Chemical and Biological Systems Natural Science 106 Spring 2013 Two forms of energy: Kinetic Energy the

he energy of motion Potential Energy stored energy

Energy & Respiration Discussion Worksheet: 28 February

Chemical bonds are a form of potential energy Energy is required to form chemical bonds Energy is released when chemical bonds are broken If there is a net release of energy in a chemical reaction, we say the reaction is exergonic If there is a net input of energy required for a chemical reaction, we say the reaction is endergonic All Chemical Bonds Require an Input of Energy This is known as the activation Enzymes LOWER the activation energy of a reaction This increases the rate of the reaction

ATP - The Universal Energy Source for All Life on Earth In biological systems, endergonic reactions are frequently coupled with the exergonic breakdown of ATP In other words, the breakdown of ATP powers most biological endergonic reactions Think of it as cashing a paycheck (ATP breakdown - exergonic). This gives you the money to buy things (endergonic)

The Flow of Energy in Cellular Respiration Energy from high energy electrons in chemical bonds in food molecules is transferred / shuttled to NAD+ to form NADH These electrons are then used in the electron transport chain to generate potential energy in the form of an H+ gradient This potential energy is then released to power ATP synthase. This enzyme converts ADP + P to ATP NADH and NADPH NADH and NADPH are both electron carriers Chemical bonds share electrons When bonds are broken and reformed, electrons change positions Think of them as electron taxis They carry electrons from one reaction to another so the molecules dont have to interact directly Think of them as bike messengers or couriers carrying electrons from one part of the cell to another

The Three Stages of Aerobic Respiration We will be mostly looking at the break down of sugars Three steps to break down sugars in the presence of oxygen(aerobic respiration) Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Krebs Cycle Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix Electron Transport Chain Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane

The Mitochondria Two membranes Outer membrane (D) Inner membrane (C) Three spaces Intermembrane space (A) Matrix (B) Cytoplasm (not lettered)

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) The high energy electrons from glucose are used to power the synthesis of ATP The electrons flow through an electron transport chain (like electrons through a circuit) The electrons from each glucose can be used to produce a total of 32 ATP The final electron acceptor in the chain is Oxygen Gas (O2) This is why we breathe, to get oxygen for this step