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A torsion balance is a
An object at the end of the lever arm is what is experiencing the force. The force experienced by the object causes the twisting of the
Ft*i.t = H 0
ln some ways the relationship between force and angle for the torsion balance is similar to the relationship behrveen force and displacement
x is the displacement. ln the case of the torsion balance, the angle 0 is the comparable to
found in Hookes' Law F = kx, where
displacement in Hookes' Law,
ln
ln his experiment Coulomb took two similarly charged spheres, one on a fixed rod and a second on the torsion balance-lever arm.
uffi
l*s'\
\"H/ tt
By touching the two spheres, coulomb was able to ensure the two
spheres were equally charged.
11ar
rlnrnlr ?
Since like charges repel there is a force pushing the two spheres apart from each other.
lt is this
3=
ffi
ry
By turning the knob at the top of the torsion arm he was able to
/\nr rlnmh
to
determine the
relationship between the force and the distance, and the second was
to determine how the charges on the two spheres affects the force. Experiment 1. The Relationship between Force and Distance
Consider a sample experiment with the following results (distance and angle are in arbitrary measurements):
Distance
1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0
Angle (0)
0.39
0.51
0.69
1.0 1.6
2.8 6.3
Analvsis:
1) 2) 3)
Graph the data with the distance as the independent variable and the angle as the dependent variable. Use logarithms to find the functional dependence between distance and angle.
lf force is proportional to the angle, what is the relationship
fanr rlnnnh
Experiment
2: the Relqtionship
Coulomb was not interested in an absolute measure of the charge on the spheres. By touching the two spheres to begin with, Coulomb was able to ensure the two spheres were equally charged.
By grounding the sphere on the torsion arm from time to time he was
able to divide the charge several times over so that if he started with a charge Q, on the first run he was comparing the force between two spheres with charge T. Q, and then two spheres with charge yo Q., and so on ....
Consider a sample experiment with the following results (charge and angle are in arbitrary measurements):
Charge
2.4
1.0
112
114
Angle (0)
2.4
1.0
0.50
0.2s
Analvsis:
1)
Graph the data with the charge as the independent variable and
(anr rlnrnh E
Coulomb's Law
force and the distance between the two charges are related by
Fo< 1ld2
The electrostatic force relationshlp is an INVERSE SQUARE LAW.
Fo<QrQz
where Qr is the charge on the first sphere and Qz is the charge on
the second sphere.
Combining these
two
relationships
F-
KQr Qrld'
C2 ,
lanr rlnmh A
10e
N. A force of 9 billion
Newton or less.
10-1e
C. The
lf the charge in matter were not neutral the matter would fly apart with
a considerable force.
For instance, when a uranium atom splits during nuclear fission (the
nucleus is no longer able to stick together) most of the energy that is
released from the nuclei is a result of the electrostatic repulsion of the 92 protons of positive charge so close together within the nuclei.
PSCBlphysics 12/2OO4
fnr rlnrnh 7