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Aircraft Propulsion

Propellers

Piston Engines

Thrust Equation

Turbojet Engines

Curtis Wright R-2600

MAE 155A
Propellers
The propeller is made up of a series of rotating wings or “blades”.
Propeller theory is more complex than simple wings.
The blades may have complicated shapes that vary with span.
The aerodynamic flow around each blade may interact.

Propeller blade
 pitch angle V∞

r
V∞ r Airflow direction
over propeller blade
Velocity from 
propeller rotation
Freestream
velocity
r=blade radial position
= propeller angular velocity
= r=blade pitch angle

MAE 155A 2
Propeller Forces
Engine power is used to overcome drag forces on the propeller blades.
Lift from each propeller blade creates a thrust force to propel the airplane forward.

=−
dL dT
 dT =dL cos −dD sin 

  dT =dL cos−−dD sin −


dD
 V∞

r dQ=r [ dL sin −dD cos − ]

Recall that lift and drag are defined dL=lift increment


relative to the local velocity vector dD=drag increment
dT =thrust force
dQ=torque increment

MAE 155A 3
Propeller Efficiency
The propeller efficiency is the ratio of power available from the propeller (to move the
airplane) to the power delivered by the engine.

= propeller efficiency
T AV ∞ T A=thrust available move airplane
= V ∞ =airspeed
P
P=engine shaft brake power

c T =thrust coefficient
Define power and thrust coefficients as follows:
c P = power coefficient
=atmospheric density
P TA D= propeller diameter
cP = cT =
3 5 =2 n= propeller angular velocity
n D  n2 D4 J =advance ratio

=
T AV ∞
P
=
 n 2 D 4 cT V ∞
 n3 D5 c P
=
 
cT
cP
V∞
nD  =
 
cT
cP
J J=
V∞
nD

MAE 155A 4
Example Propeller Charts

Efficiency
McCormick, B.W., Aerodynamics,
Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Wiley, 1979.

Advance Ratio (1/rev)


Thrust Coefficient

Advance Ratio (1/rev)

MAE 155A 5
Piston Engines
A reciprocating engine produces power by moving a piston inside a cylinder.
A typical engine has intake, compression, power (ignition), and exhaust strokes.

A normally aspirated engine (no turbo or supercharger) loses power as altitude


increases.

[  ]  
P=engine power at altitude
 1   P SL =engine power at sea level
P= P SL − 1− ≃P SL =density at altitude
 SL 7.75 SL SL
SL =density at sea level

A turbo- or super-charged engine maintains constant power up to a critcal altitude of


about 20,000 ft.

Below critical altitude: P≃P SL

Above critical altitude: P≃P SL


 

crit
=density at altitude
SL=density at critical altitude

MAE 155A 6
Thrust Equation
A jet engine produces thrust by taking a small amount of air and giving it a lrage
increase in velocity (thereby changing its momentum).

Aa Ae

Compressor
Va Ve

Diffuser

Nozzle
Turbine
Burner
pa pe

The thrust equation is obtained by considering changes in momentum of the airflow


entering and exiting the engine.
T =net thrust
ṁ air =air mass flow
ṁ fuel = fuel mass flow
T = ṁair  ṁ fuel V e − ṁ air V a  p e Ae − p a A a V e =exit velocity
p e =exit static pressure
Ae=exit area
V a = freestream velocity
p a =ambient static pressure
MAE 155A 7
Jet Engine Types
A turbojet has all inlet air passing through the combustion area of the engine.

The thrust of a turbofan engine is a combination of thrust produced by fan blades and
jet thrust produced from the exhaust nozzle.
The ratio of the weight of air bypassing the combustion area to total weight of air entering
the engine is called the bypass ratio.

A turboprop uses a gas turbine to drive a propeller.

Both the turbofan and turboprop impart momentum to greater volumes of air that a
turbojet, but the velocity added to the air is less.

MAE 155A 8
Turbojet Example
The mass flow of fuel is usually small compared to the mass flow of air.

T = ṁ air V e −V a  p e A e − p a Aa

JetCat P80-SE Turbojet

Idle Rotational Speed 35,000 rev/min


Max Rotational Speed 125,000 rev/min
Idle Static Thrust 3N
Max Static Thrust 97 N
Idle Fuel Consumption 0.075 kg/min
Max Fuel Consumption 0.233 kg/min
Air Mass Flow Rate 0.25 kg/s
Exhaust Gas Temperature 510 – 700 C
Exhaust Gas Velocity 1397 km/hr
Pressure Ratio 2.4

static thrust:

T ≃ ṁair V e = 0.25 
kg
s
1397
km

hr
hr 3600 s km 
1000 m s 2 N
kg m  
=97 N =22 lb

MAE 155A 9
Sea Level

MAE 155A
45,000 ft
Pratt & Whitney JT4A-3 Turbojet

McCormick, B.W., Aerodynamics,


Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Wiley, 1979.
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