Medical microbiology

1.Bacterial growth 2.Bacterial nutrition 3.Bacterial reproduction

Bacteria Divide and Multiply

Bacteria are all around us. Given good growing conditions, a bacterium grows slightly in size or length, a new cell wall grows through the center forming two daughter cells, each with the same genetic material as the parent cell. If the environment is optimum, the two daughter cells may divide into four in 20 minutes. Oh my! 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64... Then why isn't the earth covered with bacteria The primary reason may be that conditions are rarely optimum. Scientists who study bacteria try to create the optimum environment in the lab: culture medium with the necessary energy source, nutrients, pH, and temperature, in which bacteria grow predictably.

LAG PHASE :Growth is slow at first, while the "bugs" acclimate to the food and nutrients in their new habitat. LOG PHASE :Once the metabolic machinery is running, they start multiplying exponentially, doubling in number every few minutes. STATIONARY PHASE :As more and more bugs are competing for dwindling food and nutrients, booming growth stops and the number of bacteria stabilizes. DEATH PHASE :Toxic waste products build up, food is depleted and the bugs begin to die.

Bacterial growth In bacteriology, Bacterial growth has four different phases: lag phase (A), exponential or log phase (B), stationary phase (C), and death phase (D).

Growth is shown as L(log numbers) = colony forming units per ml, over T(time)

1.During lag phase, bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. It is the period where the individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide. 2.At exponential phase, bacteria are reproducing at their maximum rate; therefore, their number increases during this phase. It is a period of exponential growth. 3.During stationary phase, the growth rate slows due to depletion of nutrients. This phase is reached as the bacteria begin to exhaust the resources that are available to them. 4.At death phase, bacteria run out of nutrients and die. Bacterial growth can be suppressed with bacteriostats, without necessarily killing the bacteria

OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS & CULTURING ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

anaerobe ,aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophilic

Bacteria Reproduction
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Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation

Cellular organism copies its genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

Conjugation
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A type of Bacteria Sex Two organism swap genetic information, that contains the information such as a resistance to penicillin

Spore Formation: Endospore

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A type of dormant cell Exhibit no signs of life Highly resistant to environmental stresses such as: -High temperatures -Irradiation -Strong acids -Disinfectants Endospores are formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.