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+ =
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+ =
N
S
B
B N
P
B C 1 log 1 log
2
0
2
Trong :
C : Dung lng knh.
B : Bng thng truyn dn (Hz).
P : Cng sut tn hiu thu (W).
N
0
: Mt cng sut nhiu n bin (W/Hz).
Cng sut thu c ti my thu:
P =E
b
R
b
Trong :
Eb: nng lng bit trung bnh.
Rb : tc bit truyn dn.
Phng trnh c th c chun ha:
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.
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+ =
B N
R E
B
C
b b
og
0
1 log
Vi
B
C
l hiu sut bng thng.
B m ha knh m ha d liu thng tin ngun ra mt chui m khc pht
ln knh truyn. C th chia m ha knh thnh hai loi : m khi (Block code) v
m xon (Convolutional code).
2.3.1.1. M khi
M khi l m sa sai truyn thng (Forward Error Correction FEC), n cho
php mt s bits li c sa sai m khng cn truyn li. Trong m khi, cc bits
parity c thm vo khi bits thng tin to nn cc t m khc hoc khi m.
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 17
b m ha khi, k bits thng tin c m ha ra thnh n bits. Tng cc bits (n k)
c cng vo cc bits thng tin vi mc ch pht hin sai v sa sai.
m khi ta b sung bit kim tra vo mt s bit thng tin nht nh, nguyn
tc ny c m t nh sau :
Trong m ha khi cc bit kim tra trong khi ch ph thuc vo cc bit thng
tin khi bn tin.
2.3.1.2. M xon
m ha xon, b m ha to ra khi cc bit m khng ch ph thuc vo cc
bit ca khi bn tin hin thi c dch vo b m ha m cn ph thuc vo cc bit
ca cc khi trc. Cc chui thng tin c chia ra thnh cc khi ring l v m
ha l mt chui bits thng tin c sp xp thnh mt chui lin tc ti u ra ca
b m ha. Vi cng mt phc tp th li m ha ca m chp ln hn m
khi.
Hnh 2.3. M ha khi
B M HA KHI
Thng tin Thng tin Kim tra
Khi bn tin Khi m
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 18
Mt m xon c sinh ra bng cch cho chui thng tin i qua cc thanh ghi
dch trng thi hu hn. Thanh ghi dch ny cha n (k bits) tng v pht ra mt hm
i s tuyn tnh da trn vic pht ra cc a thc. D liu ng vo c dch vo
v theo thanh ghi dch k bits ti mi thi im. S bits u ra vi mi chui d liu
ng vo k bits l n bits. T l m Rc =k/n. H s N c gi l chiu di bt buc
v cho thy s bits d liu ng vo ph thuc vo ng ra hin hnh. N quyt nh
th mnh v phc tp ca m.
2.4.2.iu ch
Mc tiu chnh ca s pht trin h thng thng tin di ng s l vic s dng
tt hn ph tn s c. Vi mc tiu trn k thut iu ch v gii iu ch bng
hp l cc k quan trng. GSM s dng phng php iu ch kha dch pha cc
tiu Gauss GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying). Phng php iu ch ny
tha mn c cc yu cu t ra :
- Ph cng sut u ra hp : m bo yu cu cng sut ngoi bng pht x
vo cc knh ln cn nh hn 60 80 dB trong cc knh yu cu. iu ny l cn
thit trnh nhiu cc knh ln cn gy ra trong qu trnh truyn lan.
- Xc sut li qu trnh truyn lan nh : Ch tiu ny b nh hng bi m
mi trng cng nh tp m nhit v nhiu. V th yu cu cng sut my pht phi
thp v ti s dng cng knh trong vng a l phi cao.
Encoded Sequence
1
+
1
k Data
bits
k 1
2
+
n
+
N Stages
k 1 k
Hnh 2.4 S khi tng qut ca b m ha chp.
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 19
- Ch s khuch i tuyn tnh nh : Yu cu ny rt cn thit tit kim
ngun v ci thin hiu qu tng ra.
- Ngun sng mang nhiu tn s : Yu cu ny cn thit cho php thm
nhp bt c knh v tuyn no c n nh. B tng hp tn s kha pha vi tn
s trung tm c th lp trnh c thng c s dng cho mc ch ny.
GMSK l phng php iu ch bng hp da trn k thut iu ch dch pha,
thc hin bng cch ni dy chuyn mt b lc Gauss v b iu ch MSK. MSK
chnh l phng php iu ch FSK lin tc (CPFSK) trong trng hp h s iu
ch bng 0.5.
FSK l phng php iu tn, n bin i thng tin thnh cc tn hiu tn s
trong sng mng, sau truyn i. C th s dng b VCO (Voltage Controlled
Oscillator) thc hin FSK.
Tn hiu iu ch c pha thay i lin tc gi l FSK lin tc (CPFSK).
CPFSK tho mn iu kin trc giao khi lng thay i pha trn mt m bng s
nguyn ln 0.5. Trong trng hp c bit CPFSK c h s iu ch bng 0.5 c
gi l kha dch tn cc tiu MSK.
Gi s sng mang c iu ch i vi MSK c dng nh sau :
S(t) =A.cos (e
0
t ++
t
+
0
)
Trong :
A : Bin khng thay i.
e
0
=2tf (rad/s) : Tn s gc ca sng mang.
+
t
: Gc pha ph thucvo lung s a ln iu ch.
FSK m gi tr
VCO
Tn hiu m mc
Hnh 2.5. Cu to nguyn l b FSK
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 20
0
: Pha ban u.
Lc ny ta s c gc pha +
t
nh sau :
+
t
= k
i
i
(t-iT)
Trong :
k
i
=1 nu d
i
=d
i-1
k
i
=-1 nu d
i
= d
i-1
i
(t) =tt/2T, T l khong thi gian ca bit.
d
i
l chui bit a ln iu ch.
Ta thy MSK nu bit iu ch thi im xt ging nh bit thi im
trc +
t
s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 t/2, ngi li nu bit iu ch thi im
xt khc bit trc th +
t
s thay i tuyn tnh t 0 -t/2.
S thay i gc pha iu ch MSK cng dn n thay i tn s theo quan h
sau:
e =d(t)/dt
Trong :
(t) =e
0
t ++t +
0
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch khng i (ton s 1 hoc ton s 0) ta c tn s
nh sau:
e
1
=2tf
1
= e
0
+tT/2
Nu chui bit a ln iu ch thay i lun phin (1,0,1,0...) th ta c:
e
2
=2tf
2
= e
0
- tT/2
thu hp ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch lung bit a ln iu ch c a
qua b lc Gauss. GSM b lc Gauss c s dng BT = 0.3, trong B l
rng bng tn. Vy rng bng tn 3dB c th tnh nh sau:
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 21
B.T =0.3 hay B =0.3/T =0.3/ (1/271 x10
3
) =81 Khz
2.4.3.Phng php a truy cp trong GSM
giao din v tuyn MS v BTS lin lc vi nhau bng sng v tuyn. Do ti
nguyn v tn s c hn m s lng thu bao li khng ngng tng ln nn ngoi
vic s dng li tn s, trong mi cell s knh tn s c dng chung theo kiu
trung k. H thng trung k v tuyn l h thng v tuyn c s knh sn sng phc
v t hn s ngi dng kh d. X l trung k cho php tt c ngi dng s dng
chung mt cch trt t s knh c hn v chng ta bit chc rng xc sut mi thu
bao cng lc cn knh l thp. Phng thc s dng chung cc knh gi l a
truy nhp.
Hin nay, ngi ta s dng 5 phng php truy cp knh vt l:
- FDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc
knh tn s khc nhau.
- TDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo
cc khe thi gian khc nhau.
- CDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo m) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc
chui m khc nhau.
- PDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo cc tnh) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo cc
s phn cc khc nhau ca sng v tuyn.
- SDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo khng gian) : Phc v cc cuc gi theo
cc anten nh hng bp sng hp.
GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp l FDMA v TDMA. Di
tn 935 960MHz c s dng cho ng ln v 890 915MHz cho ng
xung (GSM 900). Di thng tn mt knh l 200KHz, di tn bo v bin cng
rng 200KHz nn ta c tng s knh trong FDMA l 124. Mt di thng TDMA l
mt khung c tm khe thi gian, mt khung ko di trong 4.616ms. Khung ng
ln tr 3 khe thi gian so vi khung ng xung, nh tr ny m MS c c th s
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 22
dng mt khe thi gian c cng s th t c ng ln ln ng xung truyn
tin bn song cng.
Cc knh tn s c s dng GSM nm trong dy tn s quy nh 900Mhz
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
F
L
=890,2 +0,2.(n-1) MHz
F
U
=F
L
(n) +45 MHz
1 s n s 124
T cng thc trn F
L
l tn s na bng thp, F
U
l tn s na bng cao,
0,2MHz l khong cch gia cc knh ln cn, 45Mhz l khong cch thu pht, n s
knh tn v tuyn. Ta thy tng s knh tn s c th t chc cho mng GSM l 124
knh. cho cc knh ln cn khng gy nhiu cho nhau mi BTS ph mt ca
mng phi s dng cc tn s cch xa nhau v cc ch c s dng li tn s
khong cch cho php.
Truyn dn v tuyn GSM c chia thnh cc cm (Burst) cha hng trm
bit c iu ch. Mi cm c pht i trong mt khe thi gian 577s trong
mt knh tn s c rng 200 Khz ni trn. Mi mt knh tn s cho php t chc
cc khung thm nhp theo thi gian, mi khung bao gm 8 khe thi gian t TS0 n
TS7.
2.4.4.Giao tip v tuyn
Giao tip v tuyn l khi nim dng ch cu trc truyn dn gia trm di
ng v trm thu pht gc. GSM s dng kt hp hai phng php a truy cp
FDMA v TDMA. Trong FDMA c 124 knh vi di tn 935 960MHz s dng
cho ng ln v 890 915MHz cho ng xung. Mi knh c c trng bi
mt tn s (sng mang) gi l knh tn s RFCH (Radio chanel) cho mi hng thu
pht v c gn cho mt khung thi gian trong TDMA, mi khung c chia ra 8
khe thi gian truyn dn thng tin theo hai hng. Nh vy ta c tng s knh
GSM 900 l 992.
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 23
Mt cp RFCH (thu v pht) ti mt khe thi gian c gi l mt knh vt l.
Mt knh nhn theo quan im ni dung tin tc c gi l knh logic (logical
chanel). Cc knh logic c sp xp ln cc knh vt l theo mt nguyn tc nht
nh.
2.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn RRM (Radio Resoucre Management)
Khi mt MS ang trong cuc gi th c ngha mt ng truyn dn tin tc
v mt ng bo hiu gia MS vi MSC neo ang c duy tr. S duy tr
bt u t lc MS ri b trng thi ch bc vo trng thi truyn tin n lc tr v
li trng thi ch. V pha c s h tng ca PLMN, ng truyn dn tuy duy tr
lin tc nhng c th thay i nhiu, nht l chuyn giao. Chc nng RRM lin
quan n vic qun l ng truyn dn, c ba chc nng qun l chnh l nh v,
chuyn giao v di ng.
2.5.1.Qun l di ng MM (Mobility Manegement)
Lp qun l di ng c xy dng trn lp RR m nhn cc chc nng xut
hin do s di chuyn ca t bo cng nh vn nhn thc v bo mt. Thu bao di
ng c thng bo cuc gi n bng thng ip ngn gi qua knh chp thun
truy cp v nhn tin (PAGCH) ca mt cell. Qun l di ng cung cp kh nng
khi ng cuc gi trong h thng mng ny v phn phi n n h thng cc
mng khc.
2.5.2.Qun l cp nht v tr
Thu bao lun c lin kt vi mng di ng mt t PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network) thng tr ca n. Khi di chuyn n s lin kt vi mng PLMN
tm tr. Chng ta c th nhn dng cuc gi t PLMN tm tr t v tr ca MS.
Trong qu trnh x l chn la PLMN, MM thng tm cell trong PLMN
thng tr. Nu khng c dch v hin hnh, user c th chn ch t ng (tm
kim mng ) hoc ch thao tc bng tay (tm kim user) tm c PLMN ph
hp. Trong trng hp dch v gii hn, MM tip tc kim tra ch 30 sng mang
mnh nht. Dch v gii hn lun quan tm n vng ph sng ti bin gii ca cc
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 24
quc gia ln cn.
2.5.3.Qun l chuyn giao (Handover)
Trong lc cuc gi din ra, hai thu bao cng trn mt knh thoi. Khi mt
MS di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca trm gc cha n th tn hiu thu tr nn
yu. cuc gi khng b ngt, trm gc hin hnh s yu cu mt th tc chuyn
giao cuc gi n mt knh tn s mi mt trm gc mi m khng gy ra ngt
cuc gi hoc bt u mt cuc gi mi. Cng c th chuyn giao xy ra khng
phi do tn hiu yu m ci thin chung v nhiu. Chuyn giao ny s gip cho
MS hot ng thng tin trong vng ti u nht theo quan im phng v nhiu mc
d tn hiu trc chuyn giao vn mnh. Loi chuyn giao th ba l chuyn giao lu
thng. V mt l do no m dung lng trong mt cell tng t bin, gii ta
nghn mch cell ta thc hin chuyn giao thu bao sang cell k cn.
C hai tiu chun chuyn giao sau y :
- Tiu chun 1 : Lin quan n s sm nh thi. Nu cell mi ng b vi cell
c th MS c th tnh ra s sm nh thi mi, l chuyn giao ng b. Trng
hp chuyn giao d b th c MS v BTS mi u khi to s sm nh thi.
- Tiu chun 2 : Lin quan n v tr im chuyn mch c s h tng PLMN.
C th chuyn giao xy ra gia cc cell do mt BSC qun l, gia cc BSC do MSC
qun l v gia cc MSC.
2.5. Cc th tc thng tin
2.5.1. ng nhp thit b vo mng
Khi mt thu bao khng trng thi gi, n s qut 21 knh thit lp trn tng
s 416 knh. Sau n chn mt knh mnh nht v kha knh ny. Sau 60s qu
trnh t nh v c lp li.
Khi thu bao bt ln, thit b d tn s GSM tm knh iu khin. Sau ,
thit b o cng ca tn hiu t cc knh v ghi li. Cui cng chuyn sang kt
ni vi knh c tn hiu mnh nht.
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 25
2.5.2. Chuyn vng
V GSM l mt chun chung nn thu bao c th dng in thoi h GSM ti
hu ht cc mng GSM trn th gii. Trong khi di chuyn thit b lin tc d knh
lun duy tr tn hiu vi trm l mnh nht. Khi tm thy trm c tn hiu mnh
hn, thit b s t ng chuyn sang trm mi, nu trm mi nm trong LA khc
thit b s bo cho mng bit v tr mi ca mnh.
Ring trong ch chuyn vng quc t hoc chuyn vng gia mng ca hai
nh khai thc dch v khc nhau th qu trnh cp nht v tr i hi phi c s chp
thun v h tr t cp nh khai thc dch v.
2.5.3. Thc hin cuc gi
2.5.3.1. Cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh
Trnh t thit lp cuc gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh nh sau :
1. Thit b gi yu cu mt knh bo hiu.
2. BSC/TRC s ch nh knh bo hiu.
3. Thit b gi yu cu cuc gi cho MSC/VLR. Thao tc ng k trng thi
tch cc cho thit b vo VLR, xc thc, m ha, nhn dng thit b, gi s c gi
cho mng, kim tra xem thu bao c ng k dch v cm gi ra u c thc hin
GSM/PLMN PSTN
1
2
3
4 4
1
2
3
4
BSC/TRC MSC/VLR
Thit b
u cui
Hnh 2.9. Gi t thit b di ng vo in thoi c nh
5 6
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 26
trong bc ny.
4. Nu hp l MSC/VLR bo cho BSC/TRC mt knh ang ri.
5. MSC/VLR chuyn tip s c gi cho mng PSTN.
6. Nu my c gi tr li, kt ni s thit lp.
2.5.3.2. Cuc gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng
im khc bit quan trng so vi gi t thit b di ng l v tr ca thit b
khng c bit chnh xc. Chnh v th trc khi kt ni, mng phi thc hin
cng vic xc nh v tr ca thit b di ng.
1. T in thoi c nh, s in thoi di ng c gi n mng PSTN.
Mng s phn tch v nu pht hin ra t kha gi mng di ng, mng PSTN s kt
ni vi trung tm GMSC ca nh khai thc thch hp
2. GMSC phn tch s in thoi di ng tm ra v tr ng k gc trong
HLR ca thit b v cch thc ni n MSC/VLR phc v.
Hnh 2.10. Gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng
GSM/PLMN PSTN
HLR
GMSC
BSC/TRC
MSC/VLR
Tng i
ni b
1 1
2
5
5 6
4
7 11
8
8
8
9
10
11
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 27
3. HLR phn tch s di ng gi n tm ra MSC/VLR ang phc v cho
thit b. Nu c ng k dch v chuyn tip cuc gi n, cuc gi s c tr v
GMSC vi s in thoi c yu cu chuyn n.
4. HLR lin lc vi MSC/VLR ang phc v.
5. MSC/VLR gi thng ip tr li qua HLR n GMSC.
6. GMSC phn tch thng ip ri thit lp cuc gi n MSC/VLR.
7. MSC/VLR bit a ch LA ca thit b nn gi thng ip n BSC qun l
LA ny.
8. BSC pht thng ip ra ton b vng cc thuc LA.
9. Khi nhn c thng ip thit b s gi yu cu ngc li.
10. BSC cung cp mt khung thng ip cha thng tin.
11. Phn tch thng ip ca BSC gi n tin hnh th tc bt trng thi
ca thit b ln tch cc, xc nhn, m ha, nhn din thit b.
12. MSC/VLR iu khin BSC xc lp mt knh ri, chung. Nu thit b di
ng chp nhn tr li, kt ni c thit lp.
2.5.3.3. Cuc gi t thit b di ng n thit b di ng
Qu trnh din ra tng t nh gi t in thoi c nh n thit b di ng,
ch khc im giao tip vi mng PSTN ca in thoi c nh s c thay th
bng MSC/VLR khc.
2.5.4. Kt thc cuc gi
Khi MS tt my pht, mt tn hiu c bit (tn hiu n tone) c pht n
cc trm gc v hai bn cng gii phng cuc gi. MS tip tc kim tra tm gi
thng qua knh thit lp mnh nht.
2.6. Nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA
2.6.1. S cn thit nng cp mng GSM ln 3G
p ng c cc dch v mi v truyn thng a phng tin trn phm vi
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 28
ton cu ng thi m bo tnh kinh t, h thng GSM s c nng cp tng bc
ln th h ba. Thng tin di ng th h ba c kh nng cung cp dch v truyn
thng multimedia bng rng trn phm vi ton cu vi tc cao ng thi cho
php ngi dng s dng nhiu loi dch v a dng. Vic nng cp GSM ln 3G
thc hin theo cc tiu ch sau :
- L mng bng rng v c kh nng truyn thng a phng tin trn phm vi
ton cu. Cho php hp nht nhiu chng loi h thng tng thch trn ton cu.
- C kh nng cung cp rng bng thng theo yu cu nhm h tr mt di
rng cc dch v t bn tin nhn tc thp thng qua thoi n tc d liu cao
khi truyn video hoc truyn file. Ngha l m bo cc kt ni chuyn mch cho
thoi, cc dch v video v kh nng chuyn mch gi cho dch v s liu. Ngoi ra
n cn h tr ng truyn v tuyn khng i xng tng hiu sut s dng
mng (chng hn nh tc bit cao ng xung v tc bit thp ng ln).
- Kh nng thch nghi ti a vi cc loi mng khc nhau m bo cc dch
v mi nh nh s c nhn ton cu v in thoi v tinh. Cc tnh nng ny s cho
php m rng ng k vng ph sng ca cc h thng di ng.
- Tng thch vi cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c bo m s pht
trin lin tc ca thng tin di ng. Tng thch vi cc dch v trong ni b IMT-
2000 v vi cc mng vin thng c nh nh PSTN/ISDN. C cu trc m cho
php a vo d dng cc tin b cng ngh, cc ng dng khc nhau cng nh kh
nng cng tn ti v lm vic vi cc h thng c.
2.6.2. Gii php nng cp
C hai gii php nng cp GSM ln th h ba : mt l b hn h thng c, thay
th bng h thng thng tin di ng th h ba; hai l nng cp GSM ln GPRS v
tip n l EDGE nhm tn dng c c s mng GSM v c thi gian chun b
tin ln h thng 3G W-CDMA. Gii php th hai l mt gii php c tnh kh
thi v tnh kinh t cao nn y l gii php c a chung nhng nc ang pht
trin nh nc ta.
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 29
Giai on u ca qu trnh nng cp mng GSM l phi m bo dch v s
liu tt hn, c th h tr hai ch dch v s liu l ch chuyn mch knh
(CS : Circuit Switched) v ch chuyn mch gi (PS : Packet Switched). thc
hin kt ni vo mng IP, giai on ny c th s dng giao thc ng dng v
tuyn (WAP : Wireless Application Protocol). WAP cha cc tiu chun h tr truy
cp internet t trm di ng. H thng WAP phi c cng WAP v chc nng kt
ni mng.
Trong giai on tip theo, tng tc s liu c th s dng cng ngh s
liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD : High Speed Circuit Switched Data) v
dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS : General Packet Radio Protocol Services).
GPRS s h tr WAP c tc thu v pht s liu ln n 171.2Kbps. Mt u im
quan trng ca GPRS na l thu bao khng b tnh cc nh trong h thng
chuyn mch knh m cc ph c tnh trn c s lu lng d liu s dng thay
Hnh 2.11. Cc gii php nng cp h thng 2G ln 3G
GSM
HSCSD
WCDMA
Data Speed
171.2Kbp
9.6Kbps
2Mbps
2002
GPRS
Hnh 2.12. L trnh nng cp GSM ln W-CDMA
Chng 2 - Mng GSM v gii php nng cp ln 3G
Trang 30
v thi gian truy cp.
Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh vo s kt hp cc khe thi gian,
tuy nhin k thut ny vn da vo phng thc iu ch nguyn thu GMSK nn
hn ch tc truyn. Bc nng cp tip theo l thay i k thut iu ch kt hp
vi ghp khe thi gian ta s c tc truyn d liu cao hn, chnh l cng ngh
EDGE.
EDGE vn da vo cng ngh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi vi tc
ti a t c l 384Kbps nn s kh khn trong vic h tr cc ng dng i
hi vic chuyn mch linh ng v tc truyn d liu ln hn. Lc nay s thc
hin nng cp EDGE ln W-CDMA v hon tt vic nng cp GSM ln 3.
Kt lun chng 2:
Chng 2 trnh by kin trc mng GSM v cc k thut v tuyn s p dng
trong mng GSM. xut cc gii php nng cp h thng thng tin di ng th h
2 ln th h ba v khi qut l trnh nng cp mng GSM ln W-CDMA.
Chng tip theo s trnh by dch v v tuyn gi a nng GPRS.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 31
CHNG 3
GI I PHP GPRS TRN MNG GSM
Gii thiu chng
Dch v v tuyn gi a nng GPRS l mt chun ca vin nh chun chu u
ETSI. y l mt k thut mi p dng cho mng thng tin di ng GSM. N cung
cp dch v d liu gi bn trong mng PLMN v giao tip vi mng ngoi qua
cng u ni trc tip nh TCP/IP, X.25iu ny cho php cc thu bao di ng
GPRS c th d dng truy nhp vo mng internet, intranet v truyn d liu vi tc
ln n 171Kbps. Trong mng GPRS, mt MS ch c dnh ti nguyn v
tuyn khi n c s liu cn pht v thi im khc nhng ngi s dng c th s
dng chung mt ti nguyn v tuyn. Nh vy m hiu qu s dng bng tn tng
ln ng k.
Chng ny trnh by cc kin trc,cu trc d liu GPRS v gii php nng
cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM.Sau l EDGE v cc k hoch cn thc hin khi
p dng EDGE trn mng GSM.
3.1.Kin trc mng GPRS
GPRS c pht trin trn c s mng GSM sn c. Cc phn t ca mng
GSM ch cn nng cp v phn mm, ngoi tr BSC phi nng cp phn cng.
GSM lc u c thit k cho chuyn mch knh nn vic a dch v chuyn
mch gi vo mng i hi phi b sung thm thit b mi. Hai node c thm vo
lm nhim v qun l chuyn mch gi l node h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN) v
node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN), c hai node c gi chung l cc node GSN.
Node h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN) v node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN) thc hin
thu v pht cc gi s liu gia cc MS v cc thit b u cui s liu c nh ca
mng s liu cng cng (PDN). GSN cn cho php thu pht cc gi s liu n cc
MS cc mng thng tin di ng GSM khc.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 32
3.1.1.Node GSN
3.1.1.1.Cu trc
Cc node GSN c xy dng trn nn tng h thng chuyn mch gi hiu
sut cao. Nn tng ny kt hp nhng c tnh thng c trong thng tin d liu
nh tnh c ng v nng lc cao, nhng thuc tnh trong vin thng nh vng
chc v kh nng nng cp. Nhng c tnh k thut nn tng ca h thng ny l :
- Da trn nhng chun cng nghip cho c phn cng ln phn mm.
- H thng c th h tr s kt hp mt vi ng dng trong cng mt node,
ngha l n c th chy trn SGSN, GGSN hay kt hp c SGSN/GGSN trn phn
cng.
- Phn lu thng v iu khin phn chia chy trn nhiu b x l khc nhau.
GGSN
GGSN
SGSN
Another
PLMN
BTS MSC/VLR SOG
PCU HLR
AUC
SMS-SC
Frame
Relay
BGw
TCP/IP
X.25
Backbone
GGSN
MS
Um
A bis
A
Gs
Gb
Gb
Gr
Gi
Gi
Gn
Gp
Gn
Gn
BTS
Hnh 3.1. Cu trc mng GPRS
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 33
C ba loi x l c dng l :
- B x l ng dng trung tm (AP/C) cho cc chc nng trung tm v dng
chung nh OM.
- B x l ng dng (AP) qun l cc chc nng c trng ring bit ca
GPRS.
- B x l thit b (DP) chuyn dng trong qun l lu lng ti mt vi kiu
giao din no nh IP thng qua giao din ATM.
Ngoi ra cu trc phn mm ca GSN cng c chia ra thnh cc phn h bao
gm cc phn h nng ct v cc phn h ng dng h tr v qun l h thng.
3.1.1.2.Thuc tnh ca node GSN
Cc node GSN thng l cc Router c dung lng ln. Trong cc GGSN c
thm cng BG chia s cc giao din vt l n cc mng ngoi v n mng
backbone. Mt BG c th qun l nhiu mng PLMN.
Chc nng tnh cc thc hin trong cc SGSN v GGSN c kt hp vi cc
thit b khc cung cp cho nh qun l mng kh nng tnh cc a dng nh :
tnh cc theo lng d liu, theo thi gian cuc gi, theo kiu dch v, theo ch
n
Kh nng cp pht ng a ch IP cho php nh qun l mng s dngv ti s
dng li mt s lng a ch IP gii hn dng cho mng PLMN. iu ny s hn
ch ti a tng s a ch IP cp cho mi PLMN.
Cung cp cc chc nng bo mt trong GSN thng qua cc th tc xc nhn c
chn lc.
Qun l lu lng trong SGSN : Trong mt chu k thi gian, cc gi d liu c
tr cp 1 theo QoS s c phn pht trc bt k gi d liu no c tr cp
2. Lu lng n v i t cc MS trong cng mt mc tr s c x l theo kiu
hng i.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 34
3.1.1.3.Chc nng
- Node h tr GPRS dch v (SGSN)
SGSN c cc chc nng chnh sau :
- Qun l vic di chuyn ca cc u cui GPRS bao gm vic qun l vo
mng, ri mng ca thu bao, mt m, bo mt ca ngi s dng, qun l v tr
hin thi ca thu bao v.v
- nh tuyn v truyn cc gi d liu gia cc my u cui GPRS. Cc lung
c nh tuyn t SGSN n BSC thng qua BTS n MS.
- Qun l trung k logic ti u cui di ng bao gm vic qun l cc knh
lu lng gi, lu lng nhn tin ngn SMS v tn hiu gia cc my u cui vi
mng.
- X l cc th tc d liu gi PDP (Packet Data Protocol) bao gm cc thng
s quan trng nh tn im truy nhp, cht lng dch v khi kt ni vi mt mng
d liu khc bn ngoi h thng.
- Qun l cc ngun knh ti nguyn BSS.
- Cung cp cc file tnh cc dnh cho d liu gi.
- Qun l truy nhp, kim tra truy nhp cc mng d liu ngoi bng mt m v
s xc nhn.
- Node h tr GPRS cng (GGSN)
trao i thng tin vi mng d liu ngoi SGSN phi thng qua node h tr
GPRS cng l GGSN. V mt cu trc GGSN c v tr tng t nh gate MSC.
Thng thng GGSN l mt Router mnh c dung lng ln. Chc nng chnh ca
GGSN l :
- H tr giao thc nh tuyn cho d liu my u cui.
- Giao tip vi cc mng d liu gi IP bn ngoi .
- Cung cp chc nng bo mt mng.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 35
- Qun l phin GPRS theo mc IP, thit lp thng tin n mng bn ngoi.
- Cung cp d liu tnh cc (CDRs).
3.2.2.Mng Backbone
Mng Backbone kt h mt s giao din chun d liu chun dng kt ni
cc gia node SGSN, GGSN v cc mng d liu bn ngoi. C hai loi mng
backbone :
- Mng intra-backbone : Kt ni cc phn t trong cng mt PLMN nh cc
node SGSN, GGSN.
- Mng inter-backbone : Dng kt ni gia cc mng intra-backbone ca hai
PLMN khc nhau thng qua cng BG (Border Gateway).
Nh vy mng Backbone gii quyt vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS. L
do chnh m h thng h tr vn tng tc gia cc mng GPRS l cho php
roaming gia cc thu bao GPRS. Cc thu bao roaming s c mt a ch PDP
c cp pht bi mng PLMN ch, mt router chuyn tip gia mng PLMN ch
v mng PLMN m thu bao di chuyn n. nh tuyn ny c dng cho c thu
bao hon thnh hay bt u truyn d liu. Thng tin c truyn i thng qua
cc cng bin BG.
Hnh 3.2. Mng Backbone
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 36
3.2.3.Cu trc BSC trong GPRS
nng cp mng GSM ln GPRS, ngoi vic nng cp phn mm ta cn b
sung vo trong BSC mt phn cng gi l khi kim sot gi (PCU). PCU c nhim
v x l vic truyn d liu gi gia my u cui v SGSN trong mng GPRS.
PCU qun l cc lp MAC v RLC ca giao din v tuyn, cc lp dch v
mng ca giao din Gb (giao din gia PCU v SGSN). N bao gm phn mm
trung tm, cc thit b phn cng v cc phn mm vng (RPPs). Chc nng ca
RPP l phn chia cc khung PCU gia cc giao din Gb v A-bis, chng c th
c thit lp lm vic vi mt giao din A-bis hay vi c hai giao din A-bis v
Gb. Gii php b sung PCU vo BSC l mt gii php hiu qu v mt chi ph h
thng.
V truyn dn th giao din A-bis c s dng li cho c chuyn mch knh
v chuyn mch gi trn GPRS, nhng giao din gia BSS v SGSN li da trn
giao din m Gb. Thng qua A-bis, cc ng truyn dn v bo hiu hin ti ca
GSM c s dng li trong GPRS nn em li hiu sut h thng cao v hiu qu
trong gi thnh. Giao din Gb mi l mt xut mi nhng n c th nh tuyn
lu thng Gb mt cch trong sut thng qua MSC.
GMSC GGSN
SGSN MSC
BSC PCU
MS
Gb
Hnh 3.3. Giao din Gb m kt ni PCU vi SGSN
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 37
3.3.Cu trc d liu GPRS
D liu GPRS phi c chun ha theo dng cu trc d liu GSM truyn
qua mng GSM.
- Phn tiu v d liu c sp xp li thnh n v d liu th tc mng (N-
PDU) ti lp mng.
- N-PDU c nn v phn on thnh n v d liu th tc mng con (SN-
PDU) lp SNDCP nh giao thc SNDCP.
- Cc d liu SN-PDU c ghp li thnh cc khung LLC c cc kch thc
khc nhau. Kch thc ti a ca mt khung LLC l 1600 octets.
- Ton b khung LLC c phn on thnh cc khi d liu RLC, kch c
khi ph thuc vo cch iu ch CS. D liu trn c a vo trng thng tin,
thm phn tiu khi v bit BCS.
- D liu RLC c a qua b m ha knh CS cho khung chun
Header Data
SNDCP
Header
Segmented N-PDU
Frame
Header
I nformation Field BCS
Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal Burst Normal Burst
Block
Header
I nformation
Field
BCS
Block
Header
I nformation
Field
BCS
Block
Header
Network Layer
Control Compression
Data Compression
Segmented
Chamel Coding
I nterleaving
Burst Formating
SNDCP Layer
LLC Layer
RLC/MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Hnh 3.8. Cu trc d liu GPRS
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 38
456bit/20ms, ghp xen nh b to lon (interleaving) v cui cng l nh dng
burst to thnh cc burst chun 114bit. Sau cc burst c iu ch qua b
iu ch GMSK ri khuch i v truyn i trong khng gian.
3.4.Cc gii php nng cp ln GPRS cho mng GSM Vit Nam
Hin ti mng di ng GSM Vit Nam c hai nh khai thc chnh l
MobilePhone (VMS) v VinaPhone (GPC).
- Mng di ng MobilePhone do cng ty VMS qun l khai thc s dng thit
b ca cc hng sau :
- Khu vc min Bc do hng Alcatel (Php) cung cp ton b thit b trn
mng t thit b chuyn mch (MSC) n thit b v tuyn BSC, BTS.
- Khu vc min Nam do hng Ericson (Thy in) cung cp thit b h
thng ton mng t MSC, BSC n BTS.
- Mng VinaPhone do cng ty GPC qun l, thit b s dng c thng nht
c hai min do cc hng sau cung cp :
- Thit b chuyn mch MSC, OMCS do hng Siemen (c) cung cp.
- Thit b v tuyn BSS bao gm BSC, BTS, OMSC do hng Motorola
(M) cung cp.
Vic a dch v GPRS p dng trn mng GSM Vit Nam s c nhiu gii
php ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau.
3.4.1.Gii php ca hng Alcatel (Php)
Gii php ca hng Alcatel tp trung cc im chnh sau :
- Trm BTS khng thay i phn cng, ch thay i phn mm.
- BSC gi nguyn khng thay i.
- t thm mt server chuyn mch gi MFS (A935) phn Transcoder.
Server ny lm chc nng ca khi PCU v x l giao tip Pb h tr cho BSC trong
vic chuyn d liu t BTS n SGSN.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 39
- SGSN : S dng thit b ca hng Cisco gm c mt server SGSN, mt
server tnh cc v mt router truy nhp IP lm h thng truyn d liu
backbone.
- GGSN : S dng router ca hng Cisco.
- HLR, SMS v NMC c nng cp phn mm h tr cho dch v GPRS.
Gii php ca Alcatel l thm vo cc thit b server, router ca hng Cisco m
Alcatel lin kt, khng s dng thit b c chng, nn d dng p dng vi
mng GSM c quy m va hoc nh.
3.4.2.Gii php ca hng Ericson (Thy in)
Gii php ca hng Ericson gm mt s im sau :
- Trm BTS vi thit b RBS 200 ch cn nng cp phn mm khng b sung
phn cng.
- BSC c b sung thm phn cng PCU (Packet Control Unit) v phn mm
p ng yu cu ca GPRS.
- HLR cng c b sung phn mm h tr cho vic truy cp, qun l
GPRS v chuyn tin ngn SMS.
- MSC/VLR cng c nng cp phn mm h tr cho vic qun l thu
bao GPRS class A v B.
- Ring SGSN v GGSN c lp t trong AXB-250, mt dng tng i mi
truyn d liu ca Ericson.
Nh vy gii php ca Ericson l c tng i d liu AXB-250, phn cng
thm vo cho BSC v nng cp phn mm cc phn t cn li ca mng GSM nh
BTS, HLR, MSC/VLR.
3.4.3.Gii php ca hng Motorola (M)
Hng Motorola a ra gii php thc hin GPRS nh sau :
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 40
- Trm BTS khng thay i.
- BSC c b sung thm phn cng PCU v phn mm h tr cho vic
chuyn d liu n SGSN.
- Cc phn t khc c t thit b GSN gm c :
- Ngn SGSN : Mi ngn c 3 card SGSN v mt card tn hiu s 7 cung
cp cho 10.000 thu bao, phn cng SGSN da trn c s ca phn cng hng
Compact PCI.
- Ngn GGSN : Chun l Router 7206 ca hng Cisco. Mi ngn c kh nng
cung cp dch v cho 15.000 thu bao.
- Ngn CommHub : Da trn c s ca Router 5500 ca hng Cisco. Ngn ny
lm nhim v mng Backbone ca GPRS trn cc giao tip Gi, Gn, Gp.
- Ngn ISS : Da trn c s ca Server Dual-T 1125 ca hng SUN Nestra.
Server ny c b nh trn 100Gb m nhn cc chc nng : cng tnh cc, ng
b mng, a ch IP ng v bo mt.
Gii php ca Motorola l s dng phn cng b sung BSC v lp t thit b
GSN cho mng da trn cc router chuyn dng ca cc hng Cisco, Compact, Sun
Nestra. Dung lng ca GPRS Motorola tng i ln, do c th m rng thm cc
t ca GSN v cc thit b ca cc hng chuyn dng c dung lng cao.
3.4.4.Gii php ca hng Siemen (c)
Gii php ca hng Siemen bao gm cc im chnh :
- Khng thm phn cng BTS ch nng cp phn mm.
- BSC b sung thm phn cng PCU v phn mm h tr.
- HLR nng cp b sung thm h tr GPRS.
- Cc phn t khc c ch to theo cng ngh ca Siemen v lp t t SGN
gi l EWSX (36190) gm :
- SGSN v GGSN ch to theo cng ngh ca Siemen.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 41
- Phn chuyn mch v mng backbone da trn c s k thut ATM.
- C b x l chnh (Main Processor) iu khin hot ng ton b thit
b trong t.
Tm li, gii php ca Siemen l sn xut ring bit thit b chuyn mch gi
EWSX cho SGSN v GGSN cn BTS v HLR nng cp phn mm, BSC thm phn
cng PCU.
3.5.EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)
3.5.1.Tng quan
Gii php nng cp mng GSM ln GPRS tng tc truyn d liu ln n
170Kbps nhng vn cha p ng c yu cu ca cc dch v truyn thng a
phng tin. Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh s kt hp ca cc khe
thi gian. Tuy nhin do vn s dng k thut iu ch nguyn thu GMSK nn tc
truyn d liu cn hn ch. Cng ngh EDGE s kt hp vic ghp khe thi gian
vi vic thay i k thut iu ch GMSK bng 8PSK, iu ny s gip tng tc
truyn d liu trong mng GPRS ln 2 n 3 ln.
3.5.2.K thut iu ch trong EDGE
tng tc truyn d liu trong EDGE ngi ta s dng k thut iu ch
8PSK thay th cho GMSK trong GSM.
Dng tn hiu iu ch ca 8PSK :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
(
= t w
T
i
t w
T
i
E t s
o o S
sin
2
8
1 2
sin cos
2
.
8
1 2
cos .
Trong :
w
o
: Tn s gc sng mang.
E
S
: Nng lng tn hiu.
T : Chu k tn hiu.
A : Hng s.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 42
Gin tn hiu iu ch :
S dng iu ch 8PSK c tc bit gp ba ln tc bit ca iu ch GMSK,
do tc truyn d liu ca EDGE gp ba ln so vi GSM. Tuy nhin iu ch
8PSK trong EDGE thay i theo thi gian nn vic thit k cc b khuch i rt
phc tp. Hiu sut cng sut ca iu ch 8PSK ch bng 4/7 ca iu ch GMSK
nn cng sut ca my thu pht EDGE phi ln gn gp i so vi GSM. iu ny
nh hng n vic ch to thit b u cui v cc trm thu pht cng sut nh nh
Micro BTS, Pico BTS...
Do phn ln cc dch v tc cao u nm ng xung nn hn ch
tnh phc tp cho my my u cui, ngi ta a ra gii php : ng ln s
pht tn hiu s dng iu ch GMSK nhm hn ch tnh phc tp cho my u cui
cn ng xung s dng iu ch 8PSK.
3.5.3.Giao tip v tuyn
Trong cng ngh EDGE ngoi vic thay th k thut iu ch, cc thng s vt
l khc ca giao din v tuyn tng t nh trong GSM. Th tc v tuyn ca
EDGE chnh l cc th tc c s dng trong GSM/GPRS. iu ny hn ch ti
thiu vic xy dng thm cc th tc mi cho EDGE. Tuy nhin h tr cho vic
truyn d liu tc cao, mt vi th tc s c thay i cho ph hp. C hai
dng truyn d liu ca EDGE cn xem xt l : truyn chuyn mch gi v truyn
chuyn mch knh.
I
Q
I
Q
GMSK
8PSK
Hnh 3.1212. Gin tn hiu hai loi iu ch
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 43
3.5.3.1.Truyn dn chuyn mch gi EDGE EGPRS
Hin ti GPRS cung cp tc truyn d liu t 9,6Kbps n 21,4Kbps cho
mt khe thi gian. EDGE s cho php truyn vi tc t 11,2Kbps n 59,2Kbps
cho mt khe thi gian v nu ghp nhiu khe s cho tc truyn ti a l
384Kbps. m bo tc truyn cng nh bo v thng tin, th tc kim sot
knh v tuyn LLC trong EDGE s c mt s thay i c bn xoay quanh vic ci
tin mu RLC v s tng hp ng kt ni v gia tng tc d phng.
S tng hp ng kt ni l vic la chn m hnh iu ch v m ha
ph hp vi cht lng ng truyn v tuyn. S gia tng tc d phng cng l
mt bin php m bo cht lng dch v. Tng ng vi mi mu m ha, thng
tin s c thit lp v gi i vi m ha t nht t tc cao nht. Tuy nhin
nu b phn gii m b sai, nhiu bit m s c thm vo v gi cho n khi no
vic gii m thnh cng. D nhin, vic thm m s lm cho tc truyn gim v
tr truyn dn tng.
EGPRS cung cp mu tng hp kt ni v gia tng d phng lm c s
cho vic o lng cht lng ng truyn nhm m bo vic khai thc dch v
truyn dn vi tr ngn hn v gim yu cu b nh.
3.5.3.2.Truyn dn chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD
Chun GSM hin ti c th cung cp truy nhp v tuyn truyn dn trong sut
v khng trong sut. Truyn trong sut yu cu tc bit c nh hng dy t 9,6
n 64 Kbps, cn truyn khng trong sut thay i t 4,8 n 57,6Kbps. Tc
thc t ca truyn khng trong sut ph thuc vo cht lng knh v kt qu ca
vic truyn li khi sai st.
EDGE khng nh hng g n vic truyn ny trong h thng chuyn mch
GSM nn tc bit cng khng thay i. Tuy nhin cc thnh phn trong m ha
knh s c mt s thay i c tc cao hn.
Trong tng lai khi EDGE s dng dch v thi gian thc thng qua giao thc
internet th s c tc ng mnh khng nhng trn truy nhp v tuyn m c trn
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 44
trng chuyn mch truyn thng.
3.5.4.Cc k hoch cn thc hin khi p dng EDGE trn mng GSM
EDGE ch yu tc ng n phn truy xut v tuyn ca mng GSM c th l
trm thu pht v tuyn gc BTS, i kim sot gc BSC nhng khng nh hng
n cc ng dng v giao tip da vo chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cc
giao tip ang tn ti c gi li thng qua trung tm chuyn MSC v cc node h
tr GPRS (SGSN, GGSN).
Trong EDGE tc bit s c tng ln n 384Kbps. Tc ny ch yu nh
hng n giao tip khng gian c th l lm gim kh nng phn tn thi gian v
vn tc di chuyn ca my u cui. Mt khc giao tip A-bis gia trm thu pht v
BSC trong GSM ch t tc 16Kbps, vi EDGE tc ny phi t n 64Kbps
nn phi gn nhiu khe thi gian cho knh thoi. gii quyt vn ny ta c th
s dng m ha knh CS3, CS4 cho php t n tc 28,8Kbps. Trong giao tip
gia MSC v BSC tc cho php l 64Kbps nn MSC khng cn c s thay i.
Cc node chuyn mch gi ca GPRS l SGSN v GGSN s dng cc giao thc
chuyn mch gi s khng nh hng n tc cao ca EDGE nn cng khng
cn thay i c phn cng ln phn mm.
Tm li, do thay i cch iu ch tng tc truyn nn vic thay i cc
phn t trong mng GSM tng thch vi EDGE ch yu xy ra cc my u
cui, trm thu pht gc BSS. Cc h thng chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi
nh MSC, SGSN, GGSN s khng cn phi thay i.
c th thc hin EDGE trn mng GSM hin ti, vic cn thit l phi tin
hnh tng bc thng qua cc k hoch ph sng, k hoch tn s, qun l knh,
iu khin cng sut khng lm nh hng n vic khai thc.
3.5.4.1.K hoch ph sng (Coverage Planning)
Trong EDGE, nu t l sng mang trn nhiu thp s khng lm rt mch nh
trong GSM m ch lm gim tm thi tc truyn d liu EDGE. Mt t bao
EDGE s ng thi phc v cho nhiu ngi s dng vi tc yu cu khc nhau.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 45
Tc bit trong trung tm t bo s cao v b gii hn bin t bo.
3.5.4.2.K hoch tn s (Frequency Planning)
Hin nay mng GSM ang dng mu s dng li tn s 4/12. Tuy nhin vic
p dng cc tnh nng nhy tn, mu a s dng li tn s MRP v truyn khng
lin tc DTX th thng s s dng li c th thp hn hoc l 3/9.
i vi EDGE nh k thut tng hp ng kt ni nn vn c th s dng
mu tn s 3/9 v vic nh hng t s nhiu cng knh khng tc ng ln n cht
lng mng.
3.5.4.3.iu khin cng sut
Cc h GSM hin nay ang s dng tnh nng iu khin cng sut t ng
my u cui v trm thu pht v tuyn gc BTS. Tnh nng ny cho php gim
cng sut khi thu bao tin li gn trm v tng cng sut khi thu bao ri xa trm
hay c vt cn gia my u cui v trm BTS. Vic t ng iu chnh cng sut
s lm tng tui th h thng v pin my u cui ng thi nng cao cht lng
cuc gi do cn bng cng sut ng ln v ng xung cng nh hn ch nhiu
giao thoa gia hai knh k cn. EDGE cng h tr chc nng ny mc d c th c
mt s im khc bit so vi GSM.
3.5.4.4.Qun l knh
Sau khi a vo s dng EDGE, mt s t bo s bao gm hai kiu thu pht :
GSM chun v EDGE.
Mi knh vt l trong t bo c th l :
- Thoi GSM v d liu chuyn mch knh.
- D liu gi GPRS.
- D liu chuyn mch knh EDGE ECSD.
- D liu gi EDGE, cho php hn hp gia GPRS v EGPRS.
Chng 3 Gii php GPRS trn mng GSM
Trang 46
Kt lun chng 3:
Trong GPRS tc truyn d liu khng ph thuc vo tc d liu ca tng
knh c th m c th thay i. Mt ngi s dng GPRS c th s dng n 8 khe
thi gian t c tc hn 100kbps. Tuy nhin y l tc cc i, nu
nhiu ngi s dng th tc bit s thp hn.
Giao din v tuyn GPRS s dng cc tnh nng c bn ca giao din v tuyn
GSM. Nh vy c dch v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi u c th s
dng cng sng mang. Tuy nhin mng ng trc ca GPRS c thit k sao cho
n khng ph thuc vo giao din v tuyn.
Chng 3 ny gii thiu v dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) v dch v v
tuyn gi chung nng cao (EDGE). Cc gii php k thut trong bc tin trin t
GSM sang GPRS v hiu qu t c. Gii php GPRS cho mng GSM Vit
Nam.Chng tip theo s trnh by v cng ngh WCDMA
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 47
CHNG 4
CNG NGH DI NG TH H BA W-CDMA
Gii thiu chng
Cng ngh EDGE l mt bc ci tin ca chun GPRS t tc truyn d
liu theo yu cu ca thng tin di ng th h ba. Tuy nhin EDGE vn da trn cu
trc mng GSM, ch thay i k thut iu ch v tuyn kt hp vi dch v chuyn
mch v tuyn gi chung (GPRS) nn tc vn cn hn ch. iu ny gy kh khn
cho vic ng dng cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin i hi vic chuyn mch
linh ng v tc truyn d liu ln hn. gii quyt vn ny, gii php a ra
l nng cp EDGE ln chun di ng th h ba W-CDMA.
W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h ba (3G)
gip tng tc truyn nhn d liu cho h thng GSM bng cch dng k thut
CDMA hot ng bng tn rng thay th cho TDMA. Trong cc cng ngh thng
tin di ng th h ba th W-CDMA nhn c s ng h ln nht nh vo tnh linh
hot ca lp vt l trong vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau c bit l dch v tc
bit thp v trung bnh.
* W-CDMA c cc tnh nng c s sau :
- Hot ng CDMA bng rng vi bng tn 5MHz.
- Lp vt l mm do tch hp c tt c thng tin trn mt sng mang.
- H s ti s dng tn s bng 1.
- H tr phn tp pht v cc cu trc thu tin tin.
Nhc im chnh ca W-CDMA l h thng khng cp php trong bng TDD
pht lin tc cng nh khng to iu kin cho cc k thut chng nhiu cc mi
trng lm vic khc nhau.
H thng thng tin di ng th h ba W-CDMA c th cung cp cc dch v vi
tc bit ln n 2MBit/s. Bao gm nhiu kiu truyn dn nh truyn dn i xng
v khng i xng, thng tin im n im v thng tin a im. Vi kh nng ,
cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba c th cung cp d dng cc dch v mi nh
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 48
: in thoi thy hnh, ti d liu nhanh, ngoi ra n cn cung cp cc dch v a
phng tin khc.
Cc nh khai thc c th cung cp rt nhiu dch v i vi khch hng, t cc dch v
in thoi khc nhau vi nhiu dch v b sung cng nh cc dch v khng lin quan
n cuc gi nh th in t, FPT
4.1.Cu trc mng W-CDMA
H thng W-CDMA c xy dng trn c s mng GPRS. V mt chc nng c th
chia cu trc mng W-CDMA ra lm hai phn : mng li (CN) v mng truy nhp v
tuyn (UTRAN), trong mng li s dng ton b cu trc phn cng ca mng
GPRS cn mng truy nhp v tuyn l phn nng cp ca W-CDMA. Ngoi ra
hon thin h thng, trong W-CDMA cn c thit b ngi s dng (UE) thc hin
giao din ngi s dng vi h thng. T quan im chun ha, c UE v UTRAN
u bao gm nhng giao thc mi c thit k da trn cng ngh v tuyn W-
CDMA, tri li mng li c nh ngha hon ton da trn GSM. iu ny cho
php h thng W-CDMA pht trin mang tnh ton cu trn c s cng ngh GSM.
KBit/s
i xng Khng i xng a phng
im n im a im
a phng tin di ng Qung b
Truyn hnh hi
ngh
(Cht lng cao)
Truyn hnh hi
ngh
(Cht lng thp)
mthoi hi
ngh
in thoi
Truy
nhp
Internet
WWW
Th
in t
FTP
in
thoi IP
vv
Y t t xa
Th ting
Truy nhp c s d liu
Mua
hng
theo
Catalog
Video
Video
theo
yu
cu
Bo
in
t
Karaoke
ISDN
Xut bn
in t
Th in t FAX
Cc dch v
phn phi
thng tin
Tin tc
D bo
thi tit
Thng tin
lu lng
Thng tin
ngh ngi
Truyn
hnh di
ng
Truyn
thanh di
ng
Ting
S liu
H.nh
1.2
2.4
9.6
16
32
64
384
2M
Hnh 4.1 Cc dch v a phng tin trong h thng thng tin di ng th h ba
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 49
UE (User Equipment)
Thit b ngi s dng thc hin chc nng giao tip ngi s dng vi h
thng. UE gm hai phn :
- Thit b di ng (ME : Mobile Equipment) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng
cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu.
- Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha
thng tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc
kha nhn thc v mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho u cui.
UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network)
Mng truy nhp v tuyn c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy
nhp v tuyn. UTRAN gm hai phn t :
- Nt B : Thc hin chuyn i dng s liu gia cc giao din I
ub
v U
u
. N
cng tham gia qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
- B iu khin mng v tuyn RNC : C chc nng s hu v iu khin cc ti
nguyn v tuyn trong vng (cc nt B c kt ni vi n). RNC cn l im truy
cp tt c cc dch v do UTRAN cung cp cho mng li CN.
PLMN,PST
NI SDN
Internet
Cc
mng
ngoi
MSC/
VLR
GMSC
GGSN SGSN
HLR
CN
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
I
Ub
I
Ur
UTRAN
I
U
USI M
USI M
C
U
UE
U
U
Hnh 4.3. Cu trc ca UMTS
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 50
CN (Core Network)
- HLR (Home Location Register) : L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng
tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng. Cc thng tin ny bao gm : Thng tin
v cc dch v c php, cc vng khng c chuyn mng v cc thng tin v dch
v b sung nh : trng thi chuyn hng cuc gi, s ln chuyn hng cuc gi.
- MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Location Register) : L
tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh
cho UE ti v tr ca n. MSC c chc nng s dng cc giao dch chuyn mch knh.
VLR c chc nng lu gi bn sao v l lch ngi s dng cng nh v tr chnh xc
ca UE trong h thng ang phc v.
- GMSC (Gateway MSC) : Chuyn mch kt ni vi mng ngoi.
- SGSN (Serving GPRS) : C chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng
cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS).
- GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) : C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch
phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc mng ngoi
- Mng CS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
- Mng PS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc giao din v tuyn
- Giao din C
U
: L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny
tun theo mt khun dng chun cho cc th thng minh.
- Giao din U
U
: L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h
thng v v th m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS.
- Giao din I
U
: Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN, n cung cp cho cc nh khai
thc kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
- Giao din I
Ur
: Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh sn xut
khc nhau.
- Giao din I
Ub
: Giao din cho php kt ni mt nt B vi mt RNC. I
Ub
c
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 51
tiu chun ha nh l mt giao din m hon ton.
4.1.1.Giao din v tuyn
Cu trc UMTS khng nh ngha chi tit chc nng bn trong ca phn t mng
m ch nh ngha giao din gia cc phn t logic. Cu trc giao din c xy dng
trn nguyn tc l cc lp v cc phn cao c lp logic vi nhau, iu ny cho php
thay i mt phn ca cu trc giao thc trong khi vn gi nguyn cc phn cn li.
4.1.1.1.Giao din UTRAN CN, I
U
Giao din I
U
l mt giao din m c chc nng kt ni UTRAN vi CN. Iu c hai
kiu : Iu CS kt ni UTRAN vi CN chuyn mch knh v Iu PS kt ni
UTRAN vi chuyn mch gi.
- Cu trc I
U
CS
I
U
CS s dng phng thc truyn ti ATM trn lp vt l l kt ni v tuyn,
cp quang hay cp ng. C th la chn cc cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau nh
SONET, STM-1 hay E1 thc hin lp vt l.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin : Gm RANAP trn nh giao din SS7
bng rng v cc lp ng dng l phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP, phn truyn
Giao thc
ng dng
Mng
bo hiu
Mng
s liu
Mng
bo hiu
ALCAP
Lung
s liu
Pha iu
khin mng
truyn ti
Pha ngi s
dng mng
truyn ti
Pha ngi s
dng mng
truyn ti
Lp vt l
Lp mng
v tuyn
Lp mng
truyn ti
Hnh 4.5. M hnh tng qut cc giao din v tuyn ca UTRAN
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 52
bn tin MTP3-b, v lp thch ng bo hiu ATM cho cc giao din mng SAAL-NNI.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin mng truyn ti : Gm cc giao thc bo
hiu thit lp kt ni AAL2 (Q.2630) v lp thch ng Q.2150 nh cc giao thc
SS7 bng rng.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha ngi s dng : Gm mt kt ni AAL2 c dnh
trc cho tng dch v CS.
- Cu trc I
U
PS
Phng thc truyn ti ATM c p dng cho c pha iu khin v pha ngi
s dng.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin I
U
PS : Cha RANAP v vt mang bo hiu
SS7. Ngoi ra cng c th nh ngha vt mang bo hiu IP ngn xp ny. Vt mang
bo hiu trn c s IP bao gm : M3UA (SS7 MTP3 User Adaption Layer), SCTP
(Simple Control Transmission Protocol), IP (Internet Protocol) v ALL5 chung cho c
hai tu chn.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha iu khin mng truyn ti I
U
PS : Pha iu khin
mng truyn ti khng p dng cho I
U
PS. Cc phn t thng tin s dng nh a
ch v nhn dng bo hiu AAL2 ging nh cc phn t thng tin c s dng trong
CS.
- Ngn xp giao thc pha ngi s dng Iu PS : Lung s liu gi c ghp
chung ln mt hay nhiu AAL5 PVC (Permanent Virtual Connection). Phn ngi s
dng GTP-U l lp ghp knh cung cp cc nhn dng cho tng lung s liu gi.
Cc lung s liu s dng truyn ti khng theo ni thng v nh a ch IP.
4.1.1.2.Giao din RNC RNC, I
Ur
I
Ur
l giao din v tuyn gia cc b iu khin mng v tuyn. Lc u giao
din ny c thit k h tr chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC, trong qu trnh pht
trin tiu chun nhiu tnh nng c b sung v n nay giao din I
Ur
phi m
bo 4 chc nng sau :
- H tr tnh di ng c s gia cc RNC.
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 53
- H tr knh lu lng ring.
- H tr knh lu lng chung.
- H tr qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ton cu.
4.1.1.3.Giao din RNC Node B, I
Ub
Giao thc I
Ub
nh ngha cu trc khung v cc th tc iu khin trong bng cho
cc tng kiu knh truyn ti. Cc chc nng chnh ca I
Ub
:
- Chc nng thit lp, b sung, gii phng v ti thit lp mt kt ni v tuyn
u tin ca mt UE v chn im kt cui lu lng.
- Khi to v bo co cc c th , node B, kt ni v tuyn.
- X l cc knh ring v knh chung.
- X l kt hp chuyn giao.
- Qun l s c kt ni v tuyn.
4.2.Cc gii php k thut trong W-CDMA
4.2.1.M ha
4.2.1.1.M vng
M khi l b m ha chia dng thng tin thnh nhng khi tin (message) c k
bit. Mi tin c biu din bng mt khi k thnh phn nh phn u = (u
1
,u
2
,..,u
n
), u
c gi l vector thng tin. C tng cng 2
k
vector thng tin khc nhau. B m ha
s chuyn vector thng tin u thnh mt b n thnh phn v = (v
1
,v
2
,...,v
n
) c gi l t
m. Nh vy ng vi 2
k
vector thng tin s c 2
k
t m khc nhau. Tp hp 2
k
t m
c chiu di n c gi l mt m khi (n,k). T s R = k/n c gi l t s m, R
chnh l s bit thng tin a vo b gii m trn s bit c truyn. Do n bit ra ch ph
thuc vo k bit thng tin vo, b gii m khng cn nh v c th c thc hin bng
mch logic t hp. M vng l mt tp con ca m khi tuyn tnh.
M vng l phng php m ha cho php kim tra d vng (CRC Cyclic
Redundance Check) v ch th cht lng khung cc khung bn tin.
M ha m vng (n,k) dng h thng gm ba bc :
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 54
(1). Nhn a thc thng tin u(x) vi x
n-k
.
(2). Chia x
n-k
.u(x) cho a thc sinh g(x), ta c phn d b(x).
(3). Hnh thnh t m b(x) +x
n-k
Tt c ba bc ny c thc hin bng mch chia vi thanh ghi dch (n-k) tng
c hm hi tip tng ng vi a thc sinh g(x).
Nguyn l hot ng :
Bc 1 : Cng ng cho thng tin qua mch, k ch s thng tin u
0,
u
1
,...,u
n-k
c dch vo mch t thit b u cui nhn trc u(x) vi x
n-k
.
Ngay sau khi thng tin c a vo mch th n-k ch s cn li trong thanh
ghi l nhng con s kim tra chn l.
Bc 2 : Ct t ng hi tip bng cch iu khin cho cc cng g
i
h
(khng cho thng tin qua).
Bc 3 : Dch cc con s kim tra chn l v a ra ng truyn. Cc
ch s kim tra ny kt hp vi k ch s thng tin to thnh vector m.
S mch m ha vng :
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 55
4.2.1.2.M xon
M xon (Convolutional Code) (n,k,m) cng c n u ra, k u vo nh m khi
(n,k) nhng n u ra ca m xon ph thuc khng ch vo k u vo ti thi gian
m cn ph thuc vo m khi bn tin trc . M xon (n,k,m) c xy dng bi
mch dy. Mch ny dng thanh ghi dch m bit lm b nh, cc u ra ca cc phn t
nh c cng vi nhau theo quy lut nht nh to nn chui m, sau cc chui
ny c ghp xen vi nhau to nn chui m u ra.
4.2.1.3.M Turbo
M ha Turbo ch c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba
khi hot ng tc bit cao vi yu cu t s li bit BER nm trong khong 10
-3
n
10
-6
. B m ha turbo thc cht l b m xon mc ni song song PCCC (Parallel
G
1
b
1
+
b
0
+
b
2
+
G
2
G
n-k-1
+
b
n-k-1
Thng tin
x
n+k
.u(x)
Cc s kim
tra chn l
+
Mt khu ca thanh ghi dch
Cng XOR
Mi lin kt
g =1 : C lin kt
g =0 : Khng lin kt
g
Hnh v 4.6. Mch m ha vng vi a thc sinh
g(x) =1 +g
1
x +g
2
x
2
+...+g
n-k-1
x
n-k-1
+x
n-k
Cng
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 56
Concatenated Convolutional Code) vi cc b m ha thnh phn 8 trng thi c s
dng.
4.2.2.iu ch BIT/SK v QPSK
4.2.2.1.iu ch BIT/SK
Trong mt h thng iu ch BIT/SK (BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying) cp
tn hiu s
1
(t) v s
2
(t) c s dng biu din cc gi tr nh phn. Ta c
( ) | | + + = t f
T
E
t s
c
b
b
i
. 2 cos .
2
) (
Trong :
T
b
: rng bng thng.
E
b
: Nng lng ca mt bit.
( ) t : Gc pha thay i theo tn hiu iu ch, l gc pha ban u.
( ) ( ) 2 , 1 , 0 , . 1 = s s = i T t i t
b
Mt cp sng sin i pha 180
0
nh trn gi l mt cp tn hiu i cc.
Lung s tc bit R
b
c a qua b chuyn i v tn hiu NRZ (01, 1-
1), sau nhn vi sng mang c tn hiu iu ch BIT/SK.
Chn mt tn hiu l c s l trc chun:
( ) t f
T
t u
c
b
2 cos .
2
) (
1
=
Ta c :
Hnh 4.7. S nguyn l iu ch BPSK
Lung s c
hai
R =1/T
S
i
(t)
c
b
f
T
b
E
. 2 cos
2
NRZ
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 57
( ) ( ) t u t d E t S
b i 1
. ) ( =
Khong cch gia hai tn hiu :
Xc sut li trong BPSK:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
2
2
1
N
E
erfc P
b
e
Vi :
Eb l nng lng ca bit .
N0 mt xc sut nhiu trng.
4.2.2.2.iu ch QPSK
Tn hiu iu ch QPSK c dng:
( ) ( )
> <
s s + +
=
T t t
T t i t f
T
E
t S
c
QPSK
; 0 , 0
0 ,
4
1 2 . 2 cos
2
) (
Trong
E
b
: Nng lng mt bit.
T
b
: Thi gian mt bit.
E = 2E
b
: Nng lng tn hiu pht i trn mt k hiu.
T = 2T
b
: Thi gian ca mt k hiu.
f
c
: Tn s sng mang, : gc pha ban u.
i =1, 2, 3, 4.
Bin i lng gic ta c phng trnh dng tng ng nh sau :
0
b
E
b
E
Hnh 4.8 Khong cch gia hai tn hiu BPSK
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 58
( )
( ) ( )
> <
s s
(
=
T t t
T t t f i
T
E
t S
c
QPSK
; 0 , 0
0 , . 2 cos
4
. 1 2 cos
2
Nu ta chn Q
1
v Q
2
l cc hm nng lng c s trc giao chun :
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) T t t f
T
t Q
T t t f
T
t Q
c
c
s s =
s s =
0 , . 2 cos
2
0 , . 2 sin
2
2
1
Ta c th biu din tn hiu iu ch QPSK bng bn im trong khng gian tn
hiu vi cc to xc nh nh sau :
( )
( )
. 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ,
4
. 1 2 cos
4
. 1 2 sin
2
1
=
=
(
=
= i
i E Q
i E Q
S
QPSK
Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v ta ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK
trong khng gian tn hiu th hin bng sau :
Cp bit vo
0 s t s T
Pha ca tn
hiu QPSK
im tn hiu
S
i
To cc im tn hiu
Q
1
Q
2
00 t/4 S
1
+ 2 / E + 2 / E
01 3t/4 S
2
+ 2 / E - 2 / E
11 5t/4 S
3
- 2 / E - 2 / E
10 7t/4 S
4
- 2 / E + 2 / E
Xc sut li trong QPSK:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
,
2
N
E
Q P
b
QPSK e
Ta thy xc sut li ca BPSK v QPSK l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, vi QPSK th
hiu sut bng thng gp 2 ln BPSK. Bng thng ca QPSK xp x bng Rb.
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 59
4.3.Tri ph trong W-CDMA
4.3.1.Gii thiu
Trong cc h thng thng tin vic s dng hiu qu bng tn l vn c quan
tm hng u. Cc h thng c thit k sao cho rng bng tn cng nh cng tt.
Trong W-CDMA tng tc truyn d liu, phng php a truy cp kt hp
TDMA v FDMA trong GSM c thay th bng phng php a truy cp phn chia
theo m CDMA hot ng bng tn rng (5MHz) gi l h thng thng tin tri ph.
i vi cc h thng thng tin tri ph (SS : Spread Spectrum) rng bng tn ca
tn hiu c m rng trc khi c pht. Tuy rng bng tn tng ln rt nhiu
nhng lc ny nhiu ngi s dng c th dng chung mt bng tn tri ph, do
m h thng vn s dng bng tn c hiu qu ng thi tn dng c cc u im
ca tri ph. pha thu, my thu s khi phc tn hiu gc bng cch nn ph ngc
vi qu trnh tri ph bn my pht.
C ba phng php tri ph c bn sau :
- Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS : Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum) : Thc
hin tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc
chip cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit
- Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS : Frequency Hopping Spreading Spectrum) : H thng
FHSS thc hin tri ph bng cch nhy tn s mang trn mt tp cc tn s. Mu
nhy tn c dng m ngu nhin. Tn s trong khong thi gian mt chip T
C
c c
nh khng i . Tc nhy tn c th thc hin nhanh hoc chm, trong h thng
nhy tn nhanh nhy tn thc hin tc cao hn tc bit ca bn tin, cn trong
h thng nhy tn thp th ngc li.
- Tri ph nhy thi gian (THSS : Time Hopping Spreading Spectrum) : Thc
hin tri ph bng cch nn mt khi cc bit s liu v pht ngt qung trong mt hay
nhiu khe thi gian. Mu nhy tn thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian c s
dng truyn dn trong mi khung.
Trong h thng DSSS, tt c cc ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn
v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 60
ly ra tn hiu bng cch nn ph. Cc tn hiu khc xut hin dng nhiu ph
rng, cng sut thp ging tp m. Trong cc h thng FHSS v THSS mi ngi s
dng c n nh mt m ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no dng
chung tn s hoc khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh b xung t. Ni cch
khc DSSS l kiu h thng ly trung bnh, FHSS v THSS l kiu h thng trnh
xung t. H thng thng tin di ng cng ngh CDMA ch s dng DSSS nn ta ch
xt k thut tri ph DSSS.
4.3.2.Nguyn l tri ph DSSS
Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS : Direct Sequence Spreading Spectrum) : Thc hin
tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc chip
cao hn rt nhiu so vi tc bit
Tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin v tc bit c tnh theo cng thc sau :
R
C
=1/T
C
R
b
=1/T
b
Trong :
R
C
: tc chip tn hiu gi ngu nhin.
R
b
: tc bit.
T
C
: thi gian mt chip.
T
b
: thi gian mt bit.
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 61
4.3.3.M tri ph
Cc tn hiu tri ph bng rng c to ra bng cch s dng cc chui m gi
tp m PN (Pseudo Noise). M gi tp m cn c gi l m gi ngu nhin do c
cc tnh cht thng k ca tp m trng AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) v
c biu hin ngu nhin, bt xc nh. Tuy nhin my thu cn bit m ny to bn
sao mt cch chnh xc v ng b vi m c pht gii m bn tin. V th m gi
ngu nhin phi hon ton xc nh.
M gi ngu nhin c to ra bng cc b thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip tuyn
tnh (LFSR : Linear Feedback Shift Register) v cc cng XOR.
Mt chui thanh ghi dch hi tip tuyn tnh c xc nh bi mt a thc to
c
i
S
i
(1) S
i
(2)
g
1
g
2
g
m-1
c
i-m
n b
iu ch
S
i
(m)
Hnh 4.10. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN
S
i
(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i.
g
i
=0 : kha m, g
i
= 1 : kha ng.
T
b
=T
n
T
b
=T
n
T
c
T
b
: Thi gian mt bit ca lung s cn pht
T
n
: Chu k ca m gi ngu nhin dng cho tri ph
T
C
: Thi gian mt chip ca m tri ph
Hnh 4.9. Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS)
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 62
m tuyn tnh bc m (m > 0) :
( )
0 1
1
1
... g x g x g x g x g
m
m
m
m
+ + + + =
(vi g
m
=g
0
=1).
x
m
: n v tr.
Gi s ta np chui gi tr khi u cho thanh ghi dch :
S
0
={S
0
(1), S
0
(1), S
0
(m)}
Gi tr u ra trong (m -1) xung ng h u tin l :
C
0
=S
0
(m)
C
1
=S
0
(m-1)
.
C
m-1
=S
0
(1)
Ti xung ng h th i (i > m-1) ta c trng thi ca thanh ghi dch :
S
i
(m) =S
i-1
(m-1) =S
i-2
(m-2) ==S
i-m+1
(1) (*)
S
i-m+1
(1) =g
1
.S
i-m
(1) +g
2
.S
i-m
(2) ++S
i-m
(m) (g
m
=1)
=>S
i
(m) =g
1
.S
i-m
(1) +g
2
.S
i-m
(2) ++S
i-m
(m)
p dng cng thc (*), ta c :
S
i
(m) =g
1
.S
i-1
(m) +g
2
.S
i-2
(m) ++S
i-m
(m)
Gi tr u ra ti xung th i chnh l gi tr phn t nh S
i
(m) ca thanh ghi dch :
=>C
i
=g
1
.C
i-1
+g
2
.C
i-2
++C
i-m
Hay :
C
i+m
=g
1
.C
i+m-1
+g
2
.C
i+m-2
++C
i
Tc ca mch nh trn b hn ch v tc do tng thi gian tr trong cc
thanh ghi v cc cng loi tr ng hi tip. hn ch thi gian tr, nng cao tc
ca mch to m ngu nhin ta c th s dng s mch sau :
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 63
4.4.Truy nhp gi
4.4.1.Tng quan v truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA
Truy nhp gi trong W-CDMA cho php cc vt mang khng phi thi gian thc
s dng ng cc knh chung, ring v dng chung. Vic s dng cc knh khc
nhau c iu khin bi b lp biu gi PS (Packet Scheduler). B lp biu gi
thng c t RNC v ti y vic lp biu gi c th thc hin hiu qu cho
nhiu , ngoi ra y cng xem xt cc kt ni chuyn giao mm.
B lp biu gi c cc chc nng chnh sau :
- Phn chia dung lng ca giao din v tuyn gia cc ngi s dng.
- Phn chia cc knh truyn ti s dng cho truyn dn s liu ca tng ngi
s dng.
- Gim st cc phn b gi v ti h thng.
4.4.2.Lu lng s liu gi
Truy nhp gi s dng cho cc dch v khng theo thi gian thc, nhn t quan
im giao din v tuyn n c cc thuc tnh in hnh sau :
- S liu gi c dng cm, tc bit yu cu c th bin i rt nhanh.
- S liu gi cho php tr ln hn cc dch v thi gian thc. V th s liu gi l
lu lng c th iu khin c xt theo quan im mng truy nhp v tuyn.
- Cc gi c th c pht li bi lp iu khin kt ni v tuyn (RLC). iu
ny cho php s dng cht lng ng truyn v tuyn km hn v t s li khung
cao hn so vi cc dch v thi gian thc.
S
i
(1) S
i
(2)
g
2
g
m-1
c
i
n b
iu ch
S
i
(m)
Hnh 4.11. Mch thanh ghi dch to chui PN tc cao
S
i
(j) : L gi tr phn t nh j trong thanh ghi dch xung ng h i.
g
i
=0 : kha m, g
i
= 1 : kha ng.
g
1
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 64
Lu lng gi c c trng bi cc thng s sau :
- Qu trnh n ca phin.
- S cuc gi n phin.
- Thi gian c gia cc cuc gi.
- S gi trong mt cuc gi gi.
- Khong thi gian gia hai gi trong mt cuc gi gi.
- Kch thc gi.
4.4.3.Cc phng php lp biu gi
Chc nng lp biu gi l phn chia dung lng giao din v tuyn kh dng
gia cc ngi s dng. B lp biu gi c th quyt nh tc bit phn b v thi
gian phn b. Thut ton lp biu gi trong W-CDMA c thc hin theo hai
phng php : phn chia theo m v phn chia theo tn s. Trong phng php phn
chia theo m, khi c nhu cu tng dung lng th tc bit phn b cho ngi s
dng s gim i. Trong phng php phn chia theo thi gian biu dung lng c
dnh cho mt s t ngi theo tng thi im, nh vy ngi s dng c th c tc
bit cao nhng ch c th s dng trong thi gian ngn. Trong trng hp s ngi s
dng tng th phi i truyn dn lu hn. Thc t qu trnh lp biu gi l s kt hp
ca hai phng php trn.
Phin dch v gi
Cuc gi gi
Thi gian
c
Thi gian
Kch thc gi
Hnh 4.26. c trng ca mt phin dch v gi
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 65
4.4.3.1.Lp biu phn chia theo thi gian
Khi b lp biu phn chia thi gian phn b cc tc gi, cn xt n hiu nng
v tuyn. Thng thng cc dch v tc bit cao i hi t nng lng bit hn, v th
phn chia theo thi gian c u im l E
b
/N
o
thp hn. Ngoi ra thi gian tr trung
bnh trong phng php ny l ngn hn so vi phng php phn chia theo m.
Nhc im chnh ca phng php phn chia thi gian l :
- Thi gian truyn dn ngn trong khi vic thit lp v gii phng kt ni i hi
thi gian di thm ch n vi khung.
- Vic s dng phn b theo thi gian b hn ch bi di tc cao do hn ch
cng sut ca MS ng ln.
- Phng php ny s dng cc tc bit cao v to ra lu lng dng cm, iu
ny dn n s thay i cao cc mc nhiu so vi lp biu phn chia theo m.
4.4.3.2.Lp biu phn chia theo m
Trong lp biu phn chia theo m tt c ngi s dng c n nh mt knh
khi h cn chng. Nu nhiu ngi s dng gi yu cu lu lng th tc bit phi
thp hn lp biu theo thi gian.
Cc u im chnh ca phng php ny l :
- Trong lp biu phn chia theo m, vic thit lp v gii phng s gy ra t tn
tht dung lng hn do tc bit thp v thi gian truyn dn lu hn. Do tc bit
thp vic phn b ti nguyn lp biu gi phn chia theo m i hi nhiu thi gian
hn lp biu gi phn chia theo thi gian. iu ny cho php d bo c mc
nhiu.
- Lp biu phn chia theo m c th l tnh hoc ng. Trong lp biu tnh, tc
bit c phn b duy tr c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Trong lp biu ngs, tc
bit c th thay i ph hp vi lu lng gi.
- Phng php lp biu ny i hi cc kh nng ca MS thp hn.
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 66
4.5.Quy hoch mng WCDMA
M u
Qu trnh lan truyn tn hiu t trm gc BTS n my di ng MS, cng sut
tn hiu b suy hao do mi trng truyn dn, tp nhiu t nhng thit b khc, tp
nhiu bn thn thit b... Phn ny trnh by cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh truyn
lan tn hiu, a ra m hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn, s mc tn hiu tnh ton
ng truyn, dung lng mng
4.5.1 Suy hao ng truyn trong qu trnh truyn lan tn hiu
Cc iu kin ng truyn dn rt quan trng trong vic thc hin thit b u
cui cng nh thit k cu hnh . Trong s ba thnh phn ca iu kin truyn dn,
suy hao ng truyn do khong cch, pha inh che chn, pha inh a ng th suy
hao ng truyn do khong cch v pha inh che chn xc nh cu hnh v c
lng vng ph sng. Thnh phn pha inh a ng, yu t lm thay i mc tn
hiu thu mt cch nhanh chng, nh hng ti cc thit k thit b u cui, bao gm
vic la chn cc k thut b pha inh.
4.5.1.1. Tp m v can nhiu
Tp m v can nhiu gii hn rt nhiu di hot ng ca cc thit b v tuyn.
Trong cc h thng a ngi dng hay nhng h thng v tuyn dng chung mt bng
thng th vn ny li cng quan trng. m bo vic thit k h thng vi mc
tn hiu thu c th chp nhn c, ngi ta phi bit r c tnh tp m v nhiu v
t a ra cc phng php nh gi c cht lng ca h thng v ton tuyn
thng tin.
4.5.2. M hnh tnh suy hao ng truyn
4.5.2.1. M hnh Hata - Okumura
M hnh ny l quan h thc nghim c rt ra t bo co k thut ca
Okumura cho php s dng cc kt qu vo cc cng c tnh ton. Bo co ca
Okumura bao gm mt chui cc lu c s dng lp m hnh thng tin v
tuyn. Da trn cc o lng c thc hin bi Y.Okumura Tokyo ti tn s 1920
MHz, cc o lng ny va khp vi m hnh ton hc ca M.Hata.
Trong m hnh ny, ban u suy hao ng truyn c tnh bng cch tnh h
s iu chnh anten cho cc vng th l hm ca khong cch gia trm gc, trm
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 67
di ng v tn s. H s ny c a vo suy hao khng gian t do. Kt qu c
iu chnh bng cc h s cho cao anten trm gc v trm di ng. Ngoi ra, cc h
s iu chnh c cp cho hng ph, cc vng ngoi , cc vng m v cc a hnh
khng u.
M hnh ch p dng cho 4 thng s tha iu kin:
Tn s sng mang f
c
: 150 1500 (Mhz)
Khong cch t trm gc d : 1 20 (km)
cao anten trm gc h
b
: 30 200 (m)
cao anten trm di ng h
m
: 1 10 (m)
Tu theo tng vng phc v khc nhau, suy hao tuyn L
p
tng ng mi vng khc
nhau.
- Vng thnh ph:
L
p
(dB) =69,55 +26,16lgf
c
+(44,9 6,55lgh
b
)lgr 13,82lgh
b
- a(h
m
) (4.1)
Trong : a(h
m
) l h s hiu chnh cho cao anten di ng (dB) c tnh
trong 2 trng hp khc nhau:
+i vi thnh ph nh v trung bnh:
a(h
m
) (dB)=(1,11lgf
c
-0,7)h
m
(1,56lgf
c
0,8) (4.2)
+ i vi thnh ph ln:
8.29[lg(1,54h
m
)]
2
1,1 (f
c
200 MHz) [dB] (4.3)
3,2[lg11,75h
m
)]
2
4,97 (f
c
400 MHz) [dB] (4.4)
Nh vy bn knh cell c tnh :
( ) | |
b
m b c p
h
h a h f L
r
lg . 55 , 6 9 , 44
lg . 82 , 13 lg . 16 , 26 55 , 69
lg
+ +
= (4.5)
- Vng ngoi :
Vi vng ngoi h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh ph l:
L
no
(dB)=L
p
- 2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
4 , 5
28
lg
2
c
f
(4.6)
- Vng nng thn:
Vi vng nng thn h s hiu chnh suy hao so vi vng thnh ph l:
L
nt
(dB)
=L
p
4,78.(lgf
c
)
2
+18,33(lgf
c
) - 40,94 (4.7)
a(h
m
) ={
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 68
Cc php o ca Okumura ch ng cho cc kiu to nh Tokyo v cn c
s liu c kh nng d on cc nhn t mi trng trn c s tnh cht vt l ca
cc to nh xung quanh my thu di ng. Ngoi ra, do k thut Okumura dng hiu
chnh mt t bt thng v cc c im khc ca ng truyn c th nn cn c
cc din gii thit k. iu ny lm cho m hnh Hata-Okumura khng ph hp cho
vic s dng my tnh.
4.5.2.2 M hnh Walfisch-I kegami (hay COST 231)
M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami cha 3 phn t: tn hao khng gian t do, nhiu x
mi nh v tn hao tn x, tn hao do nhiu vt chn.
Cc thng s a vo cng thc m hnh c gii thiu hnh 4.2.
Trong :
w: b rng ng ph (m)
b: c ly gia cc dy nh ph chn ng truyn sng (m)
: gc ti ca sng trn mt phng phng v so vi trc ng
h
m
: chiu cao anten trm di ng (m)
h
b
: chiu cao anten trm gc (m)
d: khong cch trm di ng v trm gc (m)
Hnh 4.2 Cc thams trong m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami.
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
h
1
d
h
2
Anten trm gc
Anten trmdi ng
To nh
w
b
h
r
Hng di chuy
|
Hng sng
Di ng
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 69
hr: chiu cao to nh (m)
M hnh ch p dng cho 4 thng s tha iu kin:
Tn s sng mang f
c
: 800 2000 (Mhz)
Khong cch t trm gc d : 0,02 5 (km)
cao anten trm gc
h
b
: 4 50 (m)
cao anten trm di ng h
m
: 1 3 (m)
Cc biu thc s dng cho m hnh nh sau:
s +
> + + +
=
0 ,
0 ,
msd rts f
msd rts msd rts f
p
L L L
L L L L L
L
(4.8)
Trong :
L
f
: l tn hao khng gian t do, c xc nh:
L
f
(dB) =32,4 +20lgr +20lgf
c
(4.9)
L
rts
: l nhiu x mi nh - ph v tn hao tn x, c xc nh:
L
rts
(dB) =(-16,7) -10lgW +10lgf
c
+20lgh
m
+L
o
(4.10)
vi: h
m
=h
r
- h
m
(m)
L
o
l sai s do tn x v nhiu x, c xc nh bi:
s u s u
s u s u +
s u s
=
90 55 ), )( 55 ( 114 , 0 4
55 35 ), )( 55 ( 075 , 0 5 , 2
35 0 ), ( 646 , 9
dB
dB
dB
Lo
L
msd
: l tn hao cc vt che chn, c xc nh:
L
msd
=L
bsh
+k
a
+k
d
lgr +k
f
lgf
c
9lgb (4.11)
vi:
<
> A +
=
r b
r b b
bsh
h h
h h h
L
, 0
), 1 lg( . 18
s < A
s >
>
=
) , 500 ( , 6 , 1 54
) , 500 ( , 8 , 0 54
) ( , 54
r b b
r b b
r b
a
h h r r h
h h r h
h h
k
<
>
A
A
=
r b
r b
m
b
d
h h
h h
h
h
k
, 18
,
15
18
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 70
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
925
5 , 1 4
c
f
f
k
vi thnh ph ln.
|
.
|
\
|
+ = 1
925
7 , 0 4
c
f
f
k vi thnh ph trung bnh.
Vi trng hp tia nhn thng (LOS):
L
p
(dB) =42,6 +26lgr +20lgf
c
(2.12
)
Vi trng hp tia khng nhn thng (NLOS):
L
p
(dB) =32,4 +20lgr +20lgf
c
+L
rts
+L
msd
(4.13)
Nh vy bn knh cell tnh theo m hnh Walfisch Ikegami l :
( )
( )
d
c f a m bsh ori p
k
f k b k h W L L L
r
+
+ + A +
=
20
7 , 15 lg 30 lg 9 lg 20 lg 10
lg
(4.14)
C th s dng cc gi tr mc nh sau cho m hnh:
b =20 50m; W =b/2; = b/2; h
r
=3 x (s tng) + h
nn
vi: h
nn
= 3 m cho nc nh c cao, 0 m cho nc nh phng.
Ta tnh ton tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Hata v Walfisch-Ikegami theo
cc s liu di y v so snh kt qu:
f
c
= 880 MHz h
r
=30 m
h
m
=1,5 m = 90
h
b
=30 m b =30 m
nc nh =0 m W =15 m
Tn hao ng truyn d on theo m hnh Hata thp hn 13-16 dB so vi
m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. Tuy nhin, m hnh Hata b qua nh hng ca rng
ng ph, nhiu x ph v cc tn hao tn x. Cc nh hng ny c xt n m
hnh Walfisch-Ikegami.
M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami s c s dng cho phng n tnh ton thit k v
m hnh ny thch hp vi iu kin vi mi trng th Vit Nam, tnh ton d
dng bng chng trnh trn my tnh.
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 71
Vng ph sng s c tnh ton da trn din tch cn ph sng v bn knh ca cell
bng cch p dng m hnh Walfisch-Ikegami. Cht lng dch v v dung lng
phc v ca h thng s tnh ton da trn phng trnh tnh dung lng cc ca
ng truyn hng ln. T s tnh ton c s trm BTS cn thit p ng
dung lng ca h thng.
4.5.2.3 Quan h gia suy hao ng truyn dn v vng ph sng
Hnh 4.3 cho thy quan h gia suy hao ng truyn truyn sng v khong
cch thu c bi cng thc Hata - Okumura, trong gi thit cao anten ca BS
v MS tng ng l 100m v 1,5m. S dng s ny, c th tnh c mt khong
cch m suy hao ng truyn L
max p
l 50%.
4.5.2.4. Mt s khi nim cn quan tm
- n v lu lng Erlang: Mt n v lu lng Erlang l mt mch thng tin
hot ng trong mt gi.
- Cp phc v (G
0
S): i lng biu th s % cuc gi khng thnh cng i
Khong cch
Tn hao ng truyn (dB)
M hnh Hata M hnh Walfisch-Ikegami
1
2
3
4
5
126,16
136,77
142,97
147,37
150,79
139,45
150,89
157,58
162,33
166,01
200
100
180
160
140
120
Chiu cao antenBS:100m
Chiu cao anten MS: 1,5m
1,5 GHz
900 MHz
450 MHz
1 10 100
Khong cch (km) Hnh 4.3 Quan h gia suy hao ng truyn dn v vng ph sng
Bng 4.1 So snh tn hao ng truyn t m hnh Hata v Walfisch-Ikegami
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 72
vi h thng tiu hao cn trong h thng i G
0
S l s % thu bao thc hin s gi tr
li. i vi h thng hot ng bnh thng, cp phc v c nh gi bng xc sut
tc nghn l 0,02 khi khi to cuc gi trong gi cao im. y l gi tr tr trung
bnh.
- Din tch cell: sau khi tnh c bn knh cell ta c th xc nh din tch cell
theo bng sau
Loi cell Din tch cell Din tch sector
Trn R
2
R
2
/3
Lc gic 2.598R
2
2.598R
2
/3
Bng 4.2: Cng thc tnh din tch cell
- BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts): S ln gi ca thu bao trong gi cao
im
- H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu tiu hao: Gi thit v h thng m cc
thu bao khng h gi li khi cuc gi khng thnh cng.
- H thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu i: Gi thit v h thng m cc thu
bao s kin tr gi li cho n khi thnh cng.
- Vng ph sng: H thng phi phc v mt vng nht nh. Tuy nhin do a
hnh phc tp nn ph sng khng c 100% vi 2 l do:
+Cng sut pht x phi rt mnh cc my thu a im b chn khut vn
lm vic c. Nh vy gi thnh thit b phi ln v gi cc ca thu bao phi cao.
+Cng sut pht cng ln th cng kh kim sot s giao thoa sng gia cc
my thu pht cng mt tn s cc cell ln cn. Vic ti s dng li tn s l mt c
th ca mng cellular. Khi s thu bao tng th ta chia nh thm cc cell v mun c
nhiu thu bao c dng chung mt tn s th cng sut phi gim nh thch hp.
V vy cc h thng thng tin c gng bao ph 90% din tch trong vng bng
phng v 75% din tch trong vng i ni hoc c nhiu vt che khut.
- Tng ch khi chia sector: l thng s b chnh v mc can nhiu tng ln do
cc sector khc gy nn cho sector xt. Gi l tng ch khi chia sector v vic tng
sector lm tng s ngi dng. Khi s sector mt mt bng tng ln, th mi sector
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 73
nh i lm gim can nhiu mi sector gy ra cho sector khc. Nhng s sector gy
nhiu cho sector xt li tng ln.
- Mt dn s: y l mt n v xc nh s lng khch hng tim nng
c th s s dng dch v trn mt n v din tch.
4.5.3. Dung lng kt ni v tuyn
H thng CDMA c li th hn hn so vi cc h thng khc nh FDMA,
TDMA l kh nng m rng dung lng thu bao. Dung lng ca h thng
CDMA ph thuc vo iu kin a l, mc nhiu, cc c tnh truyn sng v mt s
iu kin khc. thit k tnh ton s knh ca h thng WCDMA ta dng phng
php sau:
+T s nng lng tn hiu trong mi bit vi mt ph cng sut nhiu
(Eb/No) quyt nh c tnh kt ni gia trm gc v u cui . Mc tp m l s kt
hp ca tp m nn v nhiu gy ra bi u cui ca h thng khc. V vy s lng
cuc gi ng thi trong mi sector hoc b hn ch bi t s Eb/No. Gii hn ca
knh lu lng vt l kt ni gia trm gc v trm u cui tnh theo cng thc sau:
N =
S
bochinh
o o
b
G
f
I N
E
.
1
.
1
1
.
R
W
+
(
+
(4.15)
Trong :
S
G : Tng ch di qut ha
bochinh
o o
b
I N
E
(
+
l t s
o o
b
I N
E
+
trong iu kin iu khin cng
sut khng hon ho.
bochinh
o o
b
I N
E
(
+
=
( )
2
0
2
.
e
e
I N
E
o
b
+
(4.16)
Vi:
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 74
: Hng s c gi tr 0,1ln10
e
: Phng sai iu khin cng sut
W : rng di tn sng mang (Hz)
R :Tc truyn (bps)
: H s tch cc thoi
f : t s nng lng nhiu t cell khc n cell xt
Gi tr N thay i ph hp vi cc gi tr gi nh ca mi tham s. Vy N tu
thuc vo phng php v gi nh tnh ton nh gi hiu nng c th ng dng
c trong mi trng hot ng. Gi tr tnh ton N trn l s lng knh ln nht
c th cho php s dng kt ni ng thi gia u cui v sector hoc Ommi-Cell
trong trng hp khng c chuyn v mm.
Do s lng knh lu lng hot ng trong mi sng mang WCDMA
c tnh nh sau:
Ns =N x ti ca (cell) (4.17)
4.5.4 Suy gim ng truyn ln nht cho php
Suy gim ng truyn ln nht cho php xc nh nh sau:
L
a
=P
m
P
min
+G
b
L
c
L
b
L
h
(4.18)
Vi :
P
min
=N
0
+F
b
+(E
b
/N
0
)
req
+10lgB.
Trong :
L
a
: Tn hao ng truyn cho php.
P
m
: Cng sut pht x hiu dng ca MS.
P
min
: Cng tn hiu ti thiu yu cu.
G
b
: H s khuch i ca Anten pht BS.
L
c
: Tn hao cp Anten thu BS.
L
b
: Tn hao c th.
L
h
: Tn hao truy nhp ta nh.
Chng IV - Cng ngh di ng th h ba W-CDMA
Trang 75
B : Tc bit (Bps)
N
0
: Tp m nn ca BS.
F
b
: H s tp m my thu.
E
b
/N
0