Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 32

}

The student should be able to describe:


Circulation (pulmonary/systemic, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics, pressure differences) Arteries (definition, branches, elastic, muscular, arterioles, anastomoses, end arteries, major arteries of body, avascular structures) Veins (definition, tributaries, portal system, venous sinuses, venous plexus, anastomoses, valves, venae comitantes, superficial/deep veins, flow, venous pathologies) Lymphatics (function, vessels & organs, afferent & efferent vessels, superficial & deep lymph vessels, flow, regions of drainage of thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct) Neurovascular pathways (neurovascular bundles, pulses, arterial puncture, venepuncture, intravenous cannulation, nerve blocks)

Cardiovascular system
Functions: - Transport System of Body - Supplies Nutrients to all Tissues - Carry Metabolites to Excretory Organs Features : - Closed System of Tubes - Lined from Inside by ENDOTHELIUM Components : - Heart - Arteries - Veins - Capillaries

Lymphatic vascular system


- Drainage System for Extracellular Fluid ( Lymph )

PULMONARY CIRCULATION : Blood flows from Right Ventricle through Lungs to Left Atrium SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION : Blood flows from Left Ventricle through various parts of body to the Right Atrium PORTAL CIRCULATION: Part of Systemic Characteristics: 1. Blood Passes Through 2 Sets of Capillaries Before Draining into a Systemic Vein 2. The Vein Draining the First Capillary Network is known as PORTAL VEIN which Branches like an Artery to form the Second Set of Capillaries or Sinusoids - Example : Hepatic Portal Circulations

FEATURES: 1. Carry Oxygenated Blood Away From Heart (Except Pulmonary Artery ) 2. Show Branching Like a TREE FUNCTION: Distribute Blood from Heart to Capillary Beds through out Body TYPES: - Three Main Types of Vessel - Based on their overall size, relative amounts of elastic tissue or muscle in the tunica media, the thickness of the wall relative to the lumen, and function. 1. Elastic / Conducting / Large Vessels 2. Muscular / Distributing / Medium Vessels 3.Small arteries and Arterioles / Resistance vessels

ELASTIC ARTERIES :
- Largest of the arteries (Diameter > 1 cm) - Receive blood directly from heart - Contain substantial amount of elastic fibres in tunica media
- Elastic Fibres : Allows Expansion & Recoil During Normal Cardiac Cycle & Helps Maintains Constant Flow of Blood During Diastole . v Thus maintain BP between contractions and ensure continous blood flow

- Example Aorta Brachiocephalic Artery Left Subclavian Artery Left Common Carotid Artery Pulmonary Trunk and arteries

MUSCULAR ARTERY - is also called medium artery - Distribute Blood to Various Organs - Account for Most of the Named Arteries Studied in the Anatomy Laboratory - Range of Internal Diameter From 1 - 0.3 cm - Regulate s the flow of blood to parts in term of amount and distribution (as their walls consist chiefly of circularly disposed smooth muscle fibers - Example Radial , Femoral , Coronary , Cerebral

SMALL ARTERIES AND ARTERIOLES


- Have Relative Narrow Lumen And Thick Muscular Coat - Usually not named

ARTERIOLES
- Terminal Branches of the Arterial Tree - Supply the Capillary Bed - Regulate Blood Pressure of Vessel Wall through Vasoconstriction & Vasodilatation - Regulate Degree Of Filling Of The Capillary Beds - Diameter < 0.1 mm

ANASTOMOSIS - Communication Between Neighboring Vessels allows alternative pathways in case of block due to obstructed by compression, position of a joint, pathology, or surgical ligation - Circulation Through them is Called Collateral Circulation - Collateral Circulation Functionality Depend on Place and Time (Sudden or Gradual) - TYPES OF ANASTOMOSIS 1. End To- End Anastomosis 2. Convergence 3. Transversal END ARTERIES: Two Types - True terminal Arteries which do not Anastomose with their Neighbours e.g., Central Artery of Retina - Functional Terminal Arteries (Arteries with Ineffectual Anastomoses) Supply Segments of the Brain, Liver, Kidneys, Spleen, and Intestines; They may also Exist in the Heart

Pulse can be felt in any artery lying close to the body surface by compressing the artery against firm tissue.
Because it is so accessible, the point where the radial artery surfaces at the wrist is routinely used to take a pulse (the radial pulse).

Several other clinically important arterial pulse points shown here. Because these same points are compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorage, they are also called pressure points.

FEATURES : 1. Carry Deoxygenated Blood Towards Heart except Pulmonary Veins 2. Have Tributaries like a RIVER 3. Dark Blue Appearance 4. No Pulsations / Do not Squirt or Spurt Blood when cut 5. More Abundant than Arteries 6. Blood Volume : 80 % Veins ; 20 % Arteries 7. Compressible Thinner Walls (low pressure an allow expansion) 8.Larger Diameter Than Corresponding Arteries 9.More Variable than Arteries and Venous Anastamosis is More Often TYPES: 1. Venules 2. Medium Veins 3. Large Veins

VENULES : - Smallest Veins - Drain Capillary Beds - Magnification required to Observe - Join Similar Vessels to Form Small Veins - Small Veins Unnamed Tributaries of Larger Veins that Unite to form Venous Plexuses e.g., Dorsal Venous Arch of the Foot MEDIUM VEINS : - Drain Venous Plexuses - Accompany Medium Arteries - Have Flap Valves To Ensure Unidirectional Flow e.g., In Lower Limbs - Examples : Named Superficial Veins
Cephalic & Basilic Veins of Upper Limbs Great & Small Saphenous Veins of Lower Limb Name Of Artery They Accompany

LARGE VEINS : - Characterized by Wide Bundles of Longitudinal Smooth Muscle and Well Developed Tunica Adventitia - Example: Superior Vena Cava VENAE COMITANTES (Accompanying Veins) : - Also Called Satellite Veins - Accompany Deep Arteries and Tend to be Double Or Multiple - Enclosed in a Vascular Sheath with the Artery accompany , important for Arteriovenous Pump - Surround Arteries in an Irregular Branching Network - Serves as a Countercurrent Heat Exchanger

}
} } } } }

Factors important for venous return are:


Competent Valves Arteriovenous Pump Thoracic Negative Pressure Musculofacial Pump Gravity

}
} } }

Varicose veins:
Weak Venous Walls Due To Elasticity Loss Dilate And Swollen Due to : Incompitent Valves Degenerated Deep Fascia

} } } }

Simple Endothelial Tubes Connecting The Arteries And Veins Site of Nutrient and Gas Exchange with tissues Arranged as network in its bed Has 3 types: Continuous, Fenestrated And Sinusoids
found in the bone marrow, the spleen, the liver, and some endocrine glands

Sinusoids resemble capillaries in that they are thin-walled blood vessels, but has irregular cross diameter and are wider

Sometime blood does not go to capillaries but through Arterovenous Anastamoses (AV shunt)

Is a direct connections between the small arterioles and venules proximal to the capillary beds they supply and drain Sites. Skin and the tips of the fingers and toes

Their Walls are between the periosteal and the meningeal layers of the dura and Lined with Endothelium } They Differ from Other Blood Vessels in that They Lack a Full Set of Vessel Layers (e.g. Tunica Media) Characteristic of Arteries And Veins. It Also Lacks Valves As Seen In Veins. } They receive blood and CSF and drain into veins. They are collapsed and response to change in pressure.
}

} } }

Always Use Distal then Proximal Veins Always Remember Veins are Variable Used for Introducing Medication or Taking Samples Common Veins Used: Median Cubital Vein Cephalic Vein Basilic Vein Great Saphenous Vein Femoral Vein External Jugular Vein

Observe limb superficial veins tend to escape pressure sites, and ultimately drain to deep veins. And deep veins in trunk are in right side to veins

A. Anastomosis Between the Branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery B. A Capillary Network and an Arteriovenous Anastomosis. C. Anatomic End Artery And Functional End Artery. D. A Portal System E. Structure of the Bicuspid Valve In A Vein

} } }

} } } }

Essential for life Constitutes a sort of overflow system Provides for the drainage of - Excess of tissue fluid (3L daily) - Plasma proteins - Cellular debris - Whole cells i.e, lymphocytes - Infection ( Bacteria ) Maintain fluid balance in the internal environment Provides immunity Absorption of fat from GIT ( lacteals ) LYMPHATIC PUMP
Breathing Movements ( Inspiratory Phase ) Skeletal Muscle Contractions Arterial Pulsations Postural Changes Passive Compression ( = Massage ) of the body soft tissues

Lymphatic Plexuses: Network of Blind - Ended Capillaries Lacking Basement Membrane and Having Attenuated Endothelium Act as Oneway Valve Lymphatic Vessels ( = Lymphatics ) : A Nearly Body Wide Network of Thin-walled Vessels with Abundant Lymphatic Valves Has A Beaded Appearance Due to Valves Occurs Every Where Except in Teeth, Bone, Bone Marrow, Cartilage and the Entire CNS

} }

Lymph (L. Lympha, Clear Water): Similar To Blood. It is Watery Slightly Yellow and Clear Lymph Nodes : Filtration Small Masses, present in aggregates Lymphocytes Lymphoid Tissues Or Organs: Sites that Produce Lymphocytes and filtration e.g. Lymph nodes, Tonsils, Bone Marrow stem cells, Lymphoid Nodules , Thymus and Spleen.

Two systems: Superficial lymphatic vessels, more numerous than veins in the subcutaneous tissue and anastomosing freely, converge toward and follow the venous drainage the drain to deep vessels which receives from deep organs and form plexus and usually follow arteries } Lymphatic capillaries (plexus) Afferent lymphatic vessel Lymph node Efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic Trunk lymphatic ducts (right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct) Veins in neck

Trunks: Jugular Subclavian Bronchomediastinal Intestinal Lumbar Ducts: Right Lymphatic Duct Into right subclavian vein/right internal jugular junction Drains Right side of Thorax And H And N and right UL Thoracic Duct: Into left subclavian vein/left internal jugular junction Cisterna chyli Drains most of the Body except those by right duct

In the periphery, arteries and veins run together with nerves bound in CT as a neurovascular bundle. In the brain, arterial and venous distributions are separate } Nerve Block is an Injection of Anesthetic Agent Around a Somatic Nerve to Block Sensations eg. Brachial plexus block, Intercostal nerve block. Pudendal nerve block.
}

Вам также может понравиться