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Exactly your chemistry.

Division Functional Chemicals

Polyalkylene / Polyethylene Glycols

Product Information

Table of contents 3 4 6
Introduction

Introduction
The chemical structure of polyglycols is readily understood in terms of the general principle of their synthesis. Applications 36 The various polyglycol types are obtainable by means of anionic polymerization of oxirans using an alcohol or alcoholate as an initiator. As shown in Fig. 1, a wide variety of products for many applications are made beginning with different initiating alcohols 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 Figure 1 38 38 38 39 39 The different product series are generally identified more spe39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 cifically by a letter code indicating the start molecule or the terminal groups. For example, M refers to methanol, B butanol, A allyl and P pentaerythritol. The numbers that follow indicate the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide and the molecular weight. ROH + n H2C-CH2 + m H2C-CHCH3 RO(CH2CH2O)n(CH2CHCH3O)mH O O (ROH) by varying both the ratio of the epoxide building blocks (n : m) and the molecular weight (n + m). Essential properties such as water solubility or hydrophilia are determined by the mixing ratio of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The viscosity and hydroxyl value of a polyglycol series is influenced by the number of polymerized epoxide building blocks. Reactivity of the various polyglycols with a wide variety of reagents is influenced by the initiating alcohols used and their reactive groups that persist after polyglycol synthesis as well as by the free hydroxyl groups.

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Technical ceramics / Powder metallurgy Production of rubber and elastomers polyglycols as lubricant and mould release agents and as vulcanization activators Overview of products Plasticizers, modifiers, processing aids in plastic manufacturing Paper industry, wood and cellophane processing Additives in the building materials industry Binding agents for detergent tablets (cleaning agents for clothes, dishes, denture cleaners) Technical data 6 12 14 16 18 20 22 Additives in fibre, textile and leather processing Anticaking treatment / Spray-coating of fertilizers Polyethylene glycols M-type polyglycols A and V-type polyglycols PR-type polyglycols B11-type polyglycols P41-type polyglycols B01 / T01-type polyglycols and enzymes Pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations Modifiers in viscose production Solvents and additives in paints, inks, coatings and adhesives Reactions with polyglycols Esterifications Reactions with isocyanates Reactions with epoxides Reactions with functionalized polyglycols

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Solubility

allyl polyglycols Properties 24 24 28 28 31 32 32 Reactions with functionalized polyglycols vinyl polyglycols Components for lubricants Fire resistant hydraulic fluids Gear lubricants for extreme temperatures Lubricants for gas and refrigeration compressor Lubricant greases Quenching bath additives Metalworking/plastics processing

Viscosity / Melting point Hygroscopicity Volatility and thermal stability Molar mass distribution / Hydroxyl value Particle size distribution / Powder density Physiological behaviour / Pharmaceutical and food approvals

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Overview of products
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs)
Polyethylene glycols are linear homopolymers of ethylene oxide. They are available in a molecular weight range of 200 to 35,000. The physico-chemical properties of polyethylene glycol are essentially determined by the two free hydroxyl groups and the ether oxygen atoms. The available product forms for PEG types 3,000 to 20,000 include flakes (S) and powder (P); types 3,0008,000 are also available as fine powder (PF). Types 1,5008,000 are also supplied to large-volume customers in heated tank lorries in the form of melts (FL).

PR-type polyglycols
The chemical structure of PR-type polyglycols is nearly the same as that of pure polyethylene glycols with the same molar mass. Their chemical properties and applications are comparable accordingly. The essential difference seen in these products is a central branching. Due to this, their melting point / pour point is 20 to 30C lower than that of pure polyethylene glycols with the same molar mass. As with all polyglycols, they show practically no tendency to evaporate, even at temperatures >100C.

P41-type polyglycols
The physico-chemical properties of the polyglycols of the P-41 series are determined by the four free hydroxyl groups and the ethylene oxide : propylene oxide ratio of 4:1. Due to their low comonomeric proportion of propylene oxide groups, P41-type polyglycols have melting points / pour points of 0 to -10C independent of molar mass, are very readily water-soluble and have cloud points at approximately 80 to 90C. At room temperature they are light, highly viscous liquids. P41-type polyglycols are insoluble in pure hydrocarbons. As is the case with the other polyglycols, they show practically no tendency to evaporate, even at >100C.

B11-type polyglycols M-type polyglycols (M-PEGs)


In contrast to the pure ethylene oxide polymers like PEGs M-series polyglycols are linear, monofunctional polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers that are completely soluble in water and are available with molecular weights between 250 and 5,000. M-type polyglycols are used mainly in chemical reactions requiring integration of a monofunctional polyethylene glycol chain (see section: Reactions with polyglycols). The decisive factor in the quality of M-PEGs is a low content of dihydroxyfunctional contaminants. The physical properties of M-type polyglycols are comparable to those of pure polyethylene glycols. The M-types have also been approved for pharmaceutical applications in the US. and M-PEGs, B11-type polyglycols are statistical copolymers consisting of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Due to this, their melting point / pour point is -40 to -50C, independent of molar mass in contrast to the pure polyethylene glycols. Due to the butanol group and an ethylene oxide : propylene oxide ratio of 1:1, B11-type polyglycols are still readily soluble in water and many polar organic solvents at room temperature. However, their less-pronounced hydrophilia is reflected in a cloud point that is approximately 50C in water. B11-type polyglycols are insoluble in pure hydrocarbons. As is the case with all polyglycols, they show practically no tendency to evaporate, even at temperatures >100C. B01 / T01-type polyglycols are built up exclusively of propylene oxide units in contrast to the ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers discussed in the previous chapters. This means that the B01 / T01 types have very low melting points / pour points independent of molar mass of -40 to -50C. They are much more hydrophobic than ethylene oxide polymers and ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in pure hydrocarbons. As is the case with the other polyglycols, they show practically no evaporation tendency, even at >100C.

B01 / T01-type polyglycols

A- and V-type polyglycols


In general, A- and V-type polyglycols have properties similar to those of pure polyethylene glycols and M-PEGs. However, with their additional allyl or vinyl group they possess the structural basis for numerous chemical reactions that make the introduction of the highly hydrophilic polyalkylene oxide group possible, resulting in hydrophilization and improved dispersability of the final products in water. (See section: Reactions with polyglycols).

Special products
Our development department is well-equipped to develop on the basis of a number of initiators and epoxide components special customized products in addition to those shown in the tables on the next pages.

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Technical data on polyethylene glycols


Polyethylene glycols H(OCH2CH2)nOH
Type Product Molar form mass g / mol Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Wax Wax Wax Wax / melt Wax / melt Wax / melt Flakes Melt Flakes Melt Flakes 190210 190 210 285315 285315 380420 380420 570630 570630 570630 760840 9501,050 9501,050 1,4001,600 1,4001,600 1,8002,200 1,8002,200 2,7003,300

CAS-No.: 25322-68-3
Solidification point EP III C approx. -50 approx. -50 -15-10 -15-10 48 48 1722 1722 1722 2530 3540 3540 4448 4448 4852 4852 5256 Viscosity at 20C (50% aqueous solution) mPas 6067 (undiluted) 6067 (undiluted) 8896 (undiluted) 8896 (undiluted) 112124 (undiluted) 110125 (undiluted) 1718 1619 1619 2123 2429 2429 3642 3642 5058 5056 7595 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.124 1.124 1.125 1.125 1.126 1.126 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.126 (melt) 1.126 (melt) 1.126 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) pH at 5% (DIN 19268) 5.07.0 4.56.0 5.07.0 4.07.0 5.07.0 4.07.0 5.07.0 5.07,2 3.05.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0,15 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 Refractive index nD20 (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.460 (20C) 1.460 (20C) 1.464 (20C) 1.464 (20C) 1.467 (20C) 1.467 (20C) 1.452 (70C) 1.452 (70C) 1.452 (70C) 1.452 (70C) 1.453 (70C) 1.453 (70C) 1.454 (70C) 1.454 (70C) 1.454 (70C) 1.454 (70C) 1.455 (70C) Residual EO GC mg / kg max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Residual Dioxan GC mg / kg max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Maximum solubility in water %m / m at 20C unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited 80 75 75 62 62 58 58 56 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0,1 < 0,1 < 0,1 < 0,1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.05 max. 0.01 max. 0.05 max. 0.01 max. 0.05 max. 0.01 max. 0.05 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 PEG-32 PEG-32 PEG-40 PEG-40 PEG-60 PEG-16 PEG-20 PEG-12 PEG-8 PEG-6 INCI designation PEG-4 Application characteristics

200 200 G 300 300 G 400 400 G 600 600 A 600 PU 800 1000 1000WA 1500 S 1500 FL 2000 S 2000 FL 3000 S

Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g Dihydroxy534591 DihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxy534591 356394 356394 267295 267295 178197 178197 178197 134148 107118 107118 7080 7080 5162 5162 3442

Solvent / chemical synthesis Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Solvent / chemical synthesis Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Solvent / chemical synthesis Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Solvent / chemical synthesis Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Chemical synthesis / aqueous solutions Chemical synthesis / aqueous solutions Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions

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Technical data on polyethylene glycols


Type Product Molar form mass g / mol Powder 2,7003,300 Melt Flakes 2,7003,300 3,0503,700 3000 P 3000 FL 3350 S 3350 P 3350 FL 3350 PS 3350 PF 4000 S 4000 P 4000 FL 4000 PF 5500 FL 6000 S 6000 P 6000 PS 6000 FL 6000 PF 8000 S 8000 P Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g Dihydroxy3442 DihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxy3442 3037 3037 3037 3037 3037 2530 2530 2530 2530 1922 1720 1720 1720 1720 1720 1216 1216 Solidification point EP III C 5256 5256 5357 5357 5357 5357 5357 5358 5358 5358 5358 5560 5560 5560 5560 5560 5560 5560 5560 Viscosity at 20C (50% aqueous solution) mPas 7595 7595 85105 85105 85105 85105 85105 114142 114142 114142 114142 144203 220262 220262 220262 220262 220262 290450 290450 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) pH at 5% (DIN 19268) 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 Refractive index nD20 (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.45 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.455 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) Residual EO GC mg / kg max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Residual Dioxan GC mg / kg max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Maximum solubility in water %m / m at 20C 56 56 56 56 56 56 56 55 55 55 55 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 PEG-150 PEG-150 PEG-150 PEG-150 PEG-150 PEG-180 PEG-180 INCI designation PEG-75 PEG-75 PEG-75 PEG-75 PEG-75 PEG-75 PEG-75 PEG-90 PEG-90 PEG-90 PEG-90 Application characteristics Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 10200 m Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 10200 m Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 10200 m Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m

Powder 3,0503,700 Melt 3,0503,700

Powder 3,0503,700 Fine powder Flakes 3,0503,700 3,7004,400

Powder 3,7004,400 Melt Fine powder Melt Flakes 3,7004,400 3,7004,400 5,1005,900 5,6006,600

Powder 5,6006,600 Spray powder Melt Fine powder Flakes 5,6006,600 5,6006,600 5,6006,600 7,0009,000

Powder 7,0009,000

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Technical data on polyethylene glycols


Type Product Molar form mass g / mol Melt Fine powder Flakes 7,0009,000 7,0009,000 9,00011,250 8000 FL 8000 PF 10000 S 10000 P 12000 S 12000 P 20000 S 20000 P 20000SR 20000SRU 35000 S Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g Dihydroxy1216 DihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxy1216 1012 1012 7.511.0 7.511.0 max. 7 max. 7 max. 7 max. 7 max. 4 Solidification point EP III C 5560 5560 5560 5560 5660 5660 min. 57 min. 57 min. 57 min. 57 min. 57 Viscosity at 20C (50% aqueous solution) mPas 290450 290450 550750 550750 1,1001,400 1,1001,400 2,7003,500 2,7003,500 2,7003,500 2,7003,500 11,00014,000 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) 1.20 (melt) pH at 5% (DIN 19268) 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 4.57.5 4.57.5 4.57.5 5.07.5 5.07.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0,1 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 Refractive index nD20 (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) 1.456 (70C) Residual EO GC mg / kg max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Residual Dioxan GC mg / kg max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 max. 1 Maximum solubility in water %m / m at 20C 54 54 53 53 53 53 52 52 52 52 50 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 INCI designation Application characteristics PEG-180 Product form with reduced water content for chemical syntheses PEG-180 Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 10200 m PEG-220 Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions PEG-220 Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m PEG-240 Humectant / binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / aqueous solutions PEG-240 Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m PEG-350 Binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / plastics additive PEG-350 Powdered binder / pressing agent, dry mixtures / plastics additive, particle size approx. 50400 m Binder / pressing agent for ceramics applications / thermooxidative stabilization Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications / plastics additive PEG-800 Binder / release- / processing agent / synthesis / plastics additive

Powder 9,00011,250 Flakes 10,50015,000

Powder 10,50015,000 Flakes min 16,000

Powder min 16,000 Flakes Flakes Flakes min 16,000 min 16,000 approx. 35,000

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Technical data on M-type polyglycols


Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers CH3(OCH2CH2)nOH
Type Product form Molar mass g / mol 272285 330370 330370 470530 470530 720780 1,0001,200 Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g 197206 152168 152168 106119 106119 7278 4756 Solidification point EP III C approx. -26 approx. -6 approx. -6 approx. +12 approx. +12 approx. +27 approx. 40

CAS-No.: 9004-74-4
Viscosity at 50C mm2 / s 911 911 911 1721 1721 2935 2531 (50% in water at 20C) 4555 (50% in water at 20C) 4555 (50% in water at 20C) 150180 (50% in water at 20C) 150180 (50% in water at 20C) Density at 50C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.090 1.090 1.090 1.074 1.074 1.083 pH at 5% (DIN 19268) 6.08.0 5.07.0 3.05.0 5.07.0 3.05.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.2 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.3 Refractive index nD at 20C (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.454 1.457 1.457 1.461 1.461 Maximum solubility in water %m / m at 20C unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited unlimited approx. 70 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 Methoxy PEG-16 Methoxy PEG-10 INCI designation Application characteristics

M 250 M 350 M 350 PU M 500 M 500 PU M 750 M 1100

Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Wax / melt Flakes

MonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxyMonohydroxyMonomethoxy-

Solvent / chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Solvent / chemical synthesis /esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Solvent / chemical synthesis /esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization Chemical synthesis / esterification / polyurethane hydrophilization

M 2000 S

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25.531

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Methoxy PEG-40 Methoxy PEG-40 Methoxy PEG-100 Methoxy PEG-100

M 2000 FL

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approx.50

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M 5000 S

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4,5005,500

10.212.5

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5.07.0

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M 5000 FL

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5.07.0

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< 0.01

max. 0.05

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Technical data on A- and V-type polyglycols


Polyalkylene glycol monoallyl ethers CH2=CHCH2(OCH2CH2)n(OCH2CHCH3)mOH Polyalkylene glycol monovinyl ethers CH2=CH(OCH2CH2)nOH
Type Product form Molar mass g / mol approx. 350 approx. 500 approx. 1100 approx. 750 approx. 1500 approx. 2100 approx. 550 approx. 1100 Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g 170190 110120 5057 7075 3539 2934 93112 4756

CAS-No.: 272 74-31-3

CAS-No.: 126682-74-4
Viscosity at 20C (DIN 51562) mm2 / s approx. 28 approx. 58 approx. 62 / 50C 8496 200300 approx. 100 / 50C approx. 80 2531 (50% in water at 20C) 5057 (50% in water at 20C) 160210 (50% in water at 20C) Density at 50C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.069 / 20C 1.089 / 20C 1.084 1.024 1.08 / 20C pH at 10% (DIN 19268) 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 10.012.0 10.012.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.3 max. 0.2 max. 0.2 max. 0.2 max. 0.3 max. 0.2 max. 0.3 max. 0.3 Refractive index nD at 20C (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.461 1.465 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 Application characteristics

A 350 A 500 A 1100 A 11-4 A 20-10 A 20-20 V 500 V 1100

Liquid Liquid Wax / melt Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Wax / melt

MonohydroxyMonoallylMonohydroxyMonoallylMonohydroxyMonoallylMonohydroxyMonoallylMonohydroxyMonoallylMonohydroxyMonoallylMonohydroxyMonovinylMonohydroxyMonovinyl-

Iodine Solidivalue fication g / iodine / 100g point EP III C 7585 approx. -12 4853 2227 2833 1518 1215 Not determinable Not determinable approx. +6 approx. +35 approx. -15 approx. -20 approx. -46 approx. +5 approx. 40

Chemical synthesis / hydrosilylation / hydrophilization / reduced alkali content Chemical synthesis / hydrosilylation / hydrophilization / reduced alkali content Chemical synthesis / hydrosilylation / hydrophilization / reduced alkali content Chemical synthesis / hydrosilylation / hydrophilization / reduced alkali content Chemical synthesis / hydrosilylation / hydrophilization / reduced alkali content Chemical synthesis / hydrosilylation / hydrophilization Copolymerization / hydrophilization / emulsification Copolymerization / hydrophilization / emulsification

V 2000

Wax / melt

approx. 2000

MonohydroxyMonovinyl-

2630

Not determinable

approx. 50

10.012.0

max. 0.3

< 0.01

max. 0.05

Copolymerization / hydrophilization / emulsification

V 5000

Wax / melt

approx. 5500

MonohydroxyMonovinyl-

8.610.2

Not determinable

approx. 57

10.012.0

max. 0.3

< 0.01

max. 0.05

Copolymerization / hydrophilization / emulsification

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Technical data on PR-type polyglycols


Polyalkylene glycols H(OCH2CH2)n(OCHCH3CH2) (OCH2CH2)mOH
Type Product form Molar mass g / mol approx. 300 approx. 450 approx. 600 Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g approx. 375 approx. 250 approx. 187 approx. 112 approx. 112 Pour point (DIN 51597) C approx. -50 approx. -25 approx. -5 approx. 17 approx. 17

CAS-No.: 9003-11-6
Viscosity at 50C (DIN 51562) mm2 / s 1822 2632 3442 5971 5971 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.100 1.110 1.115 1.120 1.120 pH at 10% (DIN 19268) 4.07.0 4.07.0 4.07.0 4.07.0 3.05.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 Refractive index nD at 20C (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.461 1.465 1.468 1.468 1.468 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 INCI designation Application characteristics

PR 300 PR 450 PR 600 PR 1000

Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

DihydroxyDihydroxyDihydroxy-

PEG-10 Propylene Glycol

approx. 1,000 Dihydroxyapprox. 1,000 Dihydroxy-

PR 1000 PU Liquid

Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Reduced alkali content for synthesis and polyurethane applications Lubricant

VP 1962

Liquid

approx. 700

Dihydroxy-

approx. 80

approx. -17

95115

1.124 1.130

8.010.0

max. 0.5

1.494

< 0.01

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Technical data on B11-type polyglycols


Statistical ethylene oxide / propylene oxide-copolymerisate-monobutyl ether
Type Product Molar form mass g / mol Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid approx. 1,700 approx. 2,000 approx. 2,300 approx. 3,100 approx. 3,100 approx. 4,000 approx. 4,800 approx. 4,800 Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g approx. 33 approx. 28 approx. 25 approx. 18 approx. 18 approx. 14 approx. 11 approx. 11 Pour point (DIN 51597) C approx. -50 approx. -45 approx. -45 approx. -45 approx. -45 approx. -40 approx. -35 approx. -35 Viscosity at 50C mm2 / s 4555 6674 80100 135165 135165 270330 630770 630770 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.038 1.042 1.044 1.046 1.046 1.048 1.049 1.049 pH at 10% (DIN 19268) 6.08.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0

CH3CH2CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)n(OCH2CHCH3)mOH
Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0,15 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 Refractive index nD at 20C (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.457 1.457 1.458 1.459 1.459 1.459 1.460 1.460 Cloud point, 1% in water C approx. 58 approx. 50 approx. 50 approx. 48 approx. 48 approx. 48 approx. 48 approx. 48 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

CAS-No.: 9038-95-3
INCI designation Application characteristics

B11 / 50 B11 / 70 B11 / 100 B 11 / 150 B11 / 150 K B11 / 300 B11 / 700 B11 / 700 K

MonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxy-

Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01

PPG-15-Buteth-20

PPG-28-Buteth-35

Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis / esterification / defoaming agent

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Technical data on P41-type polyglycols


Statistical ethylene oxide / propylene oxide-copolymerisates, branched
Type Product Molar form mass g / mol Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid approx. 3,500 approx. 5,000 approx. 15,000 approx. 20,000 approx. 20,000 Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g approx. 64 approx. 45 approx. 15 approx. 11 approx. 11 Pour point (DIN 51597) C approx. -25 approx. -10 approx. 0 approx. 0 approx. -10 Viscosity at 50C mm2 / s 180220 270330 27003300 1080013200 27003300 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 1.094 1.094 1.094 1.046 1.101 pH at 10% (DIN 19268) 7.09.5 7.09.5 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0

H(OCH2CH2)n(OCH2CHCH3)mOH n:m = 4:1


Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 19.021.0 Refractive index nD at 20C (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.467 1.467 1.467 1.467 1.450 Cloud point, 1% in water C approx. 90 approx. 90 approx. 80 approx. 75 approx. 75 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

CAS-No.: 58205-99-5
Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 max. 0.05 Application characteristics

P41 / 200 P41 / 300 P41 / 3000 P41 / 12000 P41 / 12000 M 80 Genolub 1674

TetrahydroxyTetrahydroxyTetrahydroxyTetrahydroxyTetrahydroxy-

Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Lubricant / thickener / quenching oil

Liquid

Mixture

Mixture

approx. -10

185235

1.090

9.011.0

4.06.0

1.463

> 90C

max. 0.05

Lubricant / cutting fluid

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Technical data on B01 / T01-type polyglycols


Propylene oxide polymerisate-monobutyl ether CH3CH2CH2CH2(OCH2CHCH3)mOH Propylene oxide polymerisate-monoisotridecyl ether CH3(CH2)12(OCH2CHCH3)mOH
Type Product form Molar mass g / mol approx. 800 approx. 1,100 approx. 1,400 approx. 2,000 approx. 2,300 approx. 800 Functionality Hydroxyl value (DIN 53240) mg KOH / g approx. 70 approx. 51 approx. 40 approx. 28 approx. 24 approx. 70 Pour point (DIN 51597) C approx. -50 approx. -45 approx. -45 approx. -40 approx. -40 approx. -45 Viscosity at 50C mm2 / s 1822 3644 7288 110132 216264 31.538.5 Density at 20C (DIN 51757) g / cm3 0.981 0.989 0.996 0.996 1.000 0.965

CAS-No.: 9003-13-8 CAS-No.: 72108-90-8


pH at 10% in ethanol / water (SAE) 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 5.07.0 Water content (DIN 51777) % (m / m) max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 max. 0.5 Refractive index nD at 20C (DIN 51423) ( 0.002) 1.446 1.448 1.450 1.450 1.451 1.449 Vapour pressure at 20C hPa < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Oxide ash (DIN 51575) %m / m max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 max. 0.01 INCI designation Application characteristics

B01 / 20 B01 / 40 B 01 / 80 B01 / 120 B01 / 240 T01 / 35

Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid

MonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonobutoxyMonohydroxyMonoisotridecyloxyMonobutoxyPolyhydroxy

PPG-14 Butyl Ether PPG-18 Butyl Ether PPG-24 Butyl Ether PPG-33 Butyl Ether PPG-40 Butyl Ether

Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent Solvent / lubricant / chemical synthesis esterification / defoaming agent

VP 1856 / 1000

Liquid

> 3500

approx. -22

9001100

1.008

5.07.0

max. 0.20

1.453

< 0.01

Lubricant / defoaming agent

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Physico-chemical properties
cible with water in any ratio, whereby the addition of water lo-

Viscosity / Melting point


Depending on their molecular weight, polyethylene glycols are either viscous liquids or low-melting waxy solids. The melting point of polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight exceeding 4,000 g/mol is always around 5865C. The viscosity of the melts and solutions of PEGs increases markedly with their molecular weight (Fig. 2). The melting point / pour point of polyalkylene glycols, i.e. copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, drops with the proportion of propylene oxide groups (Fig. 3). Thus polyalkyl glycols with a propylene oxide content exceeding 50% are highly viscous liquids with a very low pour point of approx. -40C.

wers the solidification point compared to pure liquid PEG. Solubility in water drops somewhat with increasing molar mass, but never falls below 50% even in PEG 35,000. Dissolution can be accelerated to a considerable degree by heating the substance to above the melting point. The behaviour of PEGs is not ionogenic in aqueous solutions. They are not sensitive to electrolytes and can therefore also tolerate hard water. The water solubility of polyalkylene glycols decreases with the proportion of propylene oxide in the copolymer. This is reflected in a lowering of the cloud point in water. Pure polypropylene glycols such as the B01-type polyglycols are practically insoluble in water. When our PEGs are shipped, the water content is max. 0.5%. Drying down to 0.1% is feasible if necessary by drying at temperatures of up to 165C under vacuum. Using fresh or correctly regenerated molecular sieves (pore size 34 ), the water con-

Figure 2: Viscosity of PEG 20035,000 as a function of temperature mm2 / s 1,000,000 300,000 100,000 30,000 10,000 3,000 1,500
20,00 35 00

mm2 / s 500,000 200,000


0

50,000 20,000
0

5,000

12,0 10,0

00 00 0 0

2,000 1,000

500

8,00 6,00

300 150

Solubility / Hygroscopicity
The combination of hygroscopic, viscous, lubricating, releasing and binder properties in PEGs with their excellent solubility in water creates ideal conditions for their use in numerous fields of application. The low-molecular liquid PEGs 200600 are mis-

tent can be reduced to 0.05%. Polyglycols are hygroscopic. Their hygroscopicity increases with molecular weight and the proportion of propylene oxide in the comonomer (see Fig. 4). Polyethylene glycols are also readily soluble in many polar organic solvents, for example acetone and methanol. Polyethylene glycols are insoluble in pure hydrocarbons.

200
4,0

100

00 50 00

3,3 3,0

50 30

2,0 15

00

40 25

Figure 3: Melting points / pour points of polyglycols

20 14 10

00 1,3 50
1,0 00 0

PEG
Proportion of propylene oxide 20

80

12 9 7

8 6

60

40
30

0
0

Proportion of propylene oxide 50 4

20

Proportion of propylene oxide 100 3 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 0 + 20 40 60 80 100

3 120 C

Pour point / melting point in C

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Physico-chemical properties
Figure 4a: Sorption isotherms (23 1C) for PEG 2004,000, glycerol and sorbitol max. water uptake % (m / m) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Figure 4b: Sorption isotherms for various polyglycols at 23 1C max. water uptake % (m/m) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

30

20

20

PR 300

er

Gl

20

PE

G1

yc

000

ol

PE

10 9 8 7

10 9 8 7 6 5

M 500

PE

PE
tol

60

40

So

rbi

6
500 G1

5 4
G2 000

P 41 4

PE

PE

B 11

G4

000

2 2

PE

B 01 T 01 10 % relative humidity 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % relative humidity

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Physico-chemical properties
Volatility and heat resistance
Polyglycols are not volatile, which is a considerable advantage in view of their applications as plasticizers and humectants. When they are heated to temperatures exceeding 150C, the resulting weight losses are not due to evaporation, but rather to release of volatile decomposition products. Thermal decomposition of polyglycols results neither in hard encrustations nor to deposit of viscous sludge. The decomposition products of polyglycols vary according to air exposure. In addition to water, carbon dioxide and aldehydes, simple alcohols, acids and glycol esters also form. When handling polyglycols at temperatures above 100C, we recommend the addition of suitable oxidation stabilizers. The type and amount of stabilizer required depend on what is expected from the PEG. The following substances have proved useful as antioxidants: 1. Polymeric trimethyldihydroquinoline 2. Diphenylamine derivative 3. Phenothiazine 4. Phenyl-alpha naphthylamine 5. 4,4' methylene-bis-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol 6. Butylated hydroxyanisole 7. Methoxyphenol (hydroxyanisole) On the other hand, purely thermal decomposition without oxygen can hardly be influenced by additives.
Figures indicate % (m/m) = miscible in any ratio cold ss = sparingly soluble at room temperature, soluble at 7080C ins. = insoluble Acetanilide 16% Acetic anhydride Acetone Acrylonitrile Acrylic acid Adipic acid diisopropyl ester Allyl alcohol Ammonia, 25% Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Antipyrine 10% Azulene (guajol azulene) 10% Beeswax Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzine Benzocaine Benzoic acid Benzyl alcohol Borax, crystalline Bromo acid Bromobenzene Butanol Butyl acetate Butyl amine Butyl diglycol Butyl glycol ins. ins. 50% 10% 0.3% 10% o-Cresol Copper(II) chloride 2H2O Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone *50% ins.

Solubility of various substances in PEG 400 at room temperature

Iodine Iron(III) chloride 6H2O Isobutyl acetate Isobutyl alcohol Isodecyl alcohol Isooctyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Isotridecyl alcohol Lactic acid, 90% Lead acetate Lead stearate Lecithin Lithium stearate

20% *50% 1% ins. ins. ins.

Propan-1-ol 1,2-Propylene glycol Pyridine Resorcinol Saccharin Salicylaldehyde Salicylic acid Sorbic acid Sorbitol Sodium chloride Sodium cyclamate Sodium nitrite Sodium sulphate Stearic acid Stearylamine Styrene Styrene oxide Sulphanilamide Sulphathiazole Sulphuric acid, 50%

50% 10% 30% 5% cold ss 0.3% 3% 0.4% ins. cold ss ins. 10% 10%

Solubility of various substances in Polyglykol P41/300, B11/150, M500, PR 600 and T01/35 at 20C / mixing ratio 1:1.
P41/300 B11/150 M 500 PR 600 B01/120 T01/35 Acetic acid Acetone Allyl alcohol Ammonia, 25% Amyl alcohol Aniline Avocado oil Benzaldehyde Benzine Benzene Benzyl alcohol Butanol Butanone Butyl acetate Castor oil Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chlorinated paraffin o-Cresol Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 10% + + + + + + + + + + + 10% + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Diacetone alcohol Dibutyl phthalate b,b'-Dichloroethyl ether Diethanolamine Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dimethyl acetamide Dimethyl formamide Dimethyl phthalate Dimethyl sulphoxide Dioctyl phthalate ins. Dioxan Diphenyl ether Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate ins. Dipropylene glycol Dodecan-1-ol Ephedrine (1/2 H2O) Ester waxes Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl aminoformate Ethyl benzene Ethyl diglycol Ethyl glycol Ethyl glycol acetate 2-Ethyl hexanol Ethylene chloride Formamide Furfural Gelatine Glacial acetic acid Glycerol Glycerol monostearate Glycerol triacetate Glycol Glycolic acid butyl ester Gum Arabic Hexachlorophene Hexadecan-1-ol Hydrochloric acid, 37% 20% ins. 50% ins. cold ss ins. 45% cold ss

Magnesium chloride 4H2O *25% Manganese(II) chloride 4H2O *40% Menthol 10% Mercury(II) acetate *10% Methanol Methoxybutyl acetate Methyl acetate Methyl diglycol Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl glycol Methyl glycol acetate Methyl methacrylate Methyl salicylate Methylene chloride Mineral oils ins. Morpholine -Naphthol Naphthalene Nitrobenzene Nitromethane Octan-1-ol Oil of eucalyptus Oil of lavender Oleic acid Paraffinic oil Paraldehyde PEG-lauric acid ester PEG-sorbitanoleate Perchloroethylene Phenacetin Phenol Phenol, 90% Phenothiazine Phenyl acetate Phenylmercuric acetate Phenyl salicylate Phosphoric acid, 85% Piperazine Polyethylene glycol 4,000 (warm soluble) Polypropylene glycol 400 Potassium iodide 40% 10% 105 10% ins. 50% cold ss 43% 10% 50% 15% 10% 50% 10% ins. *15%

Tannic acid 50% Terpineol Tetrahydrofuran Tetralin 55% Thiourea 10% Thymol 50% Tin(II) chloride 2H2O *55% 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloroethene Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol 10% Triethanolamine Triethylene glycol tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate Urea Vanillin Vaseline Vegetable oils Xylenol Xylene Zinc chloride 2H2O 3% 10% ins. ins. *20%

Calcium chloride 2H2O 20% Camphor 10% Canauba wax ins. Carbon disulphide 10% Carbon tetrachloride Casein ins. Castor oil 1% Catechol 50% Ceresin ins. Cetyl stearyl alcohol cold ss Chloral hydrate 50% Chloramine T 10% Chlorinated paraffin 56 and 70 Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chlorothymol 50% Citric acid 25% Cobalt(II) chloride 6H2O *50% Coconut oil amine 10% Colophony 50%

* These metallic salts become solute when heated to about 100C and form highly viscous liquids with PEG 400 that are also stable at room temperature.

Cyclohexanone Diethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

Diethylene glycol + +

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Physico-chemical properties
P41/300 B11/150 M 500 PR 600 B01/120 T01/35 Dimethyl formamide Dimethyl sulphoxide 1,4-Dioxan Dipropylene glycol Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl benzene Ethyl diglycol Ethyl glycol 2-Ethyl hexanol Fluorotrichloromethane Glycerol Glycol Hexane Hexan-1-ol Hydrochloric acid, conc. Kerosene Lactic acid, 80% Linseed oil Methanol Methyl diglycol Methylene chloride Methyl glycol Mineral oil Morpholine + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +hot + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 30% + + + + 30% + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Isopropyl alcohol + + + + + +hot + + + + +hot + + + + +hot + + +hot + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nitrobenzene Nitromethane Octan-1-ol Olive oil Oleic acid Paraffinic oil Peanut oil Perchloroethylene Petroleum ether Polyethylene glycol 400 Polyethylene glycol 4,000 Polypropylene glycol 2,000 Spindle oil Stearic acid Sulphuric acid 50% Tetrahydrofuran Tetralin Toluene Trichloroethene Trichloroethyl phosphate Triethanolamine Trixylenyl phosphate Turkey red oil Water Xylene + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + n = 101 M = 4462 2 n = 51 M = 2262 6 + + + + + + + + n = 21 M = 942 8 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 10 + hot + + +hot + + + + +hot + + + Figure 5: Molar mass distribution of PEG 4004,000 Poisson distribution % (m / m) Propylene glycol + +hot + + + + The molar mass distribution can be calculated by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). This distribution range is generally quite narrow for polyethylene glycols (Fig. 5). + + 40% 40% + + + + Molar mass = 56,110 x number of free OH groups per molecule OH value P41/300 B11/150 M 500 PR 600 B01/120 T01/35 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +hot + + + + + + + + The various polyglycol types are not chemical compounds with a precisely defined molar mass, but rather polymers with a certain molar mass distribution. Normally, the molar masses Mn calculated on the basis of the hydroxyl value (OH value) are the values listed. A knowledge of the OH value is decisive for many chemical processes involving polyglycols.

Molar mass distribution / Hydroxyl value

Ethylene chloride +

Hexadecan-1-ol +hot

n=9 M = 414

14

12

n= 20 40 60 Polyethylene glycol H(OCH2CH2)nOH

80

100

120

140 = n

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Physico-chemical properties
Particle size distribution / Powder density
Polyethylene glycols with molar masses of 1,500 to 35,000 are usually supplied in flake form (S types) with flake sizes of 0.52 cm. Powdered (P types) are also available with molar masses of 3,000 to 20,000 as well as fine powders (PF types) at 3,000 to 8,000. Polyethylene glycols in powder form are used where thorough mixing with other types of components in the dry state is important, e.g. in tablet manufacture or preparation of ceramic pressing masses. Table 1 shows the sieve analysis for a typical particle size distribution and the powder density of our polyglycol powders.

Physiological behaviour / Pharmaceutical and food approvals


The harmlessness of polyethylene glycols in terms of health risk is of key significance in many applications in pharmaceutics, cosmetics and food packaging. Polyethylene glycols are approved and listed in all major pharmacopoeias as adjuvants in production of pharmaceuticals. The low content level requirements for monoethylene glycol and diethylene glycol of 0.2% as well as the specification for maximum residual ethylene oxide and dioxan of 1 ppm are generally met by our polyethylene glycols beginning at a molecular weight of 300. A Special Quality has been defined for Polyglykol 200 (Polyglykol 200 USP) used in such applications. The microbiological specifications and the maximum germ counts for pharmaceutical adjuvants are also

FDA regulation of polyethylene glycols


Table 2 Regulation (21 CFR) 73.1 172.210 172.820 173.310 173.340 175.105 175.300 177.2420 177.2600 177.2800 178.3120 178.3750 Diluent in color additive mixtures fo coloring shell eggs. Coatings on fresh citrus fruit. Use in food. Special requirement: no more than 0.2 per cent total by weight of ethylene and diethylene glycol. Boiler water additive. Defoaming agent. Indirect food additives: components of adhesives Resinous and polymeric coatings: esters with triglycerides or fatty acids derived from oils Polyester resins, crosslinked Rubber articles intended for repeated use Textiles and textile fibers, adjuvant substances Animal glue Use as a component of articles intended for use in contact with food. Special requirement: no more than 0.2 per cent total by weight of ethylene and diethylene glycol. 178.3910 Surface lubricants used in the manufacture of metallic articles. Special requirement: no more than 0.2 per cent total by weight of ethylene and diethylene glycol. 181.30 Substances used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard products used in food packaging Polyglykol 400 Polyglykol 300 to 35000 (S) Polyglykol 6000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 8000 (S) Polyglykol 400 to 3000 (S) Polyglykol 300 to 8000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 8000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 8000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 8000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 6000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 35000 (S) Polyglykol 6000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 8000 (S) Polyglykol 200 USP and 300 to 8000 (S) Application Type

Table 1 Particle size distribution of PEG powder Microns Powder 3,00020,000 % < 90 90200 > 200 1020 2035 5570 Fine powder 3,0008,000 % 7590 1020 15

met by the polyglycols. In addition to pharmaceutical listings, approvals of polyglycols for food-related applications are decisive for a large number of applications, mainly in the field of packaging. Both in Germany and the US, polyglycols are listed in the BgVV (German Federal Institute of Consumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine) Recommendations and the FDA Code of Federal Regulations for many applications involving potential food contact (Tabs. 2, 3, 4).

Powder density (kg / m3) Flakes 400500 Powder 500700 Fine powder 450550

Please also refer to our brochure "Your universally applicable Polymer".

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Physico-chemical properties
BGVV (German Federal Health Office) Recommendations for PEGs
Table 3
BGVV Recommendation III V VI Class of substance polyethylene polystyrene styrene co- and graft polymers, mixtures of polystyrene with polymers dyestuffs for the coloration of plastics and other polymers polyamides unsaturated polyester resins cellulose film polymer dispersions polyterephthalic acid diole ester natural and synthetic rubber plasticized PVC for conveyor belts crosslinked polyurethane copolymers from ethylene, propylene, butylene, vinyl esters and saturated aliphatic acids, salts and esters paper, board, cartons polyurethanes for paper coating artificial sausage skins (cellulose film) Position as of 01.12.1995 01.12.1995 01.12.1995 End use and limits lubricant, antiblocking agent, antistatic agent, max. 0.25 % antistatic agent, max. 3 % lubricant, mould release agent, max. 8 %* auxiliary, max. 0.35 %** carrier, adhesion promoter, max. 0.2 % mould release agent, lubricant humectant max. 15 % (also triethylene glycol) defoamer, max. 10 % starting substance, max. 0.1 % processing aid, lubricant, mould release agent antistatic agent educt processing aid in uncrosslinked peroxidically crosslinked and ionically crosslinked material, max. 0.1 % humectant raw material polyethylene glycol max. 27.5 %* in conjunction with coating, complying BGVV lubricant, max. 1 %* wax dispersion lubricant, antistatic agent, max. 0.25 % film-former max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol max. 0.2 % monoethylene glycol molar mass at least 400 molar mass at least 1000 max. 0.2 % monoethylene glycol Purity requirements max. 0.2 % monoethylene glycol max. 0.2 % monoethylene glycol max. 0.2 % monoethylene glycol max. 0.1 % monoethylene glycol

FDA regulation of polyalkylene glycols


Table 4 Regulation (21 CFR) 173.310 173.340 175.105 176.200 176.210 178.1010 178.3120 178.3570 178.3910 Additive for steam boiler to generate steam that comes into contact with food Constituent of anti-foaming agents used for sugarbeet production. Constituent of adhesives used to process articels for packaging, transport or storing food Constituent of anti-foaming agents used in the preparation and coating of paper and cardboard Constituent of anti-foaming agents used in the manufacture of paper and cardboard Constituent of disinfectants to clean food-processing machines or other objects that come into contact with food Anti-foaming agent as in 176.210 for use in production of animal glues Constituent of lubricants for processing in machines to manufacture, process, prepare , treat , package, transport or store food. Surface lubricants used in the manufacture of metallic articles. Polyglykol B11/150 to B11/700 Polyglykol B01/40 to B01/240 Polyglykol B11/50 to B11/700 Polyglykol B01/40 to B01/240 Polyglykol B11/50 to B11/700 Polyglykol B01/40 to B01/240 Polyglykol B11/50 to B11/300 Polyglykol B11/300 Polyglykol B11/50 to B11/300 Polyglykol B01/40 to B01/240 Polyglykol B11/300 to B11/700 Polyglykol B01/50 to B01/300 Polyglykol B11/300 to B11/700 Polyglykol B01/50 to B01/300 Polyglykol B11/50 to B11/700 Application Type

IX X XII XIII XIV XVII XXI XXVII XXVIII XXXV

01.06.1994 01.12.1995 01.07.1984 25.08.1985 replaced 1989 01.12.1995 01.12.1995 01.12.1995 01.03.1989 01.06.1981 01.12.1995

XXXVI XLI XLIV

01.12.1995 01.01.1975 10.05.1995

max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol

XLVI XLVIII KTW part 1.3.2 health evaluation


* **

crosslinked polyethylene materials for the coating of hollow glassware polyethylene hair sprays

01.06.1984 01.03.1975 12.08.1976 20.01.1978

max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol max. 0.2 % monoetyhlene glycol

Total quantity of all the auxiliaries used for this purpose Based on colored part of the consumer article

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Applications
thermoplasts. To prevent migration of the polyethylene glycols

Technical ceramics / Powder metallurgy


Polyethylene glycols are used as lubricants, plasticizers and binding agents in the production of extruded ceramic components made of oxide powders, ferrite extrusion masses or powder metals. The standard PEG types 4,000, 6,000 and 20,000 are used as well as the thermally stable product Polyglykol 20,000 SR formulated especially for the ceramics industry. In the extruding process, 1% PEG usually suffices to ensure a sufficient plasticizing effect. Ceramic spray granulates require about 4% PEGs. In powder injection moulding, much higher percentages of binding agent are required. Polyethylene glycols have numerous advantages over other binding agents. A lower melting point of only about 60C Excellent water solubility facilitating production of aqueous powder slurries for subsequent spray granulation. Good plasticizing and lubricating properties in production of moulded parts. Improved stability of form and edges and better rupture stability in green mouldings. Thorough burning without influencing the electrical properties of the finished ceramics. Polyglycols are also good carrying media and binding agents for pigments. Adding them increases the adhesion strength of raw glazes and ceramic colours. Mixing ceramic colours with molten polyglycol (at approx. 70C, for example, 45 parts by weight colour with 1 part PEG 6,000) and allowing the mass to solidify in colour cups produces a substance that is easily grindable with water. Glass colours can also easily be applied to glass dcor using this method. The colour mass dries more quickly than applying turpentine oil.

Production of rubber and elastomers polyglycols as lubricant and mould release agents and as vulcanization activators
Polyethylene glycols have been used for some time in the rubber and tyre industry. In most cases, PEG 4,000, 6,000 or 8,000 are used. Using the high-molecular PEG 20,000 usually enhances the effect even further. PEGs in the form of a 15% aqueous solution can be sprayed into the vulcanization moulds or added directly to the rubber formula. Polyglycols make mould release easy. They give the vulcanisates an attractive finish which in the case of black goods is distinguished by a deep shade and velvety sheen. In general, foam rubber articles require higher concentrations. By contrast with mineral oils, polyglycols do not attack rubber and can readily be washed off with water. According to the FDA Recommendation for Rubber Articles (21 CFR 177.2600), PEGs have been approved as processing aids, lubricants and release agents for rubber articles that come into contact with food products. As vulcanization activators, for example with highly dispersed silicic acid, the addition of PEGs (especially PEG 6,000 to 20,000) to the vulcanization masses enhances filler dispersion during the mixing process and improves tensile strength modulus and tear resistance of the end product. PEG 1,500 can be used as a processing additive for latex production. The PEG acts as a release agents to prevent sticking.

out of the plastics, use of high-molecular types such as Polyglykol 20,000, 20,000SRU or 35,000 is recommended.

Binding agents for detergent tablets (cleaning agents for clothes, dishes, denture cleaners)
Polyethylene glycols are used as water-soluble binding agents for production and pressing of detergent tablets. The rate of tablet dissolution can be set as desired by selecting the right type and dosage of PEGs.

Paper industry, wood and cellophane processing


The combination of low levels of volatility, hydrophilia and hygroscopicity make polyethylene glycols a suitable additive with favourable effects on the moisture levels in paper, wood and cellophane, thus preventing brittleness, drying out and tearing, as well as improving the uptake and flow characteristics or ink and other colours on paper. According to BgVV and FDA Recommendations (see Tabs. 2, 3, 4), polyglycols have been approved for many applications related to food products. Deposition of PEGs in the cell walls of wood can prevent the well-known phenomenon of drying shrinkage, rendering the wood dimensionally stable.

Additives in fibre, textile and leather processing


Polyglycols, above all liquid types from the B11, B01, M and PR series are used in lubricant formulae for processing wool, cellulose and synthetic fibres. The polyglycols used contribute a combination of favourable characteristics. Low levels of volatility and residue formation Good lubricant properties (fibre/metal, and fibre/fibre) Ready solubility in water, making them easy to wash out

Additives in the building materials industry


Polyglycols are used variously in the field of building material chemistry in accordance with their specific structures. B11, P41 and B01 polyglycols are used as components of defoaming agents and pore regulators in flow concrete. Polyethylene glycols are commonly used as additives to in-

Antistatic effect No discoloration of fibres due to the influences of light and heat Pure, high-molecular polyethylene glycols are used as formula additives for surface treatment of glass fibres.

Anticaking treatment / Spray-coating of fertilizers and enzymes


Spray-granulated fertilizers must be protected from caking by suitable treatment. At the same time, consumers demand that the granule surface be coated so as to prevent dust from forming. Both of these demands are met by coating the fertilizer granules with high-molecular polyethylene glycols. In enzyme production as well, the enzyme product can be protected from ambient influences and oxidation by means of a spray-coat of PEGs.

Plasticizers, modifiers, processing aids in plastic manufacturing


At low concentration levels, polyethylene glycols influence essential properties such as water uptake, softening behaviour or the electrical puncture strength of thermoplastic materials. And, as described in the previous section, they also act as lubricants during processes such as extrusion, injection moulding or calendering. For this reason, PEGs are used as additives in plastics such as polyethylene, polyoxymethylene and fluoro-

crease the flow qualities of liquid fillers and levelling masses. For these applications, dry mixtures of polyethylene glycol powders are added to cement and mortar formulae. Copolymers with M and V polyglycol side branch groups serve to slow down the setting process; they are also used to plasticize and improve the flow characteristics for concrete processing.

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Applications
Esterification products of polyglycols (PEGs, M-PEGs, B11 and In the production of polyesters and polyamides, polyethylene glycols are used to modify the polymeric properties. are highly viscous, water-soluble polyethylene glycols or insoluble gels capable of swelling.

Pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations


As we explained above in the chapter on properties, polyethylene glycols are used as additives and adjuvants in many different pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications on the basis of their physiological harmlessness. Many PEG types have received INCI designations as cosmetic components. The application profile reaches from maintaining moisture levels in creams and toothpastes (Polyglykol 300 to 2,000 S) to binding agents in tablets (Polyglykol 3,000 P to 8,000 P), water-soluble tablet coatings (Polyglykol 20,000 S, 35,000 S) and use as actives in laxative formulae (Polyglykol 3,350 P).
Please also refer to our brochure "Your universally applicable Polymer".

B01 types) as well as additive compounds of silicones and allyl polyglycols are also used as foam regulators and defoaming agents in coatings and paints (see section: Reactions with polyglycols).

Reactions with isocyanates


Reactions of polyglycols with isocyanates follow the scheme

Reactions with functionalized polyglycols allyl polyglycols


Catalytic addition of an Si-H function to the allyl group in allyl polyglycols as in the reaction in Fig. 7 (hydrosilylation reaction) results in silicone surfactants composed of a hydrophobic silicone and the hydrophilic polyglycol unit. Depending on the type of polyglycol used, their properties can be widely varied. These products are commonly used as special surfactants, defoaming agents and foam regulators in paints and foam materials. Figure 7: Hydrosilylation of allyl polyglycols
CH3 CH3 Pt CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

Reactions with polyglycols


All of the polyglycols described here have primary or secondary alcoholic terminal groups that are accessible to common reactions such as esterification, etherification and reactions with isocyanates and epoxides. The proportion of secondary hydroxyl groups in the ethylene oxide and propylene oxide copolymers increases with the content of propylene oxide.

shown in Fig. 6. Use of diisocyanates together with dihydrofunctional polyglycols results in linear polyurethanes, whereas use of trifunctional and tetrafunctional isocyanates and polyglycols e.g. polyglycols from the P41 series results in cross-linked polyurethanes. M-type polyglycols contain only one terminal OH group, resulting in chain terminations in reactions with isocyanates. Polypropylene glycols are used most frequently in production of standard polyurethanes. The much more hydrophilic polyethylene glycols are used to modify elasticity, synthesize polyurethane-based thickeners for paints and coatings (as-

Modifiers in viscose production


Polyethylene glycols with a molar mass of 400 to 4,000 g/mol have come to play a significant role as modifiers in the production of high-strength regenerated (semi-synthetic) cellulose fibres. The addition of polyethylene glycol in the spinning process slows the acidification of the viscose, resulting in higher wet and dry strengths as well as reduced swelling capacities in staple fibres and cord / textile rayon.

Esterifications
Polyglycols can form esters with their free hydroxyl groups. Monoesters, diesters and polyesters can be synthesized depending on the specific functionality of a polyglycol and the acid used. Polyglycols are used as hydrophilic components, for example in the synthesis of stearic or oleic acid esters. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) can be specifically controlled by selecting an appropriate polyglycol. Polypropylene glycols and ethylene oxide / propylene oxide copolymers such as the products from the B01, B11 or MP series have secondary hy-

sociative thickeners) and in production of aqueous polyurethane dispersions. Decisive factors in reactions with isocyanates are the purity and low water content of the polyglycols used. Clariant carries a number of special polyglycols for these applications. Figure 6: Reaction of polyglycols with isocyanates O O HO-(CH2CH2 O)nH + 2R-N=C=O R-NH-C-O(CH2CH2O)n-C-NH-R Polyglycol Isocyanate Polyurethane

-(Si-O)n-Si-H + CH2 = CH-CH2-O(CH2CH2O)nH -(Si-O)n-Si-CH2CH2CH2O(CH2CH2O)nH CH3 CH3

Reactions with functionalized polyglycols vinyl polyglycols


V-type polyglycols can be radically copolymerized with suitable comonomers such as maleic acid anhydride, vinyl acetate or methylacrylic acid to raise the hydrophilia and dispersability of the resulting polymer in water. These polyglycols can be used as reactive emulsifiers and sta-

Solvents and additives in inks, paints, coatings and adhesives


Polyglycols are used as non-volatile solvents and substrates for paints, inks and adhesives. Due to their reduced tendency to evaporate they prevent the mixtures from drying out and help disperse pigments. Either hydrophilia or hydrophobia can be achieved by adjusting the ethylene oxide : propylene oxide ratio. In terms of pure polyethylene glycols (PEGs) the hydrophilia (and water solubility) of the products is reduced towards the B11 and B01 end of the range.

droxyl groups in contrast to pure ethylene oxide polymers. These groups are more difficult to esterify, although the resulting esters are then more stable against hydrolysis. Esterification of monohydro-functional polyglycols of the M and B series with methylacrylic acid, maleic acid or other unsaturated acids results in macromonomers capable of radical copolymerization. Their hydrophilic properties exert an essential influence on the solubility and dispersion characteristics of the resulting polymers. Use of dihydrofunctional PEGs in the same esterification process results in water-soluble cross-linking agents for radical polymerizations. Reactions of the free hydroxyl groups in polyglycols with epoxides, such as for example glycidyl methacrylate, can be used to provide various reactive groups available for further reactions with the hydrophilic polyglycol chain. Dihydroxyfunctional polyethylene glycols can be cross-linked to diepoxides such as bisphenol-A-diepoxide. Depending on the proportion of diepoxide and on the polyglycol used, the results

Reactions with epoxides

bilizers in emulsion and suspension polymerization. With their single free OH group, V-type polyglycols can also be used in a wide variety of chemical reactions. In reactions with isocyanates and/or polyesters, a reactive vinyl group is integrated in the resulting polymer. Hydrophilysation of silicones is obtained by additive hydrosilation of both Vand allyl polyglycols. As is the case with all vinyl ethers, V-type polyglycols tend to break down the vinyl function in an acidic environment.

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Applications
Polyglycols of the PR series can be used for the formulation of compressors that are used for the polymerisation of ethylene or propylene. The solubility of ethylene in B11/150K polyglycol under comparable pressure conditions is only one tenth of the solubility in Gear lubricants for extreme temperatures Polyglycols are characterised by a shallow viscosity-temperature curve (high VIE -Index), insensitiveness to shearing, outstanding wear protection, excellent ageing stability as well as low friction values and very low solidification points. Consequently polyglycols, but particularly those of the B01, B11 and T01 series, are ideally suited for the formulation of synthetic hydraulic fluids and the lubrication of enclosed, high-load industrial transmission gears, e.g. in rolling mills, feed mills, kneaders and conveyors. As a result of their low coefficient of friction the use of polyglycols as a lubricant in wormgear transmissions, the oil temperature can be reduced and the lubrication efficiency increased, Fire resistant hydraulic fluids (HFC) Fire resistant hydraulic fluids are used extensively for safety reasons in many industries (mining, foundries, aluminium and die-casting industry). The composition of these fluids is as follows: Approx. 45 % water as the non-combustible constituent Approx. 25 % ethylene-, diethylene-, triethylene- or propyleneglycol as anti-freeze compound Approx. 20 % highly viscous, water-soluble polyglycol (e. g. Polyglycol P41/12000) to achieve the required viscosity and lubricity Approx. 10 % additives to avoid liquid- and gaseous-phase corrosion, as anti-foaming agent and wear protection. The polyglycol/additive mixing ratio is of decisive importance for the quality of the formulation. Water-glycol hydraulic fluids have a clearly more favourable ecological profile than mineral oil or fully synthetic formulations. Lubricants for gas and refrigeration compressors Conventional, mineral oil based lubricants tend to absorb nonpolar gases while oxidation increases their viscosity. Polyglycols, on the other hand, absorb far less gases such as methane, ethane, ethylene or propylene on account of their polar character. This makes polyglycols, but particularly those of the B11 series, ideal lubricants for gas compressors. Consequently the B11/700K and B11/150K types are ideal polyglycol lubricants for Quenching bath additives The polyglycols P41/3000 and P41/12000 have proved their worth as an additive for quenching baths. The formation of a water vapour skin during the quenching process is avoided, and with it soft spots and cracking. The maximum cooling rate is diminished in a targeted manner and shifted towards higher temperature. The amount added to quenching baths is in the order of 2 5 % polyglycol. In correspondingly designed vehicles polyglycols can be used to lubricate the rear axle transmission. The Lubricant Additive 1655 is ideal for the formulation of polyglycol gear transmission oils. For instance 1 part of Lubricant Additive 1655 and 15 parts polyglycol B01/120 results in an outstanding ageing resistance and a breakdown load stage exceeding 12 in the tightened FZG test conditions (A/16.6/90). Lubricant greases High-quality lubricant greases, particularly for use involving high and very low temperatures, can be produced with polyglycols. Modified bentonite or pyrogenic silicic acid can be used as thickeners. Hydrocarbon resistant greases can be produced with water-soluble polyglycols, e. g. the B11 or PR types. thereby significantly extending the service life of the given machine. Low-viscous polyglycols of the B11 and B01 series containing the corresponding additives are also used to lubricate refrigeration compressors in conjunction with different refrigerants (e.g. R134 A.) High load bearing capacity also without additives Favourable viscosity-temperature behaviour The viscosity is less dependent on the pressure The danger of catalyst poisoning is minimised because polyglycols do not contain any sulphur The compressed gas can be readily removed by washing with More detailed examples for the use of polyglycols as lubricants are given below: water white oil. In addition to lower solubility of the gases that are being compressed, lubricant consumption is much lower than with white oil. Other advantages of polyglycols for use as compressor lubricants include: Water-soluble polyglycols of the P41, PR and B11 series are ideal heating conducting fluids for use in tempering plastic parts, for pressureless vulcanisation and for the production of PC-boards in the electrical industry. In all instances the polyglycol based heat carrier/lubricating medium can be easily washed off with water. Metalworking/plastics processing Polyglycols, e. g. polyglycols of the PR and P41 series, are suitable for the formulation of water-soluble, fully synthetic cooling/cutting lubricants and spark erosion fluids and for machining steel, castings and lead-free alloys. A typical formulation would consist of 1050 % Polyglycol P41/3000 and 5090 % Hostacor IT. 15 % solutions are used, depending upon the complexity of the machining process.

Components for lubricants


The chemical structure of polyglycols gives them very low friction factors, high viscosity indices and minimal pressure-viscosity dependence. They also show little sensitivity to shear stress. These properties make them interesting candidates for lubricant applications. The melting point of pure polyethylene glycols is, however, above 0C beginning at a molar mass of approx. 400 g/mol, so that these substances are unsuitable for many lubrication uses. By means of copolymerization with propylene oxide, the melting point, or pour point, can be reduced to -40 to -50C. This makes B11, B01 and P41 polyglycols useful as basic oils and formula components for lubricants, aqueous hydraulic fluids and metal-processing fluids.

biologically degradable hydraulic fluids that are ecologically and toxicologically harmless. These hydraulic fluids are extensively used in the food processing industry.

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Shipping and storage


Liquid PEG 200600 are shipped in polyethylene or corrugated steel drums, pallet containers (1 t) or in road or rail tankers. Flakes or powder forms of PEG are supplied in polyethylene sacks or Big-Bags. The soft, waxy product PEG 1,000 is only available in a fused form. The solid types PEG 8008,000 are available as low-cost molten goods supplied in heated tankers. PEGs in sealed original packaging have a shelf life of 2 years if stored in a cool, dry place. Exclusion of moisture is very important, since liquid PEGs are hygroscopic and the solid types absorb any moisture they are exposed to due to their good solubility in water. Each time the containers are opened, they should be released to make them airtight. Suitable materials for storage tanks include stainless steel, pure aluminium, containers lined with rubber or polyethylene and glass-fibre-reinforced polyester. Tank ventilation should be realized through a silica gel drying valve. Standard steel tanks are useful to a certain degree only, since product discolorations from traces of iron may occur after longer periods of storage. Stainless steel or aluminium containers with an external heating coil are suitable for storage of PEG 600 to 8,000 in the molten state. The storage temperature should not exceed 90C. Gentle circulation mixing with a circulation pump and top-filling of the storage container with a dry stream of nitrogen are advisable.

Notes

Our products are constantly upgraded on the basis of the latest research results. Products may occasionally be deleted in the course of updating the sales range. Development products that have reached the production stage are not included in this list. This information is based on our present knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described or their suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our General Conditions of Sale. September 2002

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Exactly your chemistry.


Clariant GmbH Division Functional Chemicals Industrial Performance Chemicals Research & Development Worldwide 84504 Burgkirchen, Tel.: +49-8679-7-5246, Fax: +49-8679-7-5085 Marketing Europe 65840 Sulzbach, Tel.: +49-6196-757-7846, Fax: +49-6196-757-8945 USA & Canada Mount Holly NC 28120, Tel.: +1-704-822-2514, Fax: +1-704-822-2193 Mexico 53500 Naucalpan, Tel.: +52-55-5329-1876, Fax: +52-55-5387-3248 Latin America 04795-900 So Paulo SP, Tel.: +55-11-5683-7627, Fax: +55-11-5683-7694 China Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong, Tel.: +852-2406-4111, Fax: +852-2506-1636 Japan Tokyo 113-8662, Tel.: +81-3-5977-7934, Fax: +81-3-5977-7893 South-East Asia Tangerang, Jakarta, Tel.: +62-21-5579-3656, Fax: +62-21-5579-7139 Australia/New Zealand Chadstone Vic 3148, Tel.: +61-3-9254-1092, Fax: +61-3-9254-1011 Internet: www.fun.clariant.com
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