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Propellers
Piston Engines
Thrust Equation
Turbojet Engines
MAE 155A
Propellers
The propeller is made up of a series of rotating wings or “blades”.
Propeller theory is more complex than simple wings.
The blades may have complicated shapes that vary with span.
The aerodynamic flow around each blade may interact.
Propeller blade
pitch angle V∞
r
V∞ r Airflow direction
over propeller blade
Velocity from
propeller rotation
Freestream
velocity
r=blade radial position
= propeller angular velocity
= r=blade pitch angle
MAE 155A 2
Propeller Forces
Engine power is used to overcome drag forces on the propeller blades.
Lift from each propeller blade creates a thrust force to propel the airplane forward.
=−
dL dT
dT =dL cos −dD sin
MAE 155A 3
Propeller Efficiency
The propeller efficiency is the ratio of power available from the propeller (to move the
airplane) to the power delivered by the engine.
= propeller efficiency
T AV ∞ T A=thrust available move airplane
= V ∞ =airspeed
P
P=engine shaft brake power
c T =thrust coefficient
Define power and thrust coefficients as follows:
c P = power coefficient
=atmospheric density
P TA D= propeller diameter
cP = cT =
3 5 =2 n= propeller angular velocity
n D n2 D4 J =advance ratio
=
T AV ∞
P
=
n 2 D 4 cT V ∞
n3 D5 c P
=
cT
cP
V∞
nD =
cT
cP
J J=
V∞
nD
MAE 155A 4
Example Propeller Charts
Efficiency
McCormick, B.W., Aerodynamics,
Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Wiley, 1979.
MAE 155A 5
Piston Engines
A reciprocating engine produces power by moving a piston inside a cylinder.
A typical engine has intake, compression, power (ignition), and exhaust strokes.
[ ]
P=engine power at altitude
1 P SL =engine power at sea level
P= P SL − 1− ≃P SL =density at altitude
SL 7.75 SL SL
SL =density at sea level
MAE 155A 6
Thrust Equation
A jet engine produces thrust by taking a small amount of air and giving it a lrage
increase in velocity (thereby changing its momentum).
Aa Ae
Compressor
Va Ve
Diffuser
Nozzle
Turbine
Burner
pa pe
The thrust of a turbofan engine is a combination of thrust produced by fan blades and
jet thrust produced from the exhaust nozzle.
The ratio of the weight of air bypassing the combustion area to total weight of air entering
the engine is called the bypass ratio.
Both the turbofan and turboprop impart momentum to greater volumes of air that a
turbojet, but the velocity added to the air is less.
MAE 155A 8
Turbojet Example
The mass flow of fuel is usually small compared to the mass flow of air.
T = ṁ air V e −V a p e A e − p a Aa
static thrust:
T ≃ ṁair V e = 0.25
kg
s
1397
km
hr
hr 3600 s km
1000 m s 2 N
kg m
=97 N =22 lb
MAE 155A 9
Sea Level
MAE 155A
45,000 ft
Pratt & Whitney JT4A-3 Turbojet