Format No: ACD 11 A KLNCIT INTERNAL TEST QUESTION Issue No : 01 Rev.

No : 00 Subject Code/ Subject Name EE1452/Electric energy generation conservation and utilisation Internal Test No: 02 Date of exam: 12.03.2013 Year & Branch: IV EEE Time: 1.15 Pm to02.45 Pm Total Marks: 70 Duration: 1.30 Hr

PART A Answer all the questions Briefly (Each question carries 2 marks) (9X2=18) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Define MSCP, luminous flux What do you mean by photometry? What do you mean by current efficiency? Why additive agents are added to the electrolyte? What is electric traction? Define tractive effect? Define Average Speed and Schedule Speed Mention some advantages of electric traction. Why DC series motor is ideally suited for traction motor? PART B Answer any one in detail (2X16=32) 10) (a)Describe with sketch the principles and operation of a fluorescent lamp (b) An illumination on the working plane of 32 lux is required in a room 80 m * 15 metres. The lamps are required to be hung 4.5m above the work bench. Assume a utilization factor of 0.5, lamp efficacy of 14 lumens per watt, and candle power depreciation of 0.2, estimate the number rating and disposition of the lamps. Assume a suitable value of space ratio. (OR) 11) (a) Briefly explain about Throwing power of Electro plating (b) Calculate the ampere hours required to deposit a coating of silver 0.1 mm. thick on a sphere of 10 cm. radius. Assume electro chemical equivalent of silver = 0.001118 and density of silver to be 10.5. assume that the energy efficiency is 95% 12)(a)compare plain rheostat control with series parallel control (b) The distance between two stations is 1 km .and the schedule speed is 30 Kmph. station stopping time 20 sec. assume braking retardation 3 Km.p.h.p.s.and maximum speed 1.25 times the average speed. Determine the acceleration required to run the service if the speed time curve is approximated by trapezoidal curve.

(OR)

13.(a) Discuss the recent trends in electric traction capacity factor.

governed by plant use factor and plant

(b) A 200 / tone motor coach train has four motors each developing a shaft torque of 5000 Nm during the acceleration period. The gear ratio of motors is 3.6:1 and gear efficiency 90%. The wheel diameter is 91.5 cms, train resistance 40 Newton per tone and allow 10% for the effect of rotational inertia. Determine the time taken by the train to attain a speed of 40 km.p.h. starting from rest on a gradient 1 in 200.

SECTION II ASSIGNMENT (2X10=20) Last date of submission:18.03.2013 14) Discuss the methodology adopted in designing the choke in arc discharge lamps 15) write short notes on extraction of metals

Subject Code/ Subject Name EE1452/Electric energy generation conservation and utilisation Internal Test No: 02 Date of exam: 03.2013 Year & Branch: IV EEE Time: 1.15 Pm to02.45 Pm Total Marks: 70 Duration: 1.30 Hr

1. MSCP , Luminous flux: Mean spherical candle power (MSCP): It is defined as the mean of candle power in all Directions in all planes from the source of light. Luminous flux (F): Total quantity of light energy emitted per second from luminous body. Its unit lumen (cd-sr).
2. PHOTOMETRY

Photometry is the comparison and measurement of candle powers The candle power of a source in any given direction is measured by comparison with standard or substandard source employing photometer bench and some form of photometer. The principle of most of the methods of measurement is based up on the inverse square law. Now a days measurement by visual comparisons have been replaced by photocell and apparatus involved are less.

3. Current efficiency
Current efficiency is defined as the ratio of the actual amount of substance deposited or liberated to the theoretical amount of the substance as per faradays laws current efficiency in normal situation varies between 90 to 98 percent. 4. Addition agents: It has already been mentioned that same additive agents are added to the electrolyte to increase the conductivity of the electrolyte e.g. H2SO4 in CuSO4 electrolyte. However, there are other kinds of addition agents which do not take part in the chemical process yet these are required to influence the nature of the deposit and make an otherwise unworkable process into one of practical importance e.g. in the deposition of zinc from zinc sulphate solution, addition of glucose or certain type of sugar is essential for the production of satisfactory deposit. 5. What is Electric traction? Electric traction is meant locomotion in which the driving or tractive force is obtained from electric motors. Electric Trains Tramcars Trolley buses Diesel electric vehicles etc.

6. Tractive effort for propulsion of Train: The effective force, necessary to propel the train, at the wheels of locomotive is called the tractive effort. It is tangential to the driving wheels and measured in Newton's Total tractive effort required to run the traction unit has the to perform the following function. To give necessary linear and angular acceleration to the train mass To overcome the gravity component of the weight of the train To overcome the wind and frictional resistance of the train. To overcome the curve resistance. Fl = Fa Fg + Fr

7. Average speed and Schedule Speed:

The average speed of the train is defined as the ratio of the distance between two consecutive stations to the time taken by the train to travel that distance, i.e., Average Speed = ( ) Similarly schedule speed is given as: Schedule Speed = This shows that the schedule speed is always smaller than the average speed. 8. Some advantages of electric traction: Since electric motors are used as the drives, the system is clean and pollution free. Starting torque is high, therefore, high acceleration is possible. Speed control is very simple Braking is simple and efficient. Electric traction is more suitable especially for suburban and urban railway where frequent starting and stopping and high schedule speeds are required. The coefficient of adhesion is high, therefore, for the same tractive effort, electric locomotives are lighter and hence higher speeds on gradients are possible. Over loading of electric motors is possible for sometime depending upon the degree of over loading. Centre of gravity of electric locomotive is lower that that of steam locomotive, hence electric locomotives run faster at curved routes. 9.
DC series

motor is ideally suited for traction motor because torque is proportional to the square of the armature current, and the starting torque is high.

PART B 10 (A) Fluorescent lamp: A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor in argon or neon gas, resulting in a plasma that produces short-wave ultraviolet light. This light then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.A fluorescent lamps always require a ballast to regulate the flow of power through the lamp. the ballast is enclosed in the fixture. Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFL) may have a conventional ballast located in the fixture or they may have ballasts integrated in the bulbs, allowing them to be used in lamp holders normally used for incandescent lamps .

Electrodes Tube

Choke

Supply Mains

Principles of operation The main principle of fluorescent tube operation is based around inelastic scattering of electrons.

An incident electron (emitted from the coating on the coils of wire forming the cathode electrode) collides with an atom in the gas (such as mercury, argon or krypton) used as the ultraviolet emitter. This causes an electron in the atom to temporarily jump up to a higher energy level to absorb some, or all, of the kinetic energy delivered by the colliding electron. This is why the collision is called 'inelastic' as some of the energy is absorbed. This higher energy state is unstable, and the atom will emit an ultraviolet photon as the atom's electron reverts to a lower, more stable, energy level. The photons that are released from the chosen gas mixtures tend to have a wavelength in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. This is not visible to the human eye, so must be converted into visible light. This is done by making use of fluorescence. This fluorescent conversion occurs in the phosphor coating on the inner surface of the fluorescent tube, where the ultraviolet photons are absorbed by electrons in the phosphor's atoms, causing a similar energy jump, then drop, with emission of a further photon. The photon that is emitted from this second interaction has a lower energy than the one that caused it. The chemicals that make up the phosphor are specially chosen so that these emitted photons are at wavelengths visible to the human eye. The difference in energy between the absorbed ultra-violet photon and the emitted visible light photon goes to heat up the phosphor coating.

(B) Solution: assume a maximum permissible value of spacing to height ratio of 1.5 Total lumens required = 32 * 80 * 15 lumens Lamp lumens required = = 96000 lumens Assume 200 watt lamp. The no.of lamps required are . 36 lamps i.e., three rows of 12 lamps each The maximum spacing would be would be m and hence maximum spacing to height ratio

= 1.48 which is close to the maximum permissible value of 1.5. As an alternative let the no.of lamps be 42. This will have three rows of 14 each. The maximum permissible spacing to height ratio will be which looks quite reasonable and will provide proper illumination.

11.(A) Throwing power The throwing power of a plating or deposition bath is defined as its ability to produce an even deposit on an article of irregular shape. Fig 8.1 shows a bath with an anode and a cathode connected to a d.c.source. The potential difference between anode and cathode (the article to be plated) is same even though the surface CD of the cathode is twice as far as the surface AB from the anode. Hence the resistance of the path between anode and CD part of cathode is twice as compared to the AB part of the cathode. As a result the current density between anode and CD part of the cathode is half of what it is between AB parts of the cathode and hence the thickness of the deposit along surface CD will be smaller as compared to AB. The decrease in current density causes a decrease in cathode contact drop. Therefore, more voltage is made available for overcoming the resistance of the electrolyte thus tending to counteract any change in current density. The difficulty can be overcome to some extent by placing the anode and cathode farther, apart so that the relative variation in resistance between the anode and cathode (different parts of the article to be plated) is less.

(B) Surface area of the sphere =42 = 4 * 100 = 400 =1,256 sq.cm Volume of silver deposited = 0.01 * 1,256 = 12.56 cubic cm Mass of silver deposited = 12.56 * 10.5 = 132 grams. Now one coulomb of electricity deposits = 0.001,118 gram = Z Quality of electricity required to deposit 132 grams in view of eqn.(45.6) Z=

= =11.89 * 104 coulombs, =

= 32.84 Ampere hours

But actual quantity of electricity required will be =
= 34.57 Ampere hours

12(A) 1.D.C series motor or plain rheostatic control:

Trolley wire

The current flowing through in a dc series motor is given by I= (V-Eb)/Ra At time of switching on the motor, there is no back emf and so the motor tends to run high current. To limit the current, a starting resistance (controller resistance) is to be connected, so that the current does not exceed a certain specific limit. The resistor is designed to carry current for short timer rating and not continuous rating, as resistance is to be inserted in starting only. Also some energy is wasted in the staring resistance Calculation of energy wasted in the starting resistance of dc series motor: At the time starting, Eb=0 and voltage drop across the controller resistance and the armature resistance. At any instant V = Eb + I Ra + I Rs

Now, Eb is increased, the voltage drop across the controller decreases, till at the end of accelerating period whole controller resistance is cut out. (Rs=0) V = Eb + I Ra or Eb= V- I Ra Energy drawn from the supply during staring=VIT watt-sec Energy wasted in the starting resistance = Average voltage drop across the starting resistance x current x time. = ((V-IRa)/2) x I x T watt-sec (Ra-neglible) = (1/2) VIT watt-sec

Energy utilized in driving the motor = energy supplied-energy wasted in starting resistance. = VIT (1/2)VIT = (1/2) VIT Starting efficiency = (energy utilized / energy drawn.) 100 = ((1/2) VIT / VIT )100 = 50%

Volt Energy lost age Voltage drop in Rsacross armature and field acro ss the Energy Rs utilized in driving motor IR
a

Volt Energy lost age in Rs acro ss the Energy Rs utilized in driving motor Tim e

Tim e

ENERGY DIAGRAM

1. Series Parallel control This method is usually employed in electric traction as motors employed for traction work are usually 2,4,6 or greater than even. First consider two motors, These two motors are connected in series with each other and starting resistance.

At the starting instant, the voltage across the motors is approximately equal to zero and voltage drop across starting resistance is maximum . As the motor speed up, the external resistance is gradually reduced to zero. During this period the voltage acting across each motor gradually increases from 0 to V/2 Let the time required be half of total accelerating period i.e T/2 seconds.

I R
M1 M2

M 1

M 2

V/2

V/2

Energy utilized by each motor = average voltage acting across each motor x current x time

= ((0+V/2)/2) x I x T/2 = VIT/8 watt-sec Energy utilized by two motors = 2 x VIT/8 =VIT/4 watt-sec Energy drawn during this period= V I x T/2 = VIT/2 watt-sec

Now, the motors are changed from series grouping to parallel grouping (starting to running). starting resistance is again in the motors circuit.The voltage across the each motor is equal to V/2 volts .The current per motor is I amphere, Current drawn from the line is 2I amphers. As the motors speed up, the external resistance is gradually reduced to zero and voltage across each motor increases gradually from V/2 to V volts. Energy utilized in driving the motors = No. of motors x Average voltage across each motor x current x time
I/2
M2

I/2
M2

R I +

I/2
M2

I/2 I + V
M2

I V -

= 2 x ((V/2)+V) / 2 x I x T/2 watt-sec = 3/2 V x I x T/2 watt-sec = 3VIT/4 watt-sec E nergy drawn during this period = V x 2I x T/2 = VIT Total energy utilized in driving the motors =VIT/4 + 3VIT/4=VIT Total energy drawn from the line =VIT/2 +VIT = 3VIT/2 Starting efficiency = (energy utilized /energy drawn.) 100 = VIT / (3VIT/2) x 100 = 66.67%
(B) Given: D = 1km, Vsch

= 30 kmph, Stopping time = 20 Sec, =3 kmphps, Vm = 1.25Vav

Therefore, the actual time of the run = 120 20 = 100sec. = T Therefore, average speed = =

Schedule time of the run =

And maximum speed Vm = 1.25 * 36 = 45 km.p.h Using equation (7.1) we have 7200D = 2Vm T V2m( 7200 * 1 = 2 * 45 * 100 452 ( 7200 9000 + 675 = 1125 = =1.8Km.p.h.ps 13(a) RECENT TRENDS IN ELECTRIC TRACTIONMAGNETIC LEVITATION(Suspension) (MAGLEV)

Magnetic levitation (maglev)is a relatively new transportation technology in which noncontacting vechicles travel safely at speeds of 250 to 300 miles-per-hour or higher while suspended ,guided, and propelled above a guideway by magnetic fields. The guide way is the physical structure along which maglev vehicles are levitated.Various guide way configurations,e.g. T-shaped .U-shaped Y- shaped and box-beam ,made of steel ,concrete ,or aluminium have been proposed.

Fig 4.7 depicts the primary functions basic to maglev technology(1) Levitation or suspension; (2) propulsion; and (3) guidance. In most current designs ,magnetic

forces are used to perform all three functions, although a non-magnetic source of propulsion could be used. No consensus exists on an optimum design to perform each of the primary functions. (Levitation) Suspension Systems The two principal means of levitation are shown in fig 4.8(a) and (b) Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) is an attractive force levitation system where by electromagnets on the vehicle interact with and are attracted to ferromagnetic rails on the guide way. EMS was made practical by advances in electronic control system that maintain the air gap between vehicle and guide way, thus preventing contact. Variations in payload weight .dynamic loads ,and guide way irregularities are compensated for by changing the magnetic field in response to vehicle/guide way air gap measurements. Electro dynamic suspension (EDS) employs magnets on the moving vehicle to induce currents in the guid eway. Resulting repulsive force produces inherently stable vehicle support and guidance because the magnetic repulsion increases as the vehicles / guide way gap decreases .However the vehicle must be equipped with wheels or other forms of support for takeoff and landing because the EDS will not levitate at speeds below approximately 25mph . EDS has progressed with advances in cryogenics and superconducting magnet technology.

(ii) Propulsion System ,Long -stator propulsion using an electrically powered linear motor winding in the guide way appears to be the favored option for highspeed maglev systems. It is also the most expensive because of higher guide way construction costs. Short-stator propulsion uses a linear induction motor (LIM) winding onboard and a passive guide way. While short stator propulsion reduces guide way costs, the LIM is heavy and reduces vehicle payload capacity, resulting in higher operating costs and lower revenue potential compared to the long stator propulsion. A third alternative is a nonmagnetic energy source (gas turbine or turboprop) but this , too results in a heavy vehicle and reduced operating efficiency. (iii) Guidance Systems Guidance or steering refers to the sideward forces that are required to make the vehicles follow the guide way. The necessary forces are supplied in an exactly analogous fashion to the suspension forces, either attractive or repulsive .The same magnets on board the vehicle , which supply lift, can be used concurrently for guidance or separate guidance magnets can be used. Maglev systems could offer an attractive transportation alternative for many sensitive trips 100 to 600 miles in length, there by reducing air and highway congestion, air pollution, and energy use and releasing slots for more efficient long-haul service at crowded airports.
(b) Given: Weight of motor coach = 200T, No.of Motors = 4, Torque = 5000 N-m Gear Ratio = 3.6:1, Gear Efficiency = 90%, D = 91.5 cms R= 40 N/T, Rotational Inertia = 10% (Therefore, We = W*1.1) Speed = 40 Kmph, Gradient = torque developed by four motors 5000 * 4 = 20,000 Newton metres. Total tractive effort available at the tread of the wheel, using equation (7.4). F1 = T = 0.9 * 20000* Using equation (7.10) we have Ft = 28.3 We + 10WG + W kg = 2 * 70819.6 Newton = 141639.2N

Ft = (28.3 * 200 * 11 + 10 * 200 *

) 9.81 + 200 * 40 Newton

141639.2 = (6226 +1000) * 9.81 + 8000 = 61077 + 17810 = 2.027 Km.p.h.p.s. Therefore, time taken to attain a speed of 40 Km.ph. = = 19.73 secs.