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expression des besoins
exploitation, maintenance
Spcification
tests de validation
Conception
tests dintgration
Conception dtaille
codage
tests unitaires
correction des erreurs
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8000
Cout
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correction
Rapport 1/80
2000
100
Conception
Livraison
Aprs livraison
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fichier texte Ada

(fichier source)
> produit par un diteur de textes
> stock sur disque
unit A
unit B
unit C
COMPILATION SEPAREE
on ne recompile que ce qui est ncessaire
EDITION DE LIENS
le rsultat de la compilation
est rang dans une bibliothque
> cest un fichier objet
> cre par un compilateur
> stock sur disque
cest un fichier excutable

> cre par un diteur de liens
> stock sur disque
> traduit en langage machine
CHARGEMENT
cest un programme excutable
> rang en mmoire centrale
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...
begin
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end doubler;
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procedure doubler(x:in Integer;t:out Integer) is

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begin
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end doubler;

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D r , p1i k sr% r p Is f gr knm g S p1isgj D i o3 S k sg I k
f gj isgfhp 3 ` . s fIp I NQ r ko isgfhp 3 k r k i gfIpe
`Z . s 6~}.}B0 B t B z0C0 u v.z t w y I 0 B t z1 y `Z .ah

`zBv.z s 6}`. s yF> t/Ws

JH IOIb
i p1i fIpqp3r'km ri i

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wLxdy#zd{i|J}1~
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D k Z fIo k
`zBv.z s 6}`. s yF> t/ I

(X,??)
Env0
Env1
Mem0
ri gp i gfIp o i / i SDl fIp1i gp1i .
! ko isgfhp
! "
' fIp i gfIp
i i t km Ds gfIp oSi t
v
hoqg S g p1iO t
S nk m Ds gfIp 3 p " p3fIo3 k8ri i
?!LM tv
o fho k
q p
(X,??)
DON
Env0
@X
12
Env1
Mem1
! f gj isgfhp 3 p1 t
`Z. s 6~}.} y I y `.
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(X,@X)
Env0
@X
12
Env1
" NQ
r ko isgfhp 3 k r k i gfIp
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Mem1
~ $[ Ew%eyO}Oy#{i(#O|yO}y%|

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S8S\!dKS#
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ilk r k i gfIp
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D k Z fIo k
m fK
`zBv.z s 6}`. s yF> t/ I

(X,??)
Env0
Env1
Mem0
! ko isgfhp
S knm Ds gfIp
pm ri p1ikgr'

p i g D i o3
m g S 1
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D p
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(X,@X) (Y,@Y) Env0
@Y
@X
Env1
Mem1
ilk r k i gfIp
p i k k
FZ ZRQ
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1 v.zZBwBv 176
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(Z, ??) (X,@X) (Y,@Y) Env0
@Y
@X
Env2
Mem1
! ko isgfhp
knm . gfhpUT R V
! "
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S knm Ds gfIp 3 p " p3fIo3 k8ri i

oSi
XW
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q p
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1o3g S g phi
(Z, ??) (X,@X) (Y,@Y) Env0
> t / _l`BzBv.z
D ilk pqfIo3 k~ri i
@Z
@Y
@X
Env2
Mem2
! f gj isgfhp
`.
(Z,@Z) (X,@X) (Y,@Y) Env0
@Z
@Y
@X
Env2
" NQ
r ko isgfhp 3 k r k i gfIp
`zBv.z 0*Iv 6~}`. yR> t/ I
Mem2
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p I
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(TVA,??) Env0
Env1
Mem0
! ko isgfhp
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Env1
Mem0
>"^ ^ EYeEEdE
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VISIBILIT
PORTE
CODE
de X
externe
porte de Y
externe
porte de X
interne
QWL y
LY ea
ETATS
interne
declare
X:Integer:=3;
Y:Integer:=1;
begin
put(Y);
declare
X:Integer:=Y+7;
begin
put(X);
put(Y);
Y:=X+5;
end;
put(Y);
put(X);
end;
porte de X
externe
de Y
@X1
@Y
(Y,@Y) (X,@X1) Env

Env1
Env2
(X,@X2)(Y,@Y) (X,@X1) Env
@X1
Env1
@Y
@X2
13
8
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d*2(JeeX?%*(
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s
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tNt
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h !^ :)!0 8
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:g14;* < 176 8
g14;* < 176 s 8
< 0
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Z):5 14; 176 ):58
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< 0
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8
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5 ] 6 ] 8 < 5 8
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tNv
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d(%) % **e(d)(% / 7 (e9e*% % *)BO(*%) eJ%
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[ZF ]
176a98
%*wF d'! t
2
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(X,@X) (Y,@Y) Env0

@Y
@X
9
??
Env1
Mem1
!*!A( '+( dd))d" # X?(e %* s ee%e*F %e)eeq( $ I

!*!% +( )d # )B( a %* s %Xe 5 J'F !*e
( 9) [ J "_
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dqed((%*d((e

g e%%7 !*!E% a a X
2?!%(e*)B%e Be?7 (X (
(X,@X) (Y,@Y) Env0
@Y
@X
Env1
Mem2
~~nd{L}?{(w{t(d
[ '(e5 !*e(w"*e)ee**%dq(eX*(d%
HJIHDIF

k OMKS*kU
Z(
t N
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eX+
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K
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2 [ZF %q** %1!32 (7 ee!(ee*'d%E%*7 '(e ee & 465
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t +8B*E(e &4:9 5 6;
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[
(e9e*y((%)B%%q*XeJ*%7 ")d(A(e%aq5 9Be*de*
(e9e*%w(% )B "(J*@/4()B(e%ay%!AF d()d((wJ9d
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EG
bIH G
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k176;)lk28
p
8
tN
wLxdy#zd{i|J}1~nutwvqyxe|:"zyyd&{?{F|
(U,@U)
Env0
tat initial
@U
Env1
Mem1
for i in 1..3 loop
U:=I*U;
end loop;
tat avant le second
passage dans la boucle
(I,1)
(U,@U)
Env0
@U
Env2
Mem2
for i in 1..3 loop

U:=I*U;
end loop;
(I , 2) (U,@U)
Env0
@U
tat avant le troisime

passage dans la boucle
Env3
Mem3
for i in 1..3 loop

U:=I*U;
end loop;
tat avant la sortie
de boucle
(I , 3) (U,@U)
Env0
@U
Env4
Mem4
tat aprs la sortie de la

boucle
retour lenvironnement Env1
(U,@U)
Env0
@U
Env1
Mem5
BCDBCMP
Q b RTSU(VUW&RYX[Z G \R]ZI^H G
`_ (?*e' d()d(E%*?%""%*?*Xee*E5 (8Bd? O!%)ba

d(%
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i *eekjd
uN
lkm:lkmn,nIoqpsr?{]tpt]nIo
`_ ( %e'*w* (d9%aO5 *?"%%(e'%%*ewv% d

X*Xe%*9X'!e5 %%e)?*ee( %%()A *x %*
y 5 1 4 z5 5 d O z5 { ) B%%B(wd%%%ee(d*% g 8Bd]g (e9!e%|j2eq%)
?Jee5 %% %%e )Be*d9Be*de}x%

~7 z7 |+K|(k! ~ 3+
*d(%
+ hF k k
gd*%b
gD 9 ,9 { ; 4 +M1!32 ; 9 ,9! { ; 4 jE**eeAOe97 "e%%?(HF %%e
?Jee
""e%%5 %"%%hgR%%e+jwXqd*Ba% (*ee
Environnement de
dclaration
BCDBCF
Environnement d
importation
XW,S(RX^X G G XYU`Z G ZHXVS*@U(W&RYX G UZ:Web RTSU(VUW&RYX
qM3V
K: :
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v XXe(w8Bd'%d%*((%TyE((%
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b

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+=!+k=K K=!+
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d!1 32 ; I
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tsIIpVr[lkmnutwvqyx0o"zydInp?{@
u

k++++k++++kU=+!= |++k++++k++
+ k k
k L + N: k()7 ' ,('( ~ ' L 3
!= +
q d
k L +Rz e :+()7( &k'( ~ ' L +

+ k k !5 =
+ k k
+ k k !5 +k++++k+++
+ k k
+ k k !
d

k++++k++++kU= +!= |++k++++k++
+ k k
k L +N:k()7' ,('( ~ ' L 3

k + +++ + k ++ +k + k+ k( K7 7z+k++++k3++++3k+
kdL + =7+((d
Kd + ()|'(
k + z. 3}|( : K&K+K7 K
k )+)k)+)
!= +
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RzX :k()7' ,('( ~ ' L +
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5

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!#"%$#&'#(!#"*)
+,-.&'#(!#"0/1324)
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_^
ve)!eE( X
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b
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(double, ??)
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Env1
qe9!e(E,"9%w*Aedq% ,"J (e)X% g,"J( * )B

! +Gd Z
!
x*A)w %% (e

Yfe F5Ig Z
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(max,??) (double, ??)
Env
Env2

X
Y e 7 Ih_
Y h I jkljYmn
i%Z
h_
v()d'!e9
e)e)2%*g%""*%2%'o\
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%e((*ey*%"%%
\ _^ j
(PI,3.14159) (primtre,??)
Env1
Env
tsIIpVr[lkmnRU]qqrQ0osydInp9t@
u`p
BCIHCF
J
HBsS%VU(W,RYX[Z^RYS.uvMZ:IX G RYXÛ(W,RXLK M wXU(WwN] G
q)d'! (Hde9( e %9w%""%*V\ _^

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Env
EnvX
X Yfe

X 7 g
d

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+
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hyy
b 5
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} *'
9w ?*%2((eg
%2e e aa Xy%ee** 7 ""%*yO?y(A%9(e ed%
......... (max,F)
(double,??)
Env
EnvX
F=<<A,B> corps de max, EnvX>>

q)d'! (Hde9( e %9w%""%*]\ ^

...... (PI,3.14159) (primtre,??)
EnvY
Env
lkmPOmRQqoTSVU]ntpGU]nIo
u`|
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e
h_
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qe9!e(^ ?e% h %JegRq%( e j

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9e

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\ _^
hyy }
kGd e \
^
dd
H((aJ!E%eE( F ""e%%]\
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...... (PI,3.14159) (primtre,F)
Env
EnvY
F=<<R, corps de perimetre, EnvY>>
2Ed9B'e i`Z g d'9%9F ""*% (E()d'!e ( e
b
Ow )B%* ee%
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%e
IHW&,VU(W,RYX Z:IX G RYXÛ(W&RYXK M wXU(WwN] G
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_^
...(max,<<A,B>corps de max,EnvX>>)(double,<<X>corps de double,EnvZ) Env
EnvZ
%%9Oe* ?)*e?()d* *?'(F %J**% d'! \ ^ e% ("

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yy
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\ _^
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k :
5
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+ h_ k
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X kY i k!, zX_ X

ljG !
i +!

+ h_ ! k ! k 5 i k!, j[
Gi
^ % : 5 i k!, j 05 \
.....
(PTTC,<<X>corps de PTTC, EnvL>>)
^
e
(TVA, 20.6)
Env0
Env
!*!E( i +!
b
j
l. 3
1 l `` +3"

Dw !
v*Xe*H( F ""e%%qg ")d(\
^ \
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(X, 10)
! 9%q7 %J% i k !, j *Xq%
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(d%e(Hd*( i + ! %*w7 ! \
b

1 rw% 1
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v*Xee((7 "%%5 d((e J % F *9 , i +!J j *?Ade

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_A* = (!% j ~ I X*F
b (d%e( ?%(d)(%
q)Be*de( 7 "e%%?w5 d()d(Ee)Ba(eH( 7 "%%e\
b
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! k
( 7 qd*)
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_^
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b
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Env1
qe9!e(E,"9%w*Aedq% ,"J (e)X% g,"J( * )B

d
BCICF

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qe9!e(w^ ee% h ( wJ(

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(?%(d%%e
+ Gd Ye \ ^ dd
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_^
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hyy
......
_^
(permuter,<<a,b>corps de permuter, Env>>)
Env
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