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In a complex sentence adverbial clauses perform the same function as an adverbial adjunct in a simple sentence: You may go out /where you want. Adverbial clauses are connected with the main clause by means of subordinators some of these have one meaning only, so that we can immediately classify the clause as belonging to a certain type of adverbial clause. They are not normally connected with the main clause by a zero marker (asyndetically).
There are moments when he feels miserable. When and that may be deleted, whereby the nouns themselves assume the function of conjunctions introducing adverbial clauses of time: The moment the secretary opened the parcel, the bomb exploded in her hands. He was born the year the war started. Some adverbs of time directly, immediately, instantly may function as conjunctions when when is dropped: He ran to the hospital immediately / directly /instantly he heard about his wifes accident. Whenever has a generalizing meaning: Whenever we meet we stop to have a chat. While denotes a continuous activity the action is: simultaneous: While she was waiting for the train, she read a magazine. already in progress before the action in the main clause: While I was mowing the lawn he came up to me. While and when are often synonymous: While / When she was resting upstairs, the burglar broke into the basement. Subordinating conjunction while introducting a clause of time is homonymous with: the co-ordinating conjunction while expressing contrast John is a small sickly child while his sister has grown a tall, strong girl. (while is always in the second clause) the subordinating conjunction while (though) expressing concession: While (though) we agree with most of what he says, we cannot stand his manners. As (medtem ko) As normally introduces a clause in which the action is in progress refers to past action only and denotes: simultaneity: His eyes glittered as he looked at his new car. gradual development: As night came on, the wind calmed down. action of the main clause immediately follows that of the subordinate clause: Just as he neared the corner, a little girl jumped directly in front of the car. As soon as (br ko) denotes that the actions in the subordinate and in the main clause closely follow each other: As soon as we received your telegram, we prepared the goods for shipment.
Simultaneous with (inversion!): no sooner than: No sooner was the pickpocket set free than he stole the purse from an old ladys handbag. hardly when: Hardly had the book appeared when it was sold out. As long as (dokler) Ill never eat oysters as long as I live. Till, Untill (dokler ne) denotes the concluding moment of the action expressed in the main clause; until is usually preferred when the subordinate clause precedes the main clause: He stood thunderstruck till the danger was past. Until she learns to behave we wont invite her to our parties. Since (odkar) denotes a point of time to which the action in the main clause is subsequent: He has been living with the sam landlady since he entered the university. After (potem ko) indicates that the action of the subordinate clause precedes that of the main clause: She went to England after she graduated. We arrived at the theatre after the play had started. Before (preden) shows that the action expressed by the main clause precedes that of the subordinate clause: He always reads an hour or so before he falls asleep. Do it before it is too late.
anterior of two consecutive actions) On (upon) arriving at the station perfect participle denotes the action that took place appreciably earlier: Having travelled around Africa for nearly three years, he wrote a book about the social conditions in that part of the world. After travelling around Africa for nearly three years, he wrote a book about the (more common) participial clauses of time introduced by when or while if the action expressed in the non-finite clause is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb of the main clause o When going to his office, he met his friend. While driving home, he had an accident. past participial clauses of time o related participial structures Arrived at the spot, we lost no time in getting to work. o absolute participial structures The letter finished, I took it to the post-office to have it registered.
2. adjectival phrases: so + adjective + that-clause They were so tired that they couldnt go any further. 3. adverbial phrases: so + adverb + that-clause He has gone so far that there is no retreat for him.
Whether or Your father wont raise any objection whether you take ony a part-time job or you stop working altogether in order to finish your studies. Whereas Whereas she never openly disagrees with her husband, she never hesitates to tell him what is on her mind when they are at home. While (only in initial position) While he has an expert knowledge on his subject, he cannot explain it clearly to others. Whoever (whatever) Whoever els lets you down, Ill remain true. Whatever you may do, he will always grumble. No matter how much money he esarns, his wife is never satisfied. Prepositional phrases expressing concession may function as conjunctions by the addition of the fact that: They elected him in spite of the fact that he was a foreigner. Concession may also be expressed: by a predicate adjective or noun, or by an adverb in initial position postmodified by a clause introduced by as or though: Dazed as she was, she managed to explain how the accident happened. Quickly as she walked, he couldnt catch up with the others. by using the modal verb may in the first of two co-ordinate clauses joined by an adversative conjunction or conjunct: He may have a car but he walks to his office every morning. He may be dissatisfied yet he vener loses his temper. by the structure verb + as (what) + subject + may (will) Do what I might, I could not convince him.
As They keep the house as it was in the poets lifetime. Things turned out just as I had predicted. As if (as though) expresses a supposed present or past fact ; the subjunctive were or the modal past tense or the modal past perfect is used He spends his money as if he were rich. She could remember it as if it were yesterday. He had red eyes as if he had been crying. Like It rained like it would never stop. But occurs in formal style after a negative main clause: I never pass that house but I think of the happy days we spent in it.
Clauses of Comparison
are introduced by as and than; it is typical of them that the conjunction they are introduced by has a correlative element functioning as premodifier in the adjectival or adverbial phrase in whiche the comparative clause functions as postmodifier thus comparative clauses do not function as sentence elements, but on a lower lever, i.e as phrase elements As o o Than o o o She was as friendly as she had ever been (postmodifier in adj. phrase) His brothers work as hard as he does (postmodifier in adv. phrase) This metal is heavier than you may imagine.(postmodifier in adj. phrase) This is a heavier metal than you may imagine. (postmodifier in nominal phrase) She loves him more that he deserves. (postmodifier in adv. phrase)
Elliptical structures may often occur in clauses of comparison: in connection with be the subject it is omitted: He drives much faster than is safe.
the predicator only may be omitted: Our garage is not as big as yours (is). in some cases the subject and the predicator are omitted: She is not so reserved as when I first met her. (as she was) Clauses of comparison are strongly related in meaning toclauses of proportion introduced by thethe denoting a correlative increase or decrease: The less you see those people the better it will be for you. The more he has the more he wants.