Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lecture15: PulseModulation
Thislecture: PulseAmplitudeModulation PulseTimeModulation
PulseDurationandPulsePositionModulation
Ref: Carlson,Chapter6.26.3;Haykin,Chapter3.33.4
PulseModulation
Pulsemodulation(PM)offerstwopotentialadvantagesoverCW modulation Thetransmittedpowercanbeconcentratedintoshortbursts insteadofbeinggeneratedcontinuously.Thisenablestheuseof deviceswhichoperatebetterinpulseregimethaninCWregime, mostlyduetothermalreasons(e.g.semiconductorlasers, microwaveactivedevices) Timebetweenpulsescanbefilledbysampledsignalformother sources aschemetermedtimedivisionmultiplexing. AnaloguePMhasadisadvantageofrequiringlargebandwidth comparedtomessagebandwidth
COMS3100
Lecture 15
PulseAmplitude p Modulation(PAM)
Ifamessagewaveformisadequatelydescribedbyperiodic samplevalues,itcanbetransmittedusinganaloguepulse modulationwhereinthesamplevaluesmodulatethe amplitudeofpulsetrain. Therefore,theamplitudes ofregularlyspacedpulsesare varied inproportion tothecorrespondingsamplevalues of facontinuousmessagesignal lx(t). ThistechniqueistermedPulseAmplitudeModulation
Note:DCcontent andincreasedBW
COMS3100
Lecture 15
Generationof fthePAMsignal g
Therearetwooperations involvedinthegenerationof thePAMsignal: 1. Instantaneoussampling ofthemessagesignalx(t) every Ts seconds, seconds wherethesamplingratefs = 1/Ts ischosenin accordancewiththesamplingtheorem 2 Lengthening 2. L th i the th duration d ti of feach hsample l soobtained bt i dto t someconstantvalue (sampleandhold)
s (t )
x(t )
Ts
COMS3100 Lecture 15
sampleandhold circuit
1. 2. 3.
waveformobtained
x p ( t ) = x ( kTs ) p ( t kTs ) p ( t kTs ) = p ( t ) ( t kTs )
k
COMS3100
Lecture 15
Impulseresponseof(ZOH) holdingnetwork
P( f )
t / 2 p(t) =
arg[ P ( f )]
Amplituderesponseof holdingnetwork
P( f ) = sinc f
COMS3100
Phaseresponseof holdingnetwork
Lecture 15
PeriodicgatingoftheS/Hcircuitgeneratesthesampledwave
Sampling train, p gpulse p ,p(t) p( ) SignalvalueatkTS
Sampledwave
PAM
Flattopsamplingisequivalenttopassinganidealsampledwave throughanetworkhavingtransferfunctionP( f ) = F[p(t)] Lossofhighfrequencycontentiscalledapertureeffect Thelargerthepulsedurationoraperture,thelargertheeffect C b t dusing i equalizer li H eq ( f ) = K e j t d P ( f ) Can becorrected Noequalizationisneededift/Ts<< 1 andat Harmonicsoffs Spectrumforideal samplingwhen X( f ) = ( f/2W )
W W
apertureeffectin flattopsampling
t / 2 p(t) =
W
P( f ) = sinc f
P( f ) = F[ p(t)] = sinc f e j f
COMS3100
X p ( f ) = P( f ) X ( f )
Apertureislowpass filter
Lecture 15
PAM
Consideraunipolar flattopPAMsignaldefinedby
TheconstantA0 equalstheunmodulatedpulseamplitude,andthe modulationindex controlstheamountofamplitudevariation variation. Unipolar waveformwithnomissingpulsesisensuredbythecondition Theresultingconstantpulseratefs isimportantforsynchronizationin timedivisionmultiplexedsystems Comparisonof and
shows h that th taPAMsignal i lcanbe b obtained bt i dfrom f asample l and dhold h ldcircuit i it withinput
COMS3100 Lecture 15
PAM
ThePAMspectrumwillresemblethesampledspectrumwithaperture effect,withtheaperturefunctionX(f)replacedby
10
COMS3100
Lecture 15
PAM
TherearemanysimilaritiesbetweenPAMandAMCWmodulation
11
AdequatepulseresolutionthenrequiresTransmissionBandwidth
PulseTimeModulation(PTM)
Thesamplevaluesofamessagecanalsomodulatethetime parametersofapulsetrain: 1. Pulsewidth pulsedurationmodulation(PDM) 2 Pulseposition pulsepositionmodulation(PPM) 2.
12
Thepulsewidthorpulsepositionvariesindirectproportionto thesamplevaluesofx(t)
COMS3100
Lecture 15
PulseDurationandPulsePositionModulation
13
robusttononlinearamplitudedistortion(phaseisimportant)
MethodsforproducingPDMandPPMaresimilar
COMS3100
Lecture 15
Generationof fPDMandPPM
14
COMS3100
Generationof fPDMandPPM
Samplevaluesarenonuniformly spaced PPMthiscanbetoleratediftk- kTs<< Ts Fornearlyuniformsamplingthedurationofthe kth pulseinthePDMsignalis wheretheunmodulatedduration0representsx(kTs) = 0 PPMp pulseshavefixeddurationandamplitude >therecanbe p nopotentialmissingpulses.kth pulsebeginsattime
15
COMS3100
Lecture 15
Generationof fPDM
16
COMS3100
Lecture 15
PTMtoPAMconversion
17
Lecture 15