Therrmal Devices For Energy Efficiency

Thermal Devices and Systems For Enhanced Energy Efficiency
Ravi Prasher, Ph.D. Program Director, ARPA-E

09/12/2011
US Energy Diagram
Heat
~60% primary energy rejected as heat

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy
Residential and Commercial Buildings Consume 40 Quads of Primary Energy Per Year
Buildings use 72% of the U.S. electricity and 55% of the its natural gas Heating & cooling is ~50% of energy consumption
By 2030, Business as usual: 16% growth in electricity demand and additional 200 GW of electricity ($25-50 Billion/yr)
Source: LBNL Environmental Energy Technologies Division, 2009
Energy Supply Systems
Current System Architecture

Fuel, FE Engine/ Generator Set
Efficiency 25-45 % Electricity, E1
Waste Heat
Fuel, FH Heater/Boiler
Air Cooling, C Energy Demand E2 Conditioner Power Electricity Load Heating Waste Heat Cooling Heating, H
Time
Rate of Fuel Use, F = FE + FH
Integrated Energy Supply Systems: New Systems Architecture

Solar/Wind Electrical Bus
Power Electronics
FE
Engine/ Fuel Cell
Electrical Storage
Air Conditioner/ Heat Pump
Performance Goal: Minimize F by at least 25%
High Temp. Thermal Bus Heater/ Boiler Thermal Geotherm Air conditioner
FH
Thermal Storage
Technical Challenge: Operating System (Software) & SensorsActuators (Hardware) for Optimal Operation
Low Temp. Thermal Bus
Thermal Storage
Extra heat/electricity can be used for purifying water
Current Cooling Practice
90 oF, 90% RH Humidity ratio
Refrigeration
Can we do this?
Relative humidity = 100% 37 oF
55 oF, 50% RH Reheat

Refrigeration
Temperature
BEET-IT Target
Building cooling is responsible for ~5% of US energy consumption and CO2 emissions
Primary energy use
200
Vapor compression Current systems Desiccants
Current refrigerants have GWP over 1000 x of CO2

Global CO2 and HFC emissions
60 Emissions (GtCO2-eq yr-1) GWP-weighted (100-yr)
Global hydrofluoro carbon (HFC) refrigerant emissions are projected to account for the equivalent of 9-19% of CO2 emissions in 2050
Primary Energy (kJ/kg)
160 120 80 40 0
Target
Theoretical limit = exergy
1 3
50
40 30 20 10 0 HFC range high low 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year 450 ppm 550 ppm
COP_Vapor-compression Tamb = 90 oF, RH = 0.9 Tsupply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5
Reduce primary energy consumption by ~ 40 - 50%
Achieve COP > 4 for GWP 1

Source: Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009)
Two types of Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps

Heating Heating
Electricity
Air conditioner/ heat pump
Heat
Air conditioner/ heat pump
Cooling
Cooling
It can run with any kind of heat source: Waste, Solar, Geothermal Very bulky and inefficient
Portfolio of Technologies Funded
BEETIT: $30.3 M, 3 years, 16 projects
Seedling (<$1 M)
Advanced Device Prototyping ($3-4 M)

Vapor Absorbtion/Adsorbtion Solid State Cooling Gas Cycles
20%
18%
20%
21%
17%
45%
23% 21%
15%
Dehumidification Mechanical Vapor Compression
High-Efficiency, on-Line Membrane Air Dehumidifier Enabling Sensible Cooling for Warm and Humid Climates
ADMA Products Inc. O2 H2O N2
Humidity Ratio
Adsorption
Diffusion
Temperature
Desorption
Refrigeration unit
Zeolite pore ( 0.3 0.4 nm)
Selective absorption of water vapor molecules Weight one-two orders of magnitude lower Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy FOA target by ~50% Can potentially beat
Modular Thermal Hub for Building Cooling, Heating, and Water Heating: Thermal heat pump
Georgia Technology Research Corporation
Microscale Monolithic Absorption Heat Pump
SHIM A Components
300 W System
Eventual Miniaturization Potential
State of the Art:

9-12 ft3/RT 150-210 lb/RT
Projected Commercial Units:

4 ft3/RT 60 lb/RT 2-3x smaller
High-Efficiency Adsorption Chilling Using Novel Metal Organic Heat Carriers: Thermal heat pump
Pacific Northwest National Lab
Few moving parts
Condenser Chamber Adsorption Chamber 2 Adsorption Chamber 1
Technology Impact
100:F
182:F
194:F
Hot Water
85:F MOHC
Flapper valves
MOHC
Cool Water
Replace silica gel with MOHC sorbents Enable operation with more refrigerants 2 4x reduction in system weight and size
53:F
Cold Water
Evaporator Chamber
44:F
Uses waste or solar heat to drive a thermal vapor-liquid cycle

Metal-organic Heat Carriers
Crystalline solids or gels formed with self-assembled structural building units Continuous porous network with tunable binding energy for gases and liquids Synthesis conditions support thin film deposition, nanophase crystals, or bulk powders Applications in geothermal power, waste heat recovery, cooling and refrigeration
Non-Equilibrium Asymmetric Thermoelectrics (NEAT): Solid State Cooler Sheetak

Novel electrodes to reduce interface losses Non-equilibrium effects decouple electron and phonon systems Atomically-thin phonon-blocking (PB), electron tunneling junctions 2 3x reduction in cost 2 3x increase in performance
Integrated Energy Supply Systems: New Systems Architecture

Solar/Wind Electrical Bus
Power Electronics
FE
Engine/ Fuel Cell
Electrical Storage
Air Conditioner/ Heat Pump
Performance Goal: Minimize F by at least 25%
High Temp. Thermal Bus Heater/ Boiler Thermal Geotherm Air conditioner
FH
Thermal Storage
Technical Challenge: Operating System (Software) & SensorsActuators (Hardware) for Optimal Operation
Low Temp. Thermal Bus
Thermal Storage
Extra heat/electricity can be used for purifying water
Applications of Thermal Storage
electricity Hot Storage Solar: Convert solar power into base load power using storage Nuclear: Heat storage for peak power Cold Storage Heat pump/engine Grid-level electricity storage: Hightemperature thermal storage + subsequent conversion by engines
Thermochemical production of fuel from sunlight using heat
Photons
Phonons
Energy in chemical bonds
18
Industrial waste heat capture and storage
PHEV/EV: Thermal battery for thermal management and cabin conditioning
Refrigerated trucks and LNG Transport
Storing and redeploying heat or cold to match building loads

HEATS Focus Areas

Synergy between Solar and High-Temp Nuclear
Efficiency > 50%
Thermochemical Fuel Production from Sunlight
Conversion efficiency > 10%
Scale
Grid level storage using heat pumps
Increase EV range by ~ 40% <100 oC >600 oC
Temperature
800-1500 oC
High-Temperature Applications: CSP
Target
0.6
Efficiency
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 C = 100 C = 1000 C = 1500
Current systems
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Temperature (C)
Storage Cost ($/kWht)
SOA:
SOA
Target
80-120
15
3 fluids: Oil, Molten salt, Steam Molten salt Sensible storage T = 100 oC (290 390 oC)
Thermochemical Production of Fuel (Thermofuel)

MO2TH ~1500 C Haile et al, Science, 2010 MO2
H2O, CO2
TL ~800 C
O2
Direct thermolysis of water = 4000 C Theoretical efficiency can be greater than 30%
efficiency
Best demonstrated ~ 1 %
Temperature > 1500 oC
SOA ~1%
Target
>10%
Significant potential of heat recycling and harvesting

Low temperature: Effect of Climate Control on PHEV and EV

Best example of combined heat and power: heating of cabin of IC engine vehicle (heating is free) Fully electrified light duty fleet will require > 1 Quad for heating Power consumption in EV ~ 6 KW @ 40 miles/hr and 13 KW @ 60 miles/hr (Source: Tesla)
Heat exchanger to the cabin
Mode
Cold battery
Heat
6.0
2.0
Barnitt et al., NREL, 2010
Heating and cooling can reduce the range of EVs by 5 -40%

Connected to the wall plug in garage
Electrical battery
Heat battery
A/C
3.9
2.1
Thermal charger/ active heater& cooler
Peak Steady load (kW) state load (kW)

Therrmal Devices For Energy Efficiency

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Thermal Devices and Systems For Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Ravi Prasher, Ph.D. Program Director, ARPA-E

~60% primary energy rejected as heat

Energy Supply Systems

Current System Architecture

Integrated Energy Supply Systems: New Systems Architecture

Engine/ Fuel Cell

Air Conditioner/ Heat Pump

Performance Goal: Minimize F by at least 25%

Low Temp. Thermal Bus

Extra heat/electricity can be used for purifying water

Current Cooling Practice

90 oF, 90% RH Humidity ratio

55 oF, 50% RH Reheat

Vapor compression Current systems Desiccants

Current refrigerants have GWP over 1000 x of CO2

Primary Energy (kJ/kg)

COP_Vapor-compression Tamb = 90 oF, RH = 0.9 Tsupply = 55 oF, RH = 0.5

Reduce primary energy consumption by ~ 40 - 50%

Achieve COP > 4 for GWP 1

Source: Velders et al, PNAS 106, 10949 (2009)

Two types of Air Conditioners/Heat Pumps

Air conditioner/ heat pump

Air conditioner/ heat pump

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Portfolio of Technologies Funded

BEETIT: $30.3 M, 3 years, 16 projects

Advanced Device Prototyping ($3-4 M)

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Zeolite pore ( 0.3 0.4 nm)

Microscale Monolithic Absorption Heat Pump

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Eventual Miniaturization Potential

State of the Art:

Projected Commercial Units:

Uses waste or solar heat to drive a thermal vapor-liquid cycle

Metal-organic Heat Carriers

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Non-Equilibrium Asymmetric Thermoelectrics (NEAT): Solid State Cooler Sheetak

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Integrated Energy Supply Systems: New Systems Architecture

Engine/ Fuel Cell

Air Conditioner/ Heat Pump

Performance Goal: Minimize F by at least 25%

Low Temp. Thermal Bus

Extra heat/electricity can be used for purifying water

Applications of Thermal Storage

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Applications of Thermal Storage

Thermochemical production of fuel from sunlight using heat

Energy in chemical bonds

Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy

Applications of Thermal Storage

Industrial waste heat capture and storage

PHEV/EV: Thermal battery for thermal management and cabin conditioning

Refrigerated trucks and LNG Transport

Storing and redeploying heat or cold to match building loads

HEATS Focus Areas

Efficiency > 50%

Thermochemical Fuel Production from Sunlight

Conversion efficiency > 10%

Grid level storage using heat pumps