Camberwell College of Arts

ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES

12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM 2010/2011

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

FORMAT AND PRESENTATION

Your dissertation, essays or critical review should be presented in the following format:

A title page with the unit, your name, course and word count. A contents page An introduction. The main body. A conclusion.

It should include: Bibliography Appendices, if relevant.

The format should follow these guidelines: Numbered pages with Arabic numerals (e.g.1 2 3 4) from the first page of your writing. Word count includes references (citations/quotes), but not bibliography or appendices. Double line spaced, other than when following quotation specifications e.g. quotes over three lines long, see page 7. There are no regulations regarding fonts or font sizes but readability should be taken into consideration. Common fonts such as Arial, Helvetica or Times are recommended, 12 point is the preferred point size. Paper size should be A4 (210 x 297mm) printed on one side only. Margins should be consistent. The following are recommended: Left hand Bottom Top and right 2.4cm 2.4cm 2.4cm

It must be word-processed and it is recommended to print more than one copy and save the document on CD Rom.

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

RESEARCH
Writing a dissertation, essay or critical review tests your research abilities. The nature of your research will depend on your choice of topic. Perhaps MOST important when writing anything is to choose a subject that is important to you, something you are really interested in this way you will be able to find-out more about a topic you really enjoy and amass information that forms an essay proving how expert you are now about this particular subject. To write knowledgeably you should aim to find out about (research) your chosen area in a variety of different ways: Historical research, which seeks to reveal meanings in the events of the past. This interprets the significance of time and place in ways that inform contemporary decision-making or puts current practices into perspective. Descriptive research, which observes and describes, fine art and/or design works, moving image, audio works. Primary research, requires you to work straight from the original source, this might be from an object, a painting, visits, conducting questionnaires and/or interviews. Secondary research comprises published books, catalogues, magazines, journals, and newspaper articles.

Get into the habit of organising your research, make notes of sources that you intend to quote from (usually books, catalogues, perhaps a line of dialogue from a film) and/or discuss. It is a good idea when collecting information from a published source to photocopy any relevant page(s) and then highlight core parts of the text to remind you easily and quickly of important issues when you start to write. Use images to underpin a point you are discussing: Images should be numbered and be printed on a separate page, at least 50% of the page remember the readers* might not all be familiar with the subject and this will make viewing/understanding much easier. Always make sure you provide caption and source, for the correct acknowledgment procedure of visual material see page 10.

* Your submission will be 1st read by your supervisor; if unit 9 or part of the parity sample it will be 2nd read by a blind marker; it could possibly be 3rd read at internal parity and even 4th read if selected for external parity.

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

STRUCTURE
Work out a plan (this might be several sentences, lists of points to be discussed or a diagram) to help your ideas and thoughts progress into a draft stage. A plan will help you consider the various issues connected with your topic e.g. historical aspects, style, design, gender, taste, consumption, race. The introduction should outline your subject. The main body explores your subject. The conclusion sums-up the subject from the information you have explored.

WRITING
Be sensible and clear in your use of language. Avoid jargon, unless usage is necessary to get a point across. Make your writing flow, the point you make in sentence (A) must link with points made in sentence (B) and so on. Let the reader know what you are discussing by placing the key point at the beginning of each paragraph. Always link up your paragraphs, make a reference in the last sentence to the key point being discussed in the next paragraph. Write several drafts and read through out-loud; weak areas that look right on screen or on paper are exposed at earlier stages, allowing you to easily improve. This helps to practice your writing technique, play around with ideas, increasing your confidence and enjoyment.

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

HARVARD STYLE OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

The Harvard style, or author-date system is now standard for use in University of the Arts London. The Harvard system has increased in popularity over the years and has the advantage of being flexible, clear and easy to use without the need for footnotes and chapter references as used in other systems.

DEFINITIONS
Citation is a means of referring, within your text, to the sources from which you have obtained information. Reference is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your `

information. Bibliography is the list (or journey) of the research sources you have used. The bibliography appears at the end of your work and is alphabetically arranged in sections i.e. books. As well as listing the sources you refer to in your text, it may also include details of material you have read, viewed etc., which informed your opinion, but was not referred to directly.

THE IMPORTANCE OF REFERENCING

To acknowledge the work of other writers. To demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work. To enable other readers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information.

During the course of your research you will collect many references and it is essential that you record as much detail as possible and be sure the information is accurate. This will save you time later when re-tracing references or when you need to incorporate a reference into your bibliography.

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

CITING IN THE TEXT evidences your research

It is very simple to cite material using the Harvard system, all you need to do is mention the author and date of publication in the text of your work at the point where you refer to a particular document. e.g. How to write a research project is clearly outlined in Berry (2000)

The above citation would then appear in the bibliography, listed alphabetically, giving the full details. e.g. Berry, R. (2000) The research project: how to write it. 4 ed. London: Routledge
th

If you refer to more than one reference at the same point in your text, then they should be listed chronologically. e.g. Howe (1986), Bourner (1990), Turabain (1996)

If the authors name does not occur naturally in the text then place the name and the date in brackets. Where it does occur naturally the year follows in brackets. e.g. Customer compatibility management emphasises the controllability of customer to customer interaction in the higher education environment (Rowley, 1996). It is the objective of effective customer compatibility management to enhance the service experience. Thus Rowley (1996) asserts that the ethos of the student environment does have an impact on student achievement. If you have a work with three or four authors then cite them as follows and use an ampersand (&) for and. e.g. Cutler, T., Williams, K., & Williams, J. (1986)

For four or more authors, use the first author listed on the title page followed be et al with is Latin and stands for and others. e.g. Matlock, J. et al (1996)

Use lower-case letters after the date if you refer to more than one item published in the same year by the same author. e.g. Mintel are very strong in this area of research as evidenced by their report on the Internet (Mintel, 2000 a). A further report on e-journals and e-books was also used to good effect (Mintel, 2000 b). If you are citing an Internet source you need to provide the full URL address. e.g. (http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html )

If citing material from an Appendix you number the pages and cite the page. e.g. (Appendix p.5)

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

USE QUOTATIONS to underpin your discussion

Use citations to underpin the ideas you raise in your text. It is essential to acknowledge the source of all quotations. If you record a particular quotation then you also need to identify the page numbers. These appear after the date within the brackets. Use p. for page and pp. for pages. Throughout the nineteenth century the primary audience for illustrated fairy-tale books was constituted by the middle classes and the aristocracy. (Zipes, 1986 p.233)

Brief quotations should be set in single inverted commas. For each one of the classical tales, there are thousands of illustrated books. (Zipes, 1986 p.233)

Quotations of more than three lines should be indented and typed single space, without quotation marks. For each one of the classical tales, there are thousands of illustrated books. And yet, despite this number, there are an astonishing number of repetitions, slightly varied images of standardised characters and scenes which have prevailed over the years. (Zipes, 1986 p.233) Double inverted commas should only be used for quotation within quotations. It is up to us as viewers/readers to convey ultimate meaning upon the patterns, and we do this in a conscious and unconscious manner but always within a socio-historical context which has already framed the way we receive signals about sex and sexuality. As Bill Nichols has remarked in Ideology and the Image: Images are always particularized representations, a way of seeing is built in and hence connotation is built in. (Zipes, 1986 p.234) When using a quote from an author (Nichols), which you have read in another publication (Zipes, 1986); present the quote correctly and reference as follows (Nichols in Zipes, 1986 p.234), the publication by Zipes is the one listed in the bibliography. Words added to a quotation for clarification should be set in square brackets. It is almost as if the viewer were an intruder who chances to come upon an assignation of two lovers [Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf] in the woods. (Zipes, 1986 p.236)

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Always use sub headings and group in order, reading (Books) first, as below: BOOKS Author or anon (if there is no author) Date of publication (in brackets) Title and subtitle (if any) separated by a colon, underlined or boId or in italics - your preference but be consistent throughout the essay Series and individual volume no. (if any) Edition, if not the first. e.g. rev. ed. or New ed., or 4th ed. Place of publication, if known Publisher e.g. Berry, R. (2000), The Research project: how to write it. 4th ed. London: Routledge JOURNAL ARTICLES Author(s)/Editor(s) of the article. Year of publication in brackets. Title of the article. Title of journal or newspaper, underlined or boId or in italics. Volume/issue number Date/period of issue Page number(s) of article e.g. Hamlyn, P. (1994) Textile resources on the Internet. Textiles, vol. 24 (4) pp. 6-11. where the article has no author e.g. th How dangerous is obesity? (1977) British Medical Journal, No. 6069, 28 April, p.1115. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES format as above, for journal articles. e.g. th Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born. Times Higher Education Supplement, 6 May, p.5. EXHIBITION CATALOGUES where there is no author use the Gallery or Museum. e.g. Museum of Modern Art (1968) The Machine. New York: MOMA CD - Rom Author or ANON Year of publication Title, underlined or boId or in italics (CD- ROM) Place of Publication Publisher e.g. Linges, A. (1994). Foreign Bodies (CD - ROM) London: Routledge.

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
BROADCAST MATERIAL (radio/television) Series title Programme title, underlined or boId or in italics Year of Broadcast (in brackets) Director(s) name Writer(s) Date of transmission Length Medium Station/channel e.g. Today. 1998. John Tushers. Tarantino interview. 14th January. 8 mins. Radio, BBC Radio 4 FILM/VIDEO Film Title, underlined or boId or in italics Date of release (in brackets) Director(s) name Screenwriter(s) name if known Production company name(s) Length (mins) Medium: format e.g. Marnie (1964) Directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Universal Pictures, 130 mins [Video:VHS] ONLINE IMAGES Title of image, or description, underlined or boId or in italics Year (Online image) Available from <URL>. Note general points about URLs (Date accessed) e.g. Maureen Connolly (1950) [online image]. Available from <http://www.pathfinder.com/photo/gallery/sport/cap13.htm> [Accessed 28 August 2001] E-JOURNALS Author(s) / Editor(s) of the article Year of publication in brackets Title of article Title of journal, underlined or bold or in Italics (Type of medium) Date of publication Volume and part number, pagination or online equivalent Availability statement ie.URL Date of accessing the information e.g. Mortimer, K. (1995) Enterprise in Higher Education: reflections from the chair. Education and Training [Internet] vol.37 (9) pp. 20-24. Available from: <http://fernando.emeraldinsight.com/> [Accessed 28 August, 2001]

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
WORLD WIDE WEB Author/Editor Year Title, underlined or bold or in italics (Internet) Edition Place of publication Publisher (if ascertainable) Available from;<URL>. Note general points about URLs (Accessed date) e.g. Scott,C.(1998) BibIiographical references Harvard Style [lnternet] Leeds, Leeds Metropolitan University. Available from http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/training/referencing/harvard.htm [Accessed 28 August, 2001]

USING VISUAL MATERIAL

Pictorial material must support a point explored in your text and be properly referenced see below. Images should be in colour and numbered; be printed on a separate page and placed together after the text, yet before the bibliography. If images are not being discussed but referred to, to give additional information about the subject, these should be placed/presented in an appendix, see APPENDICES below. Artist/Originator, Title, date Medium Size: Height x Width x Depth / Duration: Time Hours: Minutes: Seconds Image credit: Name of Photographer, Copyright Holder, date if relevant Image source: This is where you found the image In the case of a book or a magazine, format according to Harvard If it is a website please give the full URL address Incorrect: www.gagosian.com Correct: www.gagosian.com/jefkoons/koons1.jpeg/html

APPENDICES are listed in the bibliography and presented after the bibliography
Pages are numbered separately to the main text and cited in the text e.g. (Appendix p.3). Interviews Questionnaires Any interviews you carry out should be taped and transcribed. The transcript is then presented as an appendix at the back of your essay. You must present ALL the questionnaire results as an appendix at the back of your test to enable the reader to access the information you refer to in your writing. Extra information Helps to inform the reader/give more depth to your text, this could be images, photocopies (acknowledged correctly) of other authors text(s), extensive background notes if relevant about your subject(s).

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

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Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

WHAT IS ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT?

Academic Misconduct refers to any form of academic cheating. Examples include: Plagiarism (presenting the work of others as if it were your own) Submitting assignments downloaded from the internet Cheating in examinations Colluding with others to submit work (including friends or family who work with you

Commissioning another person to produce a piece of work without acknowledgement

unacknowledged) Plagiarism is the commonest form of cheating and is defined as stealing another person's ideas and presenting them as though they were your own. Some examples include: Copying from a text-book, journal article, thesis, essay or website without providing adequate reference to the author Reproducing original artwork, designs, film, sound or performance and presenting them as though they were your own Copying someone elses programme, database, web-page or multimedia presentation without acknowledging their work Throughout your studies, you will be encouraged to reference the work of other artists, writers, designers or performers in your work. Tutors will expect to find reference to the sources of your ideas in supporting documentation such as sketchbooks or initial drafts. This is an essential and valuable part of your education. As long as the source of the ideas is acknowledged, this is not plagiarism. How to avoid Academic Misconduct and Plagiarism Make sure that, for any assignment, you refer to the Universitys guidance on accepted and acceptable forms of referencing. This lists the correct way to reference any source, from books, journals and essays to works of art, computer programmes and web pages. Always acknowledge anyone else's ideas that you use in your work by quoting the source of the information. There are different ways of doing this, for example: In an essay or assignment, when quoting another person's words "put their words in quotation marks" and properly reference the author within the text and in the bibliography

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

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Camberwell College of Arts ACADEMIC WRITING GUIDELINES /12 PAGE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM
In computer software show where the information has come from in the acknowledgements or credits, e.g. programme design - A Brown, or Graphics - J Smith When using an artefact, put a caption against the object, e.g. "original photograph by CartierBresson"; If presenting an original piece of work based on an existing design or work of art, quote the source, e.g. "after Rodin", "after Eckersley" If using a strategy of `appropriation' (i.e. the deliberate and conscious use of the style and images of another artist) make sure you tell your tutors what you are doing and why and acknowledge the strategy when submitting work for assessment In a group project make sure all the members of the group are listed. If individuals undertake specific work within the project, make sure that this is acknowledged In examinations do not copy another person's work. Do not quote passages from a text-book or journal without acknowledging the source Failure to acknowledge the use of another person's ideas in your work may be considered a breach of the University of the Arts London's academic regulations; it may also constitute a breach of intellectual property rights, e.g. copyright. Such an offence is likely to lead to failure of that assignment and/ or unit and serious or repeated offences may lead to failure of the whole stage of the course, suspension or even expulsion. In addition a breach of copyright may lead to legal action.

Contents derived from Library Services and Camberwell BA CONTEXT 2010

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