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INTRODUCTIONTO Immunology gyandSerology gy

S.Wahyuni,MD,PhD
DepartmentofParasitology, MedicalFaculty,HasanuddinUniversity wahyunim@indosat.net.id +628152531325

DURINGLECTURE/DISCUSSION

29/07/09

S.Wahyuni/BMD

Microorganism
Greek:mikrs,"small microorganism/microorganism/ microrganism):Organismthatcomprises eitherasinglecellormulticellular relatively complexorganisms. Includebacteria,fungi,albae,protozoa, microscopicplants/animal liveinallpartsofthebiosphere

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Microbiology:Thestudyofmicroorganisms( beganwhenAntonyvanLeeuwenhoeks discoveredmicroorganismsin1675,usingahis ownmicroscopedesign Medicalmicrobiology:Branchofmedicineand microbiologywhichdealswiththestudyof microorganismsincludingbacteria,viruses,fungi andparasiteswhichareofmedicalimportance andarecapableofcausinginfectiousdiseasein humanbeings

Serology
Thescientificstudyofbloodserumandother bodilyfluids. Diagnosticofantibodiesintheserum. Antibodiesaretypicallyformedinresponseto
aninfection(againstmicroganism) otherforeignproteins(inresponse,forexample, toamismatchedbloodtransfusion) ownproteins(ininstancesofautoimmune disease)

Blood: lood:aliquidtissueconsistof
Wateryplasma 7seventypesofcellsandcell fragments
RBCs/erythrocytes Plateletsorthrombocytes 5white bloodcells(WBCs)or leukocytes
Threekindsofgranulocytes (neutrophils,eosynophyls,basophils) Twokindsofleukocyteswithout granulesintheircytoplasm (lymphocytes,monocytes)

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Immunology
immunity (immunitas):protectionfromdisease, morespecifically,infectiousdisease. immunesystem:cellsandmoleculesresponsible forimmunity p :collective&coordinated immuneresponse responseofimmunesystemtotheintroduction offoreignsubstances(microbes, macromolecules,smallchemicals) physiologic orpathologic immunology:studyofimmuneresponsesand thecellularandmoleculareventsthatoccurafter anorganismforeignsubtances.

immunity (immunitas):protectionfromdisease, morespecifically,infectiousdisease. immunesystem:cellsandmoleculesresponsible forimmunity p :collective&coordinated immuneresponse responseofimmunesystemtotheintroduction offoreignsubstances(microbes, macromolecules,smallchemicals) physiologic orpathologic immunology:studyofimmuneresponsesand thecellularandmoleculareventsthatoccurafter anorganismforeignsubtances.

AncientChinesecustom:childreninhalepowders madefromtheskinlesionsofpatientsrecovering fromsmallpox resistanttothedisease Jenner svaccination(1798):milkmaids EdwardJenner's recoveredfromcowpoxnevercontractedserious smallpox.Heinjectedthematerialfromacowpox pustuleintothearmofan8yo boy diseasedid notdevelopwhenthisboyintentionally inoculatedwithsmallpox.

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Disease Diphtheria Measles Mumps Pertussis Polio (paralytic) Rubella Tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type B Hepatitis B

Cases (year) Cases 2009 % Change 206,939 (1921) 0 -99.99 894,134 (1941) 152,209 (1968) 265,269 (1934) 21,269 (1952) 57,686 (1969) 1,560 (1923) 20,000 (1984) 26,611 (1985) 61 982 13,506 0 4 14 25 3,020 -99.99 -99.35 -94.72 -100.0 -99.99 -99.10 -99.88 -87.66

EffectivenessofVaccinesforSomeCommonInfectiousDiseases

INNATEANDADAPTIVEIMMUNITY

Innateimmunity
Naturalornativeimmunity Function:earlylineofdefense againstmicrobes. Principalcomponents: 1. physicalandchemicalbarriers:epitheliaand antimicrobialchemicalsproduced atepithelialsurfaces 2. phagocytic cells(neutrophils, macrophages), dendritic cells,andnaturalkiller(NK)cells 3. bloodproteins:complement systemandmediatorsof inflammation(cytokine,etc) Themechanisms arenotdifferent forstructuresthatare commontogroupsofrelatedmicrobes

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adaptiveimmunity
characteristics:
exquisitespecificityfordistinctmolecules remember&respondmorevigorouslytorepeated exposurestothesamemicrobe. recognizeandreacttoalargenumberofmicrobialand nonmicrobial i bi l substances. bt

calledspecificimmunitybecausehascapacityto distinguishbetweendifferent,evencloselyrelated, microbesandmolecules calledacquiredimmunitybecausepotentprotective responsesare"acquired"byexperience. components:lymphocytes andantibodies.

Innateandadaptiveimmunity

Innate Characteristics Specificity For molecules shared by groups of related microbes and molecules produced by damaged host cells Limited; germline encoded None Yes

Adaptive For microbial and nonmicrobial antigens

Diversity Memory Nonreactivity to self Components Cellular and chemical barriers Blood proteins Cells

Very large; receptors are produced by somatic recombination of gene segments Yes Yes

Skin, mucosal epithelia; antimicrobial Lymphocytes in epithelia; antibodies molecules secreted at epithelial surfaces Complement, others Antibodies Phagocytes (macrophages, Lymphocytes neutrophils), natural killer cells

FeaturesofInnateandAdaptiveImmunity

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TYPESOFADAPTIVEIMMUNE RESPONSES

Typesofadaptiveimmunity

Activeandpassiveimmunity

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Humoralimmunity
EmilvonBehring&ShibasaburoKitasato (1890):serumfromanimalsthathad recoveredfromdiphtheriainfectionwas transferredtonaiveanimals recipients specificallyresistanttodiphtheriainfection. Theactivecomponentsoftheserumwere calledantitoxins becausetheyneutralizedthe pathologiceffectsofthediphtheriatoxin.

PaulEhrlich(Intheearly1900s)immunecellsuse receptorstorecognizemicrobialtoxinsand subsequentlysecretethesereceptorstocombat microbes

antibodies :theserumproteinsthatboundtoxins substances b that h stimulated i l dthe h production d i of fantibodies ib di werecalledantigens.

moderndefinition
antigens includes substancesthatbindtospecific lymphocytereceptors(stimulateornotstimulateimmune responses. Immunogens:substancesthatstimulateimmune responses

Cellularimmunity
Elie Metchnikoff(1883):demonstrated phagocytessurroundingathornstuckintoa translucentstarfishlarva SirAlmroth Wright's(1900s):factorsinimmune serumenhancedthephagocytosis ofbacteriaby coatingthebacteria(opsonization) antibodies preparedmicrobesforingestionbyphagocytes. 1950s:resistancetoanintracellularbacterium, Listeria monocytogenes, couldbeadoptively transferredwithcellsbutnotwithserum.

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Feature Specificity

Functional Significance Ensures that the immune response to a microbe (or nonmicrobial antigen) is targeted to that microbe (or antigen) Diversity Enables immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens Memory Increases ability to combat repeat infections by the same microbe Clonal Increases number of antigen-specific lymphocytes to keep pace with expansion microbes Specialization Generates responses that are optimal for defense against different types of microbes Contraction Allows immune system to recover from one response so that it can and effectively respond to newly encountered antigens homeostasis Nonreactivity Prevents injury to host during responses to foreign antigens to self CardinalFeaturesofAdaptiveImmuneResponses

Specificity,memory,andcontractionofadaptiveimmuneresponses

CELLULARCOMPONENTSOFTHE ADAPTIVEIMMUNESYSTEM
Theprincipalcells:
lymphocytes antigenpresentingcells effectorcells

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CYTOKINES,SOLUBLEMEDIATORSOFTHE IMMUNESYSTEM alargeandheterogeneousgroupofsecreted proteins producedbymanydifferentcelltypes, mediate regulateallaspectsofinnateandadaptive immunity

Notstoredaspreformedmolecules thesynthesisisinitiatedbynewgenetranscriptionasa resultofcellularactivation. themessengerRNAsencodingmostcytokinesare unstableandoftenrapidly p ydegraded, g socytokine y synthesisisalsotransient. theproductionofsomecytokinesmayadditionallybe regulatedbyRNAprocessingandbyposttranslational mechanisms,suchasproteolytic releaseofanactive productfromaninactiveprecursor. oncesynthesized,cytokinesarerapidlysecreted, resultinginaburstofreleasewhenneeded.

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Propertiesofcytokines

OVERVIEWOFIMMUNERESPONSES TOMICROBES

TheEarlyInnateImmuneResponse
Function:blockstheentryofmicrobesandeliminatesor limitsthegrowthofmanymicrobesthatareableto colonizetissues. First:skin,gastrointestinalandrespiratorytractsarelined bycontinuousepitheliatopreventtheentryofmicrobes fromtheexternalenvironment physicalbarier Second:Ifmicrobesbreachtheepithelialbarriers,they encounterthecellsofinnateimmunity cellularinnate immune(inflammationandantiviraldefense) Third:whenmicrobeswithstanddefensereactionsinthe tissues&entertheblood complementandcytokine

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TheAdaptiveImmuneResponse
Threemainstrategiestocombatmost microbes.
Secreted antibodies HelperTcells Cytotoxic Tlymphocytes(CTLs)

Phasesofadaptiveimmuneresponses

CaptureandDisplayofMicrobialAntigensby antigenpresentingcells(dendritic cells) AntigenRecognitionbyLymphocytes ActivationofNaveTcellsby ypeptide p p MHC presentedbyAPC

CellMediatedImmunity:ActivationofTLymphocytes (CD4&CD8)andEliminationofIntracellularMicrobes (CD4helper&CTL) Humoral Immunity:ActivationofBLymphocytesand EliminationofExtracellularMicrobes

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Theclonalselectionhypothesis

Phasesofthecellularimmuneresponse

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Effectorfunctionsofantibodies

Serologictest
Performedfordiagnosticpurposeswhen
Aninfectionissuspected rheumaticillnesses othersituations(bloodtype,etc)

Techniques q include:
ELISA/RIA Agglutinationtest Precipitation Complement fixation Flourescent antibody

Notlimitedtobloodserum,butcanalsobeperformed onotherbodilyfluids(semen,saliva)

TUGAS
Kelas dibagi dalam 5kelompok (urut berdasar absen) Tiap kelompok membuat slidemax5buah Masing g masing g kelompok p membahas mengenai g defenisi,cara melakukannya dan interpretasi:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ELISA/RIA Agglutinationtest Precipitation Complement fixation Flourescent antibody

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