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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
List of Tables
ii
Acknowledgments
iii
Foreword
LESSON 1
LESSON 2
LESSON 3
LESSON 4
LESSON 5
LESSON 6
Prepositions
Pronouns
1
7
11
19
25
31
LESSON 7
39
LESSON 8
Adjective
49
LESSON 9
57
LESSON 10
67
LIST OF TABLES
3.1
12
3.1a
13
3.2
14
3.2a
15
5.1
Prepositions (
)
25
6.1
) Pronouns
Unattached (
31
6.2
7.1
)Pronouns
Attached (
32
Verb Forms of (
) in Active Voice (
)
39
7.1a
40
7.2
Verb Forms of (
) in Passive Voice ()
41
7.2a
42
9.1
)
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (
58
9.2
)
Second Person Imperative in Active Voice (
9.2a
9.3
) in Active Voice
Creating Second Person Prohibitive (
9.4
59
) in Active Voice
Second Person Prohibitive (
9.4a
10.1
58
60
60
61
68
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I owe a debt of gratitude to many people who helped in making this project a
success. To begin with, I would like to thank Sr. A. Naviwala who, working on
behalf of Darul Uloom al-Madania, prepared the first draft, which I edited. I would
also like to thank Mawlana Ibrahim Memon for his valuable feedback. I am also
indebted to my First year students at Darul Uloom (20112012 academic year) who
suggested important improvements and pointed out the many mistakes. My
prepatory year students at Darul Uloom (20112012), including Ahmad Hatim
who proof-read the draft for the second edition, have also given me valuable
feedback. I have greatly benefitted from their questions, comments and suggestions.
May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
iii
FOREWORD
This is the second edition of the revised Ten Lessons of Arabic, which in turn was
based on the famous Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar Das Sabaq [Ten
Lessons] by Mawlana Abd al-Salam Kidwai Nadvi. Das Sabaq in Urdu has been a
part of the Aalim course curriculum in Western madrasahs for a number of years.
In 2011, I was commissioned by Darul Uloom al-Madania to edit a translation that
they had prepared by revising an existing translation of the text that was available
online. I completed the editing in a few months. During this process, I took liberty
with the translation to make the content more accessible and beneficial to the
student. The edited version was then used as a textbook for Darul Ulooms eAlim
program. At that time, I received a number of suggestions from eAlim instructors
and students regarding improvement of the text.
Later, I got the chance to teach the first four chapters myself during Ramadan
2011 to a sincere student. At that time, I realized the many flaws that had
remained, especially in the first four chapters. I revised these chapters thoroughly to
make them more student friendly. Later still, I got the chance to go over the whole
text during the first term of 20112012 academic year, while teaching it to first year
students at Darul Uloom. During this time, a number of issues came up and I made
the changes accordingly. The first online edition was released at that time.
Later, during the last two terms of 20112012 academic year, I got the chance
to teach it again; this time, to the prepatory year students at Darul Uloom. More
issues came up and I fixed them. Now, at the end of this academic year (2011
2012), I have gone through the whole text again and revised it throughly. I have
added more explanation and tables in many chapters. I have also revised the word
lists and exercises, and reduced the overall number of vocabulary words. While
teaching, I had felt that memorizing too many new words was taking the students
attention away from the real thing, viz. grammar rules and construction of the
language. In many cases, plurals of words are given, but they are merely for
reference. Students should not be required to memorize these. The vocabulary lists
still appear quite formidable. However, this is because of the many repeated words.
If they were to be taken out, the overall count will be much less.
This text has been revised multiple times. In the process, it has changed
considerably and those looking for an exact translation of Das Sabaq will be
disappointed. However, I believe it is now much more beneficial. I have tried my
best, with help from many of my students, to remove all of the errors in it.
Nevertheless, as is the case with all human endeavors, there are bound to be some
mistakes in it, and definitely, room for improvement. I hope that the readers,
students and teachers, will apprise me of any such issues. Your feedback
(suggestions, constructive criticism, etc.) is valuable to me. You can contact me at
the email address given at the end.
This is a beginner-level text but notwithstanding its ease, it should be studied
with a teacher. It is also expected that the student will be studying other Arabic
books along with it as well. I would recommend Fundamentals of Classical Arabic
vol. 1 (by Dr. Husain Abdul Sattar) and Durus al-Lughah al-Arabiyyah vol. 1 (by
Dr. V. Abdur Rahim). I got the chance to teach both during this academic year.
They are both excellent books. There is some overlap between them and Ten
Lessons. However, this should not be seen as redundancy, but as re-inforcement. Of
the three, Fundamentals is for Sarf, Ten Lessons and Durus al-Lughah are for general
Arabic. The last one is probably the best in terms of its gradual and progressive
introduction to Arabic language concepts. However, the former two provide concise
information for Sarf and Nahw, which is spread out in Durus al-Lughah. I
recommend that Ten lessons and Durus al-Lughah be started at the beginning of the
semester, while Fundamentals be started in the second half.
Since this is a beginner-level text; therefore, Arabic words have not been
transliterated exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be
comfortable with Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, their approximate
equivalents have been used that are easier to read for the untrained. Nevertheless,
non-English words have been italicized.
As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, the original Arabic duals and plurals
have not been used; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by
adding an s to the singular. Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain.
The word still remains italicized to reflect its non-English origin.
The following abbreviations appear in the text:
S = Singular
M = Masculine
D = Dual
F = Feminine
P = Plural
Many times, these have been used in combination. Thus, we also have the
following abbreviations:
(S/M)
(D/M)
(P/M)
(S/F)
(D/F)
(P/F)
=
=
=
=
=
=
vi
I hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students.
I also pray that Allah Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have
contributed to it in any way, and gives us the power to continue with more. I also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us all
in their prayers.
And He alone gives success.
Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
91th Shaban, 1433 (1th July, 2012)
Email: ainbay97@yahoo.com
vii
LESSON 1
Examples:
1. Mahmood is knowledgeable.
2. Haamid is pious.
3. Khalid is a conqueror.
( )
5. Naasir is a friend.
).
In Arabic, a definite noun is called marifah ( ) and a common noun is called nakirah (
Lesson 1
English
father
mother
son
boy
daughter, girl
Singular
Plural
paternal uncle
paternal aunt
maternal uncle
maternal aunt
brother
sister
grandfather
grandmother
grandson
granddaughter
man
woman
Arabic
English
Singular
strong
weak
ice, snow
cold
water
sweet
small
fat
pious
worshipper
intelligent, smart
hard-working
beautiful
thankful, grateful
truthful
Lord
prophet, messenger
messenger
path
straight
Muslim
man, mankind
slave
leader, commander
Plural
Lesson 1
Arabic
English
brave
generous
coming (F)
respectful
and
merciful
going (M)
knowledgeable; scholar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Haamid is a father.
Mahmood is a son.
Khalid is an uncle (paternal).
Zayd is an uncle (maternal).
Bakr is a brother.
Saeed is a grandfather.
Hameed is a grandson.
The man is strong.
The child (M) is weak.
The ice is cold.
The water is sweet.
The son is small.
Hamzah is fat.
The brother is pious.
Exercise 2:
Plural
Exercise 1:
Singular
Aishah is intelligent.
Fatimah is small.
Maimoonah is a grand daughter.
The aunt (paternal) is pious.
The girl is fat.
The grandmother is pious.
The aunt (maternal) is a worshipper.
Translate into English.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Exercise 3:
11.
1.
13.
3.
( ) 2.
12.
4.
14.
5.
15.
16.
6.
7.
17.
18.
8.
19.
9.
20.
10.
LESSON 2
Consider the following sentences: slave of Allah, messenger of Allah, door of the
house, the Messengers order, Mahmoods pen, Khalids book, Hameeds
house. These phrases and those with a similar pattern are called mudaaf (
)
and mudaaf ilayhi (
).
(mudaaf ilayhi). Many times, the relationship is that of the possessed to its
possessor. The possessed is called mudaaf and the possessor is called mudaaf ilayhi.
For example, in the phrase Mahmoods pen, the pen is owned by Mahmood.
Therefore, pen is mudaaf and Mahmood is mudaaf ilayhi.
To translate a sentence of this type into Arabic, follow these steps:
1. Take out of or the apostrophe and the s, which show possession.
2. If you have taken out the apostrophe and the s, reverse the sequence. Write
the second word first and the first word second. If you took out of, then
there is no need to reverse the sequence.
3. Replace the English words with their Arabic equivalents.
4. Give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
For example, to translate the phrase Mahmoods pen to Arabic, first take out
the apostrophe and s. It becomes Mahmood pen. Then, change the order of the
words to pen Mahmood. Next, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents.
You get . Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two
kasrahs. You get . Following the same method, Khalids book becomes
. For a sentence with of, such as ring of gold, first remove the of. It
becomes ring gold. Now, replace the words with their Arabic equivalents. You get
. Now, give the mudaaf a single dammah and the mudaaf ilayhi two kasrahs.
You get
.
The rules concerning alif-laam have been mentioned in the first lesson. Those
rules will apply here also. Thus, if there is an alif-laam at the beginning of the
mudaaf ilayhi, the two kasrahs will become one kasrah.
will become
. It should be noted here that the mudaaf never accepts alif-laam or tanween.
For instance, in the above example, will not accept alif-laam or tanween.
Lesson 2
Word List
Arabic
English
Singular
wall
home, house
door
window
room
roof
ceiling
bed
pen
heat
sun
day
judgment; religion
to establish, establishing
Plural
light
lamp
darkness
Arabic
English
Singular
night
finger, toe
foot; leg
tall, long
leader, governor
short
expensive
high
winter
summer
spring
autumn, fall
new
old
book
note-book
jouney, travel
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Plural
Lesson 2
Exercise 2:
1.
6.
3.
8.
2.
7.
9.
4.
10.
5.
Exercise 3:
Translate into Arabic.
1. Mahmoods pen is expensive.
2. The houses wall is long.
3. The houses roof is high.
4. Haamids son is tall.
5. Fatimahs sister is short.
6. Days of Summer are long.
7. Days of Winter are short.
8. Door of the house is high.
9. Ceiling of the room is expensive.
Exercise 4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
LESSON 3
Past Tense Verb
In this lesson, we will look at the various forms a past tense verb takes in accordance
with the number and gender of the one(s) performing the action. To begin with, it
should be noted that means he (S/M) did, means they (D/M) did,
means they (P/M) did, means she (S/F) did and so on. These verbs are in
active voice (
) .
and , respectively.
plural first person will be called
11
Lesson 3
We are listing below the verb forms (also called conjugations) of the past tense
verb in active voice. These should be memorized with their meanings.
Table 3.1
)
Past Tense Verb Forms in Active Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
He did.
Dual
They did.
Plural
They did.
Singular
She did.
Dual
They did.
Plural
They did.
Singular
You did.
Dual
You did.
Plural
You did.
Singular
You did.
Dual
You did.
Plural
You did.
Singular
I did.
Dual/
Plural
We did.
12
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.1 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 3.1a
Note: In the tables above, has been translated as he did and as she
did. It should be kept in mind that these forms could also mean it (masculine)
did and it (feminine) did, respectively. The same is true of other forms. The
masculine could be any masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any
feminine thing or person.
13
Lesson 3
become . Its meaning will change to he (S/M) was done upon. This is passive
voice (
). Similarly, will become , will become , will
become , and so on. We are listing below the verb forms (also called
conjugations) of the past tense verb in passive voice. These should be memorized
with their meanings.
Table 3.2
)
Past Tense Verb Forms in Passive Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Faminine
Plurality
English
Singular
He was done.
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
I was done.
Dual/
Plural
We were done.
14
Arabic
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 3.2 would be
written in Arabic.
Table 3.2a
Note: In these two tables, has been translated as he was done and as she
was done. As mentioned above in the note after Tables 3.9 & 3.9a, these forms
could also mean it (masculine) was done and it (feminine) was done,
respectively. The same is true of other forms. The masculine could be any
masculine thing or person, and the feminine could be any feminine thing or person.
15
Lesson 3
other verbs by comparing them to these tables. For this, we need to know that
Table 3.1a, we can see that in this verb, is the , is the , and is
the . Once, this is established, it is easy to compare any of its forms with the
rest of table.
Arabic
he wrote
he read
he found
he cooked
he cut
he filled
he sought, he demanded
he asked
he made
he took
he ate
he ran, he fled
he went
he opened
16
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
English
Arabic
he hit
he entered
he put (something)
he helped
he joined, he arrived
he returned
he slaughtered
he oppressed
he imprisoned, he detained
I wrote.
They (P/F) read.
You (S/M) found.
You (P/F) cooked.
They (P/F) cut.
We filled.
You (P/M) demanded.
They (D/M) asked.
They (D/F) made.
You (S/F) took.
Exercise 2:
Translate into Arabic.
1. It (S/M) was eaten.
2. They (P/M) were cut.
3. They (P/F) were made.
4. They (P/F) ran.
5. You (S/M) went.
6. You (P/M) were found.
7. It (S/F) was opened.
8. He was hit.
9. They (P/F) entered.
10. It (S/F) was placed.
17
Lesson 3
Exercise 2:
9.
1.
11.
3.
12.
4.
13.
5.
10.
14.
2.
6.
15.
7.
16.
8.
Exercise 3:
7.
1.
9.
3.
8.
10.
11.
12.
18
2.
4.
5.
6.
LESSON 4
gets a dammah (or two dammahs as the case may be), and the
Rule: The
gets a fathah (or two fathahs).
Examples:
)opened ( ) a door (). The same order used for the last
2. A servant (
Notes:
If there is an alif-laam on any word, the tanween (double harakah) at the
end will change to a single harakah (the two fathahs will change to a single
fathah, the two kasrahs will change to a single kasrah, and the two dammahs
will change to a single dammah). Thus, the servant opened the door will
19
Lesson 4
or a . For
Mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi can combine to form a
example:
Arabic
he read
he stopped (someone)
he wrote
he defeated
he cooked
he ate
he hit; he beat
he worshipped
he tore
he helped
he cheated, he deceived
he heard
he profited
20
English
Arabic
he understood
he looked (at/towards)
)(
he gave an example
)
(
he remembered
he separated
he killed
he sat (down)
)(
Arabic
Singular
Plural
21
Lesson 4
English
Arabic
Singular
Plural
mother
messenger; prophet
religion
sky
building; roof
land, earth
bed; spread; mattress
Satan, the Devil
not
trade
ear
heart
transgressor
oath; pledge; promise
Muslim
speech
man
example
blessing
sea
chicken, hen
servant
door
Exercise 1:
22
)
(
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise 2:
applicable.
, and , where
Translate into English and identify the
,
1.
( )
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
23
LESSON 5
Prepositions
The following particles are used as prepositions in Arabic. They occur quite
frequently.
Table 5.1
Prepositions ()
from; than
to; up to
on; upon
for; belongs to
as, like
up to, until
by (for oath)
in; regarding
with; at
The words that come after these prepositions end with a kasrah on the final letter.
Below, we give examples of each of these.
By Allah!
Besides the ten prepositions listed above, there are seven other prepositions that
occur less frequently. Since they do occur; therefore, it is appropriate to mention
them as well. They are as follows:
1.
25
Lesson 5
4.
5.
6.
7.
Arabic
he went
he killed
he cut
he milked
he wrote
he ate
he asked
he made
he looked (at)
)(
he opened
he sat
he read
it (M) fell
)(
he broke
26
Word List for Nouns
English
village
city
lion
sword
cloth; clothes
scissors
Arabic
Singular
Plural
cow
milk
large bowl
card
pencil
biscuit
butter
cream
teacher
student
lesson
night-time
sleep; sleeping
day-time
buffalo
white; whiter
gold
silver
stone
moon
27
Lesson 5
English
star
lock
key
garden
grass
praise
right guidance
Arabic
Singular
Plural
people
clouds (collective noun)
something which is under
control
between; among, amidst
sky
land, earth
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Jew; Jewish
Christian
part, portion
good deed
)
(
world
hereafter
28
English
fly
food
ritual prayer (salah)
door
room
bed
Arabic
Singular
today
tomorrow
yesterday
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Plural
Exercise 2:
2.
3.
1.
29
Lesson 5
4.
30
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
LESSON 6
Pronouns
A pronoun is called in Arabic. Its plural is . There are a number of
different types of pronouns in Arabic. We are listing below those pronouns that are
) Pronouns
Unattached (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns
English
Arabic
Singular
he
Dual
they
Plural
they
Singular
she
Dual
they
Plural
they
Singular
you
Dual
you
Plural
you
Singular
you
Dual
you
Plural
you
Singular
Dual/
Plural
we
31
Lesson 6
Table 6.2
)Pronouns
Attached (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
First
Person
()
()
Feminine
(
)
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
Plurality
Pronouns
English
Arabic
Singular
his, him
Dual
their, them
Plural
their, them
Singular
hers, her
Dual
their, them
Plural
their, them
Singular
your, you
Dual
your, you
Plural
your, you
Singular
your, you
Dual
your, you
Plural
your, you
Singular
my, me
Dual/
Plural
ours, us
32
Examples of Usage of Unattached Dameers
He is Zayd.
I am a student.
I helped him
I commanded you
you (S/M) helped me.
3. After a particle:
in it
for him
from you (S/M)
to/towards us
indeed you (P/M)
on him.
Arabic
he rode
he broke
he fell
he stopped (someone)
33
Lesson 6
English
Arabic
he played
he looked
)(
he worshipped
he remembered
he ate
he provided livelihood/sustenance
he cheated, he deceived
he left; he abandoned
he snatched
he created
he presented
he took
(
)
English
father
mother
tongue
Singular
Plural
) (
head
nose
hand
tooth
chest
34
Arabic
English
Singular
Plural
handkerchief
car
bicycle
shoe
foot
ball
mango
apple
garden
melon, watermelon
cucumber
field; arable land
themselves
darkness
)
(
heart
hearing; also used for ears
eyesight; glance; also used for
eyes
veil, covering
lightning
Lord
fuel
people
stone
husband; wife; spouse
35
Lesson 6
Arabic
English
Singular
covenant
above
Mount Sinai
whoever
compensation, reward
color
bright yellow
with
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Plural
My father
His mother
Her tongue
Your (S/M) head
Your (S/F) nose
My hand
Their (P/F) teeth
His chest
Our handkerchief
I rode in your (S/M) car.
She broke my bike.
The shoe fell off your (S/M) foot.
I stopped them (P/F).
They (P/M) raised me.
You (P/M) played with the ball.
They (D/M) looked at me.
You (D/F) worshipped Him.
My mother remembered me yesterday.
You (S/M) ate a mango and an apple in your garden and you ate a watermelon
and a cucumber in your field.
36
Translate into English
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
37
LESSON 7
Present and Future Tense Verb
We have already discussed the past tense verb and pronouns. In this lesson, we will
discuss
which is equivalent to present and future tense.
( past tense)
and
( present/future tense), as well as ( pronouns) are the foundations
of the Arabic language. These should be memorized properly. This will make all
future lessons much easier. We are listing below the conjugations (verb forms) of
).
( present and future tense verb) in active voice (
Table 7.1
Verb Forms of (
) in Active Voice ()
Person
Gender
Plurality
Singular
Masculine
Third
Person
(
)
()
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
(
)
Dual
Plural
Singular
Second
Person
)
(
Masculine
()
Dual
Plural
39
English
Arabic
He/It is doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
She/It is doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
They are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
You are doing or
will do
Lesson 7
Singular
Feminine
Dual
(
)
)
(
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
First
Person
Plural
Singular
Dual/
Plural
Second
Person
) (
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.1 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 7.1a
40
voice) to
( past tense passive voice). Now, we discuss the method of
converting
from active to passive voice. , which means he does or will
Verb Forms of (
) in Passive Voice ()
Person
Gender
Plurality
Singular
Masculine
Third
Person
)
(
)(
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
)
(
Dual
Plural
Singular
Masculine
Second
Person
(
)
)(
Dual
Plural
Singular
Feminine
)
(
Dual
Plural
41
English
Arabic
Lesson 7
I am being done or
will be done
We are being done
or will be done
Singular
Dual/
Plural
Masculine/
Feminine
Masculine/
Feminine
First
Person
( )
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 7.2 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 7.2a
42
Note: When a passive verb is used, the
( subject) is not mentioned. Rather, the
, is called
( plural:
) . As can be seen in the table, these
are , , , and .
Before we move on, it will be useful to keep in mind that the ayn kalimah of the
and
can vary in a number of different ways. It
of a
can have a fathah, kasrah or dammah in
and/or
. It is beyond the
scope of this book to discuss all of these combinations. However, at this stage, it is,
nevertheless, important to take note of the harakah on the ayn kalimah of any given
.
Word List for Verbs
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he wandered about
he went
he came to know
43
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he worshipped
he heard
he played
he wore
he slaughtered
he drank
he read
he cooked
he made (something)
he stopped (someone)
he opened
he washed
he laughed
) (
)(
he commanded, he ordered
he concealed
he wrote
he cut
he helped
he deceived, he cheated
he colored, he dyed
he raised
he sent
44
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he ate
he remembered; he mentioned
English
Singular
Plural
potato
tea
food
newspaper
spoon
lock
key
washerman
cloth; clothes
pond, pool
laughter
friend
house
prayer leader; leader
people
what?; do?; will?; etc.
(depending on the context)
sinfulness
disbelief, infidelity
today
tommorrow
45
Lesson 7
Arabic
English
Singular
fear
promise; pledge
piety, righteousness
that; to
cow
that, which
speech
rope
remembrance
prophet
fruit
library
magazine
article; essay
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
8.
3.
9.
4.
Plural
10.
5.
11.
6.
12.
46
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Exercise 4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
47
Lesson 7
Exercise 5:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise 6:
48
LESSON 8
Adjective
Consider the following phrases: truthful Muslim, pious man, large mosque,
small book, trustworthy servant. These phrases and other phrases of similar
(adjective) and
pattern are called
( the described). In the phrase small
order to get
. Then, we give two dammahs to both the words. We get
1. : This is the state when a noun has one or two dammahs at the end. Such a
noun is called
. For example,
or .
2.
: This is the state when a noun has one or two fathahs at the end. Such a
noun is called
. For example, or .
3. : This is the state when a noun has one or two kasrahs at the end. Such a noun
is called . For example,
or
.
49
Lesson 8
Note: There is another state which is specific to verbs. This is . This is the
condition in which a appears at the end of a word or its substitute ( in the
and :
Additional Rules for
and the
1. Both the
have to be in the same state, i.e., if one is
,
would also have to be
. The phrase would then have been
( I helped a pious man). If had been ,
such as in
would also have been . The phrase would then have been such
as in ( I went to a pious man).
and the
2. Both the
should either be marifah or nakirah. Thus, if
the
has an alif-laam, the should also have an alif-laam. For
and the
3. The gender of the
should be the same. Thus, if the
4. If the
is a proper noun, it will not accept alif-laam. For non-proper
Since, the
is a proper noun; therefore, the will require an aliflaam to make it marifah. For example, when converting the conqueror
Khalid into Arabic, we will not add alif-laam to because it is already a
50
( ) because it
proper noun. However, we will add an alif-laam to the
.
The poet Ghalib will be
.
and
Word List for Verbs
English
Arabic
he drank
he defeated
he entered
he provided
he conquered
he took
English
Singular
Plural
pious, righteous
father
son
most-forgiving
Lord
big, large
51
Lesson 8
Arabic
English
door
old
mat
Singular
Plural
good; excellent
article; essay
magazine
street
small, little
ship, boat
deep
sea
great; powerful
mountain
long
train
train engine
station
immoral person
man
bitter
medicine
king
52
Arabic
English
army
capital city
Singular
Plural
today
skillful; outstanding
barber
store, shop
)(
boy
ugly
near, close
house
doctor
medical prescription
path
straight
torment; punishment
painful
mosquito
livelihood
trial, tribulation
night
dark
example
word
tree
good; pleasant (F)
53
)
(
Lesson 8
Arabic
English
root
firm, established
branch
commander, leader
city
fort, fortress, castle
hand; possession
conqueror
Pious father
The son Saeed
Most-forgiving Lord
Big door
The old mat
Good article
Good magazine
Big street
Small boat
Deep sea
Great mountain
Long train
Big engine
Small station
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Romans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Plural
sky
Exercise 1:
Singular
54
6.
7.
8.
9.
Exercise 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
55
LESSON 9
Imperative (Positive Command) &
Prohibitive (Negative Command)
The command is used to demand an action. That verb which contains a command
to do something is called , for example, read! and write!; while that verb which
contains a command to not do something is called
, as in do not go and do not
fear.
Creating for the Second Person
means that that seeghah which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah
replaced with a sukoon, while the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which
for
is an exception to this.2 Also, in the
ends with a noon. The
case of
, an alif should be added at the end, after dropping the noon.
is one of those words whose ends do not accept any vowel change. Such
In fact, this
57
Lesson 9
Table 9.1
)
Creating Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (
Original seeghahs of
Second Person
Give jazm
to the
seeghahs
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
imperative in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.2
)
Second Person Imperative In Active Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
()
Feminine
(
)
Plurality
English
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
Singular
(You) Do!
Dual
(You) Do!
Plural
(You) Do!
58
Arabic
Before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.2 would be written in
Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.2a
Examples:
Like , the
of any verb is also created from its respective
. In this
similar to the method given above for , but there are also differences. The process
is as follows.
1. Like in the case of , give a jazm to the
. This means that that seeghah
which ends with a dammah, should have its dammah replaced with a sukoon, while
the noon should be dropped from that seeghah which ends with a noon. As before,
for
will be an exception to this. Also, in the case of
the
59
Lesson 9
, and is called
.
)
Creating Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (
Original seeghahs of
Second Person
Based upon the above procedure, we get the following seeghahs of second person
prohibitive in active voice. These must be memorized.
Table 9.4
)
Second Person Prohibitive In Active Voice (
Person
Gender
Masculine
Second
Person
)
(
()
Feminine
(
)
Plurality
English
Arabic
Singular
Dual
Plural
Singular
Dual
Plural
60
Again, before we move on, it would be useful to see how Table 9.4 would be
written in Arabic. This is as follows:
Table 9.4a
Examples:
1. From ( you are opening/will open), we get ( do not open!).
2. From ( you are sitting/will sit), we get ( do not sit!).
pattern as in . The reason behind this difference is that the particular vowel
seeghah of
pattern of and
is dependent on the ( )letter of the
. The ( )letter of this
governs the in two ways,
and
in one way.
The one way where it governs both and
is the harakah of the ( )letter
of and
. Here, the harakah has to correspond exactly. Thus, when the ()
letter of
has a fathah, or kasrah, or dammah, the ( )letter
61
Lesson 9
of and
will have the same vowel. For example, in the ( )letter is ( )and
its and
forms will be and respectively. In , there is a
is the ( )letter of
and it has a dammah. And if the ( )letter of
has a fathah or a kasrah, then in both cases the hamzat al-wasl of will get a kasrah.
For example, the of is , and the of is .
English
(for past tense)
he went
he stopped (someone)
he started
he opened
he searched
he heard
he laughed
he did, he acted, he worked
he came to know
he played
he accepted
62
Arabic
English
(for past tense)
he was cautious
he became sad
he mocked
he did
he read
he entered
he cooked
he drank
English
Singular
to
Plural
market
mosque
but, rather, however
box
for
yourself
a lot
advice
mother
with
doll
ball
speech
63
Lesson 9
Arabic
English
comb
meat
snake
scorpion
cat
path
that
all, each
thing
straight
good
powerful
intercession
village
friend
hotel
milk
door
house
manager; editor
newspaper
2.
upon, on
1.
Plural
mirror
Exercise 1:
Singular
64
3.
9.
5.
11.
10.
4.
6.
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
Translate into Arabic
Exercise 3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
65
LESSON 10
Singular, Dual, Plural
We have seen in the previous lessons that verb forms are sometimes single,
sometimes dual, and sometimes plural.4 Similarly, nouns can also be single, dual
and plural. For example,
means one believer,
means two believers, and
means three or more believers. Below, we give the rules for duals and plurals
of nouns.
(one of the
Dual: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )
following:
An
[
preceded by a fathah and followed by a with a kasrah i.e. ]
for the state of .
e.g.
two men
A
preceded by a fathah and a with a kasrah i.e. ] [ for the states of
and .
e.g.
two men
(one of the
Plural: It is formed by placing at the end of a singular )
following:5
A
preceded by a dammah and followed by a with a fathah i.e. ][
for the state of .
e.g.
Muslims
A
preceded by a kasrah and followed by a with a fathah i.e. [ ]for
the states of
and .
e.g.
Muslims
It should be remembered that when the verb forms are dual or plural, it is not the action that is dual
or plural. The action taking place is only one. It is only the doers of the action who are two or more.
5
There is more detail to it, which can be studied in more advanced books.
67
Lesson 10
For the ease of the students, a chart showing and its dual and plural forms in
each of the different states is given below.
Table 10.1
Singular, Dual, and Plural
Singular (
)
In the state of
In the state of
In the state of
Dual ()
Plural ()
Examples:
1. Two men went to the market.
Note: The of dual and plural is dropped when it appears at the end of mudaaf.
For example,
1.
2.
68
3.
(Muslims of Egypt)
4.
(seekers of knowledge)
English
(for past tense)
he ordered
he wrote
he ate
he cut
he hit
he took
he studied
he cooked
he read
he filled
he imprisoned
he forgave
Arabic
Singular
preacher
book
believer
bread
69
Plural
Lesson 10
English
Arabic
Singular
Plural
tree
boy
umbrella
year
worshipper
a fish
notebook
house
female servant, maid
jar
uncle (maternal)
thief
jail, prison
guidance
pious, God-fearing
successful; prosperous
corrupt
) (
we
peacemaker
oppressor
punishment
painful
disbeliever, infidel
humiliating, disgraceful
with
patient
all praise
70
)(
English
Arabic
Singular
Lord
world
peace
upon, on
master; chief
messenger
seal; ring
prophet
family
companion
all
Exercise 1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Exercise 2:
1.
2.
3. :
71
Plural
Lesson 10
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
72