. We blamed ourselves for the accident.

Here are more examples: Personal pronouns I you you(plural) we they he she it Reflexive pronouns myself yourself(singular) yourselves(plural) ourselves themselves himself herself itself

RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1. Relative pronouns are used to join sentences. 2. Relative pronouns who, whose and whom are used for people. Jessie is the girl who won the art contest. Din is the boy to whom the medal was awarded.

3. The relative pronouns which and that are used for animals and things. The horse which won the race belonged to my grandfather. The socks that have holes in them must be mended.

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SHORT NOTES PREPOSITIONS 1. We use prepositions to show the relationship of one thing to another. Prepositions often tell you where one thing is in relation to another or the position that it is in. Example: Where is the book? It is on the desk. ( on is yhe prepositions which shows the relationship between the book and the desk). 2. There are prepositions of places or position, direction and time.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACES OR POSITION Examples: a. In the cupboard. b. On the shelf. c. Above the table. d. Against the door.
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e. Under the desk. f. Near the gate. g. Behind the box. h. In front of the shop. i. Beside the river. j. Between the two pictures. k. Among the girls. l. Next to the bush.

PREPOSITIONS OF DIRECTION Examples: a. Up the stairs b. Down the stairs. c. Across the drain. d. Over the wall. e. Through the window f. Past the lamp post. g. From the village. h. Around the tree. i. Into the hall. j. Along the street. k. Off the pot. l. To the beach.
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PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Examples: a. In the morning. b. At night. c. By today. d. On Sunday. e. From yesterday. f. To/till/until Friday. g. For afew hours. h. Since lasy year. i. During lunch. j. Between January and March. k. Before/after tomorrow. l. Past midnight.

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SHORT NOTES CONJUCTIONS 1. Conjuctions are joining words. They join words, phrases and sentences. 2. Use and, as well as, both etc. To join two words or phrases which have the same idea. He usually has roti canai and a glass of milk for breakfast. She can sing as well as dance. Both Farah and her sister are good at art.

3. Use but, although, yet , however etc. To join two opposite or different ideas. He is thin but strong Although he is rich, he is not proud. She was tired, yet she did not complain about the work. However, he changed his mind about not taking part in the competition when he heard about the attractive prizes. 4. Use or, either...or, neither... nor etc. To show choice. Would you like a cake or an ice cream. The maid can either clean the windows or mop the floor. He was neither at work nor at home.
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5. Use because, since or as to show reason. Mr Tan was absent from work because he was ill. Since there are too few people interested in the trip, we will cancel it. As the kite was stuck high up in the tree, they could not bring it down.

6. Use therefore and so to show result. She did not study hard enough, therefore she did badly in the test. He was thirsty so he drank two glasses of water.

7. Use before, after, until, as soon as etc. To show time. Brush your teeth before you go to bed. After you have brushed your teeth, please go to bed. You may stay up until the programme is over.