AC Stalling Computer Simulations using EMTDC/PSCAD

* EMTDC/PSCAD Model of the SCE 500 kV System and Valley 115 kV System * Computer model development and validation against Short Circuit Program, Digital Fault Recorders (DFR) captured disturbances and PMU events * SCE 500 kV System bus voltages after clearing faults on at SCE 500 kV buses computer simulations

THE EMTDC/PSCAD MODEL

SCE 500kV PSCAD SYSTEM MODEL

VALLEY (500 and 115 kV) SYSTEM PSCAD MODEL

THE PSCAD MOTOR LOAD AT VALLEY 115/12kV

* Air Conditioning Motor electrical characteristics from reference [1]

THE 500kV SYSTEM MOTOR LOAD

MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Generate a short circuit model reduction from CAPE software using SCE protection engineering data base Setting up initial conditions using PSLF load flow by adjusting the source equivalent voltage and angle System validation by comparing short circuit results between CAPE and PSCAD models Comparing actual captured faults from DFR records and PMU events

SHORT CIRCUIT SOURCE EQUIVALENT USING CAPE MODEL REDUCTION

The PSCAD model is designed based on a reduced network model from CAPE (Protection Engineering Short Circuit Program).

BUS

X+

R+

Z+

Angle+

X0

R0

Z0

Angle0

(Ohms)

(Ohms)

(Ohms)

(deg)

(Ohms)

(Ohms)

(Ohms)

(deg)

Vincent Lugo Mira Loma Serrano Valley Devers Palo Verde

2.94 0.84 1.14 1.69 23.84 6.51 0.32

51.92 17.63 39.87 48.44 1207.79 96.74 6.91

51.999 17.647 39.888 48.471 1208.022 96.963 6.920

86.759 87.275 88.356 88.004 88.869 86.151 87.385

0.83 2.11 0.27 1.15 1.90 0.07 0.24

24.80 24.10 22.48 26.21 52.39 44.92 5.10

24.816 24.193 22.477 26.235 52.421 44.918 5.107

88.090 84.993 89.315 87.492 87.927 89.908 87.346

INITIAL CONDITIONS (STEADY STATE) FROM LOAD FLOW PROGRAM PSLF

The initial conditions maybe take from a load flow program. In our case the PSLF load flow is used as the initial condition for the PSCAD simulations.
Voltage BUS P (MW) Q(MVAR) P (p.u. on 100MVA) VINCENT LUGO MIRA LOMA SERRANO VALLEY DEVERS PALO VERDE 1618.2 3736.1 -3071.2 -1556.7 -1465.6 -754.1 1587.5 83.6 338.4 -195.6 263 -79 283.8 266.1 16.182 37.361 -30.712 -15.567 -14.656 -7.541 15.875 Q (p.u. on 100 MVA) 0.836 3.384 -1.956 2.63 -0.79 2.838 2.661 1.044 1.035 1.024 1.029 1.028 1.038 1.07 522 517.5 512 514.5 514 519 535 -13.982 -18.792 -26.297 -29.219 -32.836 -28.687 -3.843 (p.u.)* Voltage (kV) Angle (degrees)

THE VALIDATION PROCESS

SHORT CIRCUIT VALIDATION CAPE VR. PSCAD

A well know method to validate EMTP-type model is to compare the Short Circuit results between the EMTP type program (PSCAD) and Short Circuit program (CAPE)

VALIDATION AGAINST STATION DFR DISTURBANCE (faults in the Valley 115 kV system)
SLG Fault on the secondary of Valley 2AA bank cleared in approximately 3 cycles
Valley 500/115 kV Tranformer Bank Current
3 D FR R ecord PSCAD Simulation 2

M a g n i t u d e ( k M a g )

-1

-2

-3 60

80

100

120 Time (ms)

140

160

180

Electrotek C oncepts

TOP, The Output Processor

SLG Fault on 115kV Valley system at 115kV Skylard-Newcomb line cleared in 6 cycles
Valley 2AA Tranformer Bank Current
1.5 D FR PSCAD 1.0

M a g n i t u d e ( k M a g )

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5 50 Electrotek C oncepts

100 Time (ms)

150

200 TOP, The Output Processor

JULY 1, 2006 DISTURBANCE FROM PSCAD AND DFR (fault at the 500 kV System)
Fault on the Devers-Palo Verde 500 kV transmission line 20 miles approximately from California Caps on the Arizona side captured by Devers DFR.

To Devers

To Palo Verde

DEVERS - PALO VERDE PHASE A

15 DEVERS DFR PSCAD

DEVERS PALO VERDE PHASE C CURRENT

20 DFR PSCAD

10

Magnitude (kMag)

10 Magnitude (kMag)
100 Time (ms) 150 200 TOP, The Output Processor

-5

-10

-10

-15 50 Electrotek Concepts

-20 60 Electrotek Concepts

80

100

120 Time (ms)

140

160

180

TOP, The Output Processor

HOW DO THESE FAULTS IMPACT THE REST OF THE 500 kV SYSTEM?

FAULTS AND THE IMPACT OF THE 500 kV SYSTEM

The question may be answered by comparing the magnitude of the voltages from the PMU record before and after the fault is cleared. The in between points (during fault) maybe more of a challenge but we will discuss it in a few slides later.

Pre-Fault

Post-Fault During the fault

LOAD FLOW FROM PMU DATA

In order to setup the initial conditions to the PMU load flow the PMU Bus Voltages and Angles are utilized instead of the PSLF

PRE-FAULT BUS VOLTAGES PSCAD VR. PMU (July 1, 2006 Disturbance)

Snap shot (voltage profile) of the SCE 500 kV system bus voltages before the disturbance from the PMU and PSCAD

Pre-Fault PSCAD vr. PMU Bus Voltages

560

540

520

500

480

PMU PSCAD

460

440

420

400 Vincent 500kV Valley 500kV Lugo 500 kV Voltage (kV) Mira Loma 500 kV Serrano 500 kV

POST-FAULT BUS VOLTAGES PMU VR. PSCAD (July 1, 2006 Disturbance)

Snap shot (voltage profile) of the SCE 500 kV system right after the fault is cleared from the PMU and PSCAD

Post-Fault Bus Voltage PMU vr. PSCAD

550

500

450 PMU PSCAD 400

3.5% error difference

350

300 Vincent 500kV Valley 500kV Lugo 500 kV Voltage (kV) Mira Loma 500 kV Serrano 500 kV

WHAT ABOUT DURING THE FAULT?

During the fault as before mentioned we have to be careful when comparing the computer simulation to the actual PMU record. The PMU samples at 30Hz and in order to look at the PSCAD simulation the PSCAD recorder has to be set of sample at the same rate or the result may show a great difference. We must understand that the main purpose of the PMU is to look at slow time frame disturbance and not fast transients.

Simulation is kept at small step Plot at smaller step

PSCAD Recorder same as PMU Sampling rate

COMPARING DATA PSCAD AND PMU AT SAME SAMPLE RATE

As show on the plots below the bus voltage magnitudes are closely correlated before, during and after the fault is cleared

REMEMBER THE PMU BUS MAGNITUDE AT DEVERS DURING THE FAULT WENT TO ZERO?

CONVERTING DFR RECORD INSTANTANEOUS BUS VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS TO POSITIVE SEQUENCE MAGNITUDE
Using a Matlab-Simulink developed tool the instantaneous values from the DFR record are converted to positive sequence magnitude (similar to PMU but farter sampling rate)

PSCAD SIMULATION VR. DFR RECORD

So lets compare it now to what our PSCAD simulation results show. On the plot below we compare the PSCAD simulation with a sample rate of 50 us to the DFR record positive sequence from Devers magnitude.

DFR Record PSCAD Simulation

System Fault versus Motor Stalling

System Voltage After Clearing Fault

1.20

1.00

0.80 1.00-1.20
Voltage (Per Unit) 0.60

0.80-1.00 0.60-0.80 0.40-0.60

0.40

0.20-0.40 0.00-0.20

0.20

0.00 1 2 3 4 5 S5 7 8 9 10 11 S3 12 13 14 15 16 17 S1 18

Motor Speed on All 500 kV Buses

Real and Reactive Power

LUGO : Motor Load (LUGO) 200 175 Real Power (MW) 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 700 Reactive Power (MVAR) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -100 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 Qm ot_lug Pmot_lug

FUTURE WORK

ANY QUESTIONS?

References
* IEEE Transactions in Power Systems Air Conditioning Response to Transmission Faults: John W. Shafter, May 1997 * IEEE Transactions in Power Systems Motor Load Dynamics: Impact on Voltage Recovery Phenomena Gorge K. Stefopous, Georgia Tech, 2006.