B13 Human Reproduction

Testes Produces testosterone and sperms Scrotum Hangs testes from body so it has a lower temperature Sperm duct Carries sperm from testis to seminal vescle Prostate gland Produces chemicals, including the liquid part of semen Penis Passes sperm from the man to outside Ovary contains developing ovum and produces estrogen and progesterone. Uterus Where implantation occurs and where an embryo develops Vagina Tube to uterus and protects against microbes Oviduct Where fertilization occurs and carries an ovum to the uterus Adolescence is controlled by hormones produced in the male and female reproductive organs. The male sex hormone is known as testosterone and is made in the testis. The primary female hormones are estrogen and progesterone. They are made in the ovaries. Changes expected in males include: Facial/Pubic hair Deeper voice Muscle/Bone structure development Sexual maturity, i.e. penis size and testes size. Changes expected in females include: Breast size Menstruation Hips widen Pubic hair

Menstrual Cycle
Soon after menstruation stops the pituitary gland releases a follicle-stimulating hormone. This stimulates an egg to grow inside a follicle in the ovary, and stimulates the ovaries to produce the estrogen hormone. Estrogen reduces the flow of FSH from the pituitary, and stimulates the production of luteinizing hormone. LH causes the egg to be released from the follicle. Estrogen from the ovary also prepares the uterus for pregnancy by stimulating the growth of blood vessels and glands in the uterus lining causing it to thicken. The remains of the follicle, called corpus luteum, produce the hormone progesterone. This stimulates further growth of the uterus lining and also stimulates the breasts to develop milkproducing glands. If the ovum isnt fertilized progesterone levels decrease and leads to menstruation the disintegration of the uterus lining. Menstruation refers to the disintegration of the uterus lining. During menstruation, the lining of the uterus breaks down and passes out through the vagina. As soon as this finishes a new ova starts to develop in the ovaries and the ovaries begin to produce estrogen. When the egg is developed (inside the follicle), the follicle bursts and the ova is released. The empty follicle forms the corpus luteum and produces the hormone progesterone. While the egg is developing, the uterus lining starts to thicken in order to get ready for implantation as a result of the hormones. If fertilization does not occur, the egg dies and the lining falls away restarting the cycle.

Fertilization
1. Sexual Intercourse refers to the joining of male and female sexually. Semen is released into the vagina during sex. The semen contains sperm which swim towards the egg. 2. Fertilization refers to the joining of a male and a female gamete during sexual reproduction. It results in the formation of a zygote which eventually develops into a new organism. This occurs when the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum. This normally takes place in the oviduct. 3. Implantation refers to the embedding of an embryo into the lining of the uterus which eventually develops into a baby. The zygote produced from fertilization begins to divide and moves down the oviduct towards the uterus for implantation. The amnions function is to protect the fetus; its a bag of liquid which cushions it against knocks and bumps as the mother moves about. The placenta is attached to the wall of the womb. It acts as a: Medium of exchange carrying food and oxygen to the baby while taking the wastes out such as carbon dioxide and urea. Filters chemicals Prevents the mother and babys blood from mixing . Its important the mothers and the babys blood never mix because of possible contamination, immunology, and blood clotting as a result of different blood types. The substances are carried in the umbilical cord which contains a vein and artery to transfer substances through the placenta.

Birth
Contractions of uterine muscles begin and the amnion breaks. Contractions become stronger and the cervix slowly widens. Soon enough the contractions become stronger and the baby moves to a face-down position and is pushed out of the mothers body. The umbilical cord is then cut. After birth the placenta and rest of the umbilical cord detaches from the uterus wall. This is known as afterbirth.

Birth Control
The world population of humans is growing at an exponential rate. Birth control such as condoms, diaphragms, contraceptive pills can be used to reduce the fertility rate and hence control the growth of the human population.

Transmission of HIV
This virus is contracted by direct contact of bodily fluids. This can be spread through sexual contact, sharing needles, blood transfusionsetc. To limit the spread of HIV and AIDS, condoms should be used during sex, and needles should not be shared and blood should be clean.

Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ovulation occurs, and an egg is released which is collected by the oviduct Sperm in semen swim through the vagina and uterus to the oviduct. Sperm fertilizes the egg creating a zygote. The zygote divides by mitosis and moves to the uterus. The zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus. The embryo is growing in the uterus. The placenta and amnion are formed. The embryo slowly develops and becomes a fetus when its organs are fully developed.

9. The baby is born. 10. The placenta comes out attached to the umbilical cord. This is called the afterbirth.