International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol.

3, Issue 2, Jun 2013, 87-92 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN RESTRUCTURED ELECTRICITY MARKETS USING TCSC

A. S. SIDDIQUT1 & TANMOY DEB2
1 2

Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

KIIT College of Engineering, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT
With the presence of large number of suppliers and consumers in restructured electricity markets, the power network is unable to handle the contractual power flow .This affects the system stability and security among other factors. This congestion prevents further exchange of power between a willing supplier and a willing buyer. The viable and the most versatile option among others is use of TCSC ( Thyristor controlled series capacitor ).This paper explores the effect of TCSC on power flow in a network and its ability to decongest the network. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on IEEE-14 bus system.

KEYWORDS: Congestion, TCSC, System Ability, Restructured Electricity Markets INTRODUCTION

Under restructured electricity markets, congestion occurs due to inability of power networks to carry all desired power transactions. The congestion is tackled either by technical methods or by market based methods. FACTS technology is finding increasing use in congestion management due to flexibility in controlling system parameters. These devices control series or shunt reactance phase angle or inject controllable voltage in series or in parallel with the line. The congestion can be tackled by nodal pricing framework in pool model and by cost allocation method in bilateral model[1]. TCSC and UPFC can be used effectively to control effective power flow. Sensitivity analysis can used for computing changes in line flow[2]. Optimum flow dispatch can used to minimize congestion[4] .LMP price and congestion rent can be used to reduce congestion[3]. Spot pricing theory can be used to alleviate congestion using concept of willingness to pay for transmission services[5]. The focus of this paper is to relive congestion by placing TCSC in congested line. IEEE -14 BUS systems is used for this purpose.

CONGESTION IN RESTRUCTURED ELECTRICITY MARKETS

With the opening of electricity sector, there are host of challenges being faced by transmission operator both technical and financial .One of the key issues being faced is the congestion of transmission lines due to presence of large number generation and distribution entities. Congestion causes limit on power transmission due to technical reasons such as thermal limit, voltage limit and stability limit etc. There are economical factors such as contractual obligation

limitations , priority feeding etc . These conditions prevent further loading power network resulting in congestion. The congestion not only causes power flow limitations but also leads to reduced system security , load curtailment, higher price, line outages etc. Congestion results from power wheeling , higher demand, unexpected and uncontrolled transactions etc.

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Congestion management approaches can be broadly classified into three categories viz:-

i) technical methods ii)

market based methods iii) non market based methods . This paper focuses on technical methods viz. use of FACTS devices . FACTS devices such as SVC,TCSC, UPFC, and SSSC etc are used for relieving congestion. These power electronic devices change line impedance, phase angle or voltage so as to alter power transfer capacity of networks.

COGESTION MANAGEMENT USING TCSC

TCSC apart from increasing power flow also damps power oscillations and reduces sub- synchronous resonance. It consists of a thyristor controlled inductor in parallel with a capacitor. The net reactance of TCR thyristor controlled reactor [XL ()] can be varied from XL to infinity . A parallel resonance occurs at XL ()=Xc . further increase in XL () leads to capacitive region . Hence, it is possible to have inductive as well as capacitive regions by varying firing angle(). For inductive region 90<<Llimit Capacitive region Resonance region Llimit<<Climit Llimit<<Climit

Resonance region is always avoided so that XL is not equal to Xc

MODELLING OF TCSC
TCSC can be modeled as variable reactance consisting of a fixed capacitor in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor . The value of reactance depends upon firing angle of thyristor . This firing angle determines equivalent reactance XTCSC. XTCSC ()= XC XL () XL()+XC Where XC= 1 C XL()= XL

(-2-sin2)

Figure 1: TCSC Model TCSC reactance and firing are non- linearly related. Hence , calculations need iterative solution . Present model in this section is proposed to avoid additional iterative process used in variable series impedence model. XTCSC= -Xc+C1(2(-)+sin(2(-))) -C2cos2(-)(tan((-)-tan(-))

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where

XL() or value of TCR reactance is varied from minimum value XL to a value till XL=XC i.e XTCSC is infinity. Thereafter, further increase of XL () gives capacitive condition till the minimum value reaches XC.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Load flow by Newton Raphson method was carried out on IEEE-14 bus system. The result obtained without TCSC i.e base case is tabulated in table -1 .The base case shows voltage magnitude and voltage angles at different buses , line losses and line flows in different branches. Thereafter, by connecting TCSC to the system, new results are obtained (table 2 a). In table 2a, TCSC is connected to branches 2-3, 2-7, 2-5, 12-13 and 13-14. Then,10% load is increased resulting in improved power flow. In branch 12-13, base case active power is 0.0168 pu which is improved by TCSC to 0.0184 pu with a TCSC reactance value of 0.0178 pu and firing angle of 150.102 degrees. Similarly, in branch 2-3, the base case active power is 0.7433pu. This is enhanced by TCSC to 0.8176pu with a TCSC reactance value of 0.0503pu and a firing angle of 144.832pu. It is observed that in base case, branch (1-2) has maximum flow.In all above cases TCSC operates in capacitive mode. In table 2(b), TCSC is connected in branches 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 4-5, 12-13 and 13-14 as before and load is increased by 20%. It can be observed that in base case branch (1-2) has maximum flow. In all above cases, TCSC operates in capacitive mode(hence negative sign). In table 2(b), TCSC is connected in branches 2-3 , 2-4, 2-5, 4-5, 12-13, and 13-14, as before and load is increased by 20% . It can be observed that in branch 2-3 , the active power flow increased from 0.7433pu to 0.8919 pu with TCSC reactance value of 0.0503 pu and a firing angle of 144.832 pu.. It is observed that in base case , branch (1-2) has maximum flow . in all above cases, TCSC operates in capacitive mode. In table 2(b), TCSC is connected in branches (1-2) has maximum flow .In all above casa, TCSC operates in capacitive mode. In table 2(b), TCSC is connected in branches 2-3,2-4,2-5,4-5,12-13 and 13-14 as before and load is increased by 20%. It can be observed that in branch 2-3, the active power flow Increased from 0.7433 pu to 0.8919 pu with TCSC

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reactance of -0.8919 pu and a firing angle of 143.787 degree. Similarly, in branch (4-5) active power flow increased from 0.6130 pu to 0.7356 pu with a TCSC reactance of 0.0394 pu and a firing angle of 145.523 degree. Here, TCSC is operating in capacitive (hence negative sign). In table 2(c) load is increased by 30% .in branch (2-3), the active power flow increased from 0.7433 to 0.9662 pu with TCSC reactance of 0.1210 pu and a firing angle of 143.453 degree. It can be observed that branch (2-3) has

maximum power flow in all cases (i.e 10%, 20% and 30% power increase). So this is the congested branch.

CONCLUSIONS
The paper explores the impact of TCSC on power flow in IEEE-14 bus system. The effect of variation of loading system losses and line flows are studied with implementation of TCSC. The Following are Significant Observations The robustness of TCSC is investigated by changing loading conditions from no load to 130% of base load of test system (in step of 10% each). The studies reveal that TCSC enhance system performance during increased load conditions. TCSC increases the real power flow with the increase in degree of compensation. For fixed value of degree of compensation , TCSC increases the real power flow with increase in %age loading and increase depends upon the location of TCSC.

REFERENCES
1. Harry S Shan Y, Alex P, transmission congestion management in competitive electricity markets, IEEE transmission power system pp672-680 1998. 2. Ghawghawe ND, Thakre KL , Computation of TCSC reactance and suggesting criterion of its location for ATC improvement J. EPRS , 3I pp 86-93 , 2009. 3. Achraya N, MIthulanathan N, locating series FACTS devices for congestion management in electricity markets , EPRS , wl .7 , pp 352-360, 2007. 4. Reddy SRK , padhy PN , patel NR ,congestion management in deregulated power system using FACTS devices , IEEE trans pogestiwer system 2006. 5. Fang RS, David AK,Transmission Congestion management in electricity market, IEEE trans power system volume 14, no. 3 1999. 6. Rechard O Neil et.al ,congestion management in deregulation market, IEEE trans power system Volume -18 no. 2 pp 562-564, 2003. 7. Modi NS , Parikh BR Transmission network congestion in deregulated whole sale electricity markets, IEEE trans on power system, vol. 2 2009. 8. Taher SA ,Transmission congestion management by determining optimal loactions of FACTS devices in deregulated power system, Am.J. Applied science s(3) pp 242-247. 9. Siddiqui AS, Jamil Majid et.al, Cogestion management in high voltage transmission line using thyristor controlled series capacitor , IEEE research volume 3(8), pp 151-161, 2011. deregulated

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APPENDICES
Table 1: Power Flow Result of Base Case (IEEE-14 Bus Systems)

Bus No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Bus Voltage Magnitude(Pu) 1.06 1.0128 1 0.9898 0.9974 0.9875 0.978 1 0.9595 0.9563 0.9679 0.9703 0.9642 0.9417

Bus Voltage Angle (Deg.) 0 -4.5715 -13.0732 -10.2542 -8.7373 -15.2057 -13.7583 -13.7583 -15.6592 -15.9144 -15.7048 -16.1963 -16.2518 -17.1206

Branch from-to1-2 1-5 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-4 4-5 4-7 4-9 5-6 6-11 6-12 6-13 7-8 7-9 9-10 9-14 10-11 12-13 13-14

PQ Send (pu) 1.5732-j0.3287 0.7608-j0.1130 0.7433+j0.0997 0.5554+j0.0579 0.4122+j0.0654 -0.2241-j0.1416 -0.6130-j0.0241 0.2829-j0.0647 0.1608-j0.0616 0.4403-j.0641 0.0720-j0.0630 0.0786-j0.0289 0.1777-j0.0871 0.0000+j0.1224 0.0.2829-j1691 0.0543-j0158 0.0944-j0.0196 0.0358+j0.0425 0.0168-j0.0111 0.0567-j0.0348 Total Loss

PQ Loss (pu) 0.0453-j0.0248 0.0292-j0.0163 0.0254-j0.0185 0.0175+j0.0151 0.0095+j0.0410 0.0051+j0.0127 0.0051-j0.0162 0.000-j0.0180 0.000-j0.0168 0.0000-j0.0501 0.0009-j0.0019 0.0009-j0.0018 0.0027-j0.0052 0.0000-j0.0028 0.0000-j0.0125 0.0001-j0.0003 0.0013-j0.0027 0.0013-j0.0006 0.0003-j0.0001 0.0001-j0.0017 0.1440-j0.1216

Table 2(a): Power Flow Result With 10% Increase in Active Power (P) With Tcsc Base Case Base Case Branch Active from Power to (pu) 2-4 0.5554 12-13 0.0168 13-14 0.0567 2-3 0.7433 2-5 0.4122 4-5 0.6130 10% Increase in Active Power (P) with Tcsc Active Power(pu) 0.6109 0.0814 0.0623 0.8176 0.4500 0.6743 TCSC Reactance(pu) -0.0275 -0.0178 -0.0314 -0.0503 -0.0214 -0.0210 Firing Angle(Deg.) 146.999 150.102 146.380 144.832 142.938 148.6782 PQ Losses(pu) 0.1396-j0.0925 0.1521-j0.1505 0.1521-j0.1505 0.1366-j0.0906 0.1384-j0.0887 0.1524-j0.1509

Table 2(b): Power Flow Result With 20% Increase in Active Power (P) With Tcsc Base Case Branch from to 2-4 12-13 13-14 2-3 2-5 4-5 Base Case Active Power (pu) 0.5554 0.0168 0.0567 0.7433 0.4122 0.6130 20% Increase in Active Power (P) with Tcsc

Active Power(pu) 0.6664 0.0201 0.0680 0.8919 0.4946 0.7350

TCSC Reactance(pu) -0.0507 -0.066 -0.1029 -0.0896 -0.0501 -0.0394

Firing Angle(deg.) 144.812 146.999 143.621 143.787 144.842 145.523

PQ Losses(pu)

0.1406-j0.0904 0.1521-j0.1505 0.1522-j0.1506 0.1379-j0.1017 0.1393-j0.0880 0.1534-j0.1534

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Table 2(c): Power Flow Result with 30% Increase in Active Power (P) with TCSC Base Case Branch from to 2-4 12-13 13-14 2-3 2-5 4-5 Base Case Active Power (pu) 0.5554 0.0168 0.0567 0.7433 0.4122 0.6130 30% Increase in Active Power (P) with TCSC

Active Power(pu) 0.7220 0.0218 0.0737 0.9662 0.5358 0.7969

TCSC Reactance(pu) -0.0701 -0.1095 -0.1651 -0.1210 -0.0690 -0.0553

Firing Angle(deg.) 144.153 143.553 143.202 143.453 144.179 144.610

PQ Losses(pu)

0.143-j0.0880 0.1521-j0.1505 0.1524-j0.1508 0.1396-j0.1026 0.1402-j0.0852 0.1551-j0.1581

AUTHORS DETAILS
Tanmoy Deb He obtained his B.E (Electrical engineering) and M.Tech. (power system and drives) from SVNIT surat, India and YMCA Institute of Engineering Faridbad, India respectively. He is a research scholar at Jamia Millia Islamia(Central University), New Delhi . His area of Interest are FACTS devices and deregulation of power system. Dr. Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui He obtained his B.Sc Engineering ( Eletrical) and M.Sc Engineering (Power System And Electrical Drives) from AMU Aligarh ,India . He obtained his P.hd Degree from Jamia Millia Islamia(Central University), New Delhi, India . He has been teaching and guiding research in Electrical engineering for about one and a half decade at AMU , Aligarh, JMI, New Delhi and BITS Pilani,DUBAI CAMPUS. His research interest includes Power System Operation /Control and application of artificial Intelligence technique in Power System. He has published several papers in this area.