Harmonic Filters for Power Conversion Equipment (Drives, rectifiers, etc)

O Effects

of Harmonics O IEEE - 519 O Solutions

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Power Conversion Equipment can save energy and control motors, heaters, etc, But they may also cause harmonic distortion
Input current ASD
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

11 13

17 19

ASD = Adjustable Speed Drive

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Harmonic Spectrum For normal balanced system

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Typical Harmonic Distortion-6pulse rectifiers

Typical VFD % THID 1 - 20 HP 25 - 40 HP 50 - 150 HP 200 HP up > 100 % 80 - 100 % 60 - 80 %
Magnitude (% of Fundamental)

Can cause excessive peak current

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 9 7 11 Harmonic Number 13 15 17

For 60hz Power System 1 5 7 11 13 17 = 60hz = 300hz = 420hz = 660hz = 780hz = 1020hz

50 - 70 %

THID = Total Harmonic Current Distortion

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Harmonic Current Distortion is a function of source impedance

Expected input harmonics for given total input impedance for 6-pulse rectifier (6-diode, 3-phase bridge rectifier)
Harmonic Number 5
th

.50% Z
0.8 0.6 0.18 0.1 0.073 0.06 102.5 43% 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th

1.0% Z
0.6 0.37 0.12 0.075 0.052 0.042 72.2 23%

1.5% Z
0.5 0.3 0.1 0.06 0.04 0.03 59.6 17%

2.0% Z
0.46 0.22 0.09 0.058 0.036 0.028 52.3 13%

2.5% Z
0.42 0.2 0.08 0.05 0.032 0.025 47.6 11%

3.0%Z
0.4 0.16 0.073 0.049 0.03 0.022 44.13 9%

%THID Amps Increase

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MTE line Reactors reduce Harmonic Current Distortion

Expected input harmonics for given total input impedance for 6-pulse rectifier

Use 5% impedance for VFDs

Harmonic Number 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th %THID Amps Increase

5.0% 0.32 0.12 0.058 0.039 0.022 0.008 34.96 6%

6.0% 0.30 0.11 0.052 0.036 0.021 0.007 32.65 5%

7.0% 0.28 0.10 0.05 0.033 0.009 0.004 30.35 5%

8.0% 0.26 0.9 0.043 0.0315 0.007 0.003 28.04 4%

9.0% 0.24 0.083 0.042 0.03 0.005 0.0025 25.92 3%

10.0% 0.23 0.075 0.04 0.028 0.004 0.002 24.68 3%

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1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

11 13

17 19

Problems Caused by Harmonics

Transformer over-heating O Circuit breaker trips O Fuse blowing O Equipment malfunction O Increased KVA demand rms and peak Total Power Factor reduction O Wasted energy
O
Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 6

IEEE-519 Distortion Limits

ISC /IL <20 20<50 50<100 100<1000 >1000 <11 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 11 h<17 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 17 h<23 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 23 h<35 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 35 h 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 TDD 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0

ISC = Source Short Circuit Current h= Harmonic order IL = Load Current TDD = Total Demand Distortion
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PCC per IEEE - 519

O

PCC = At Point of Metering, or PCC = Point Where Non-Linear Load Meets Linear Loads
Isc / IL will be greater at this point in the system IEEE-519 limit is higher at this point

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IEEE - 519
O

TDD = Magnitude of harmonic distortion as a percent of maximum demand current

When demand current is known

THD = Instantaneous value of harmonic distortion

Typically based on motor FLA When demand current is not known
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IEEE-519 Harmonic Voltage Distortion Limits

O

3%THVD - Hospitals, Airports

O 5%THVD
O

- General Systems

10%THVD - Dedicated Systems

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MTE Line Reactors Reduce Harmonics and Improve the Input Current Waveform
ASD

RL Reactor Input current

Use 5% impedance Line Reactors

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MTE Line Reactors Reduce Harmonics

150HP, 12% Matrix Filter at Rated Output Current
350 300 250 200

Magnitude [Amperes]

150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 -350 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

70 60 50 Percent 40 30 20 10 0 5 7 11 Harmonic No Reactor 5% Impedance Reactor 13 17

Time [seconds]

19

5% Impedance Reactor & 3% DC Choke

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Matrix Filters Offer Best Power Quality for Power Conversion Systems
Filter Input current
Standard 6-pulse

VFD
150HP, 12% M atrix Filte r at Rate d Output Curre nt
350 300 250 200

Magnitude [Ampere

150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 -350 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

Output 33.86% THiD

0.045

0.05

Time [seconds]

VFD input current M3-xxxxPD-8

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Standard Matrix Filter Circuit Configuration

For 12- Pulse Performance Input Power
< 12% THID Guaranteed at filter input Standard Matrix Filter

Any 6-pulse VFD

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Harmonic Distortion for 6-pulse Rectifier with Standard Matrix Filters

< 8% typical at full load, < 12% THID guaranteed at any load
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 60 Percent Load Typical Worst Case 80 100
7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 1020 1140 180 300 420 540 660 780 900

Percent THD

Typical

Worst Case

% THID vs Load
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Harmonic spectrum
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Typical input voltage distortion with Standard Matrix Filter

0.80% THVD
W/1.5% source impedance
0.50% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% 0.10% 0.00% 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140
1.40% 1.20% 1.00% 0.80% 0.60% 0.40% 0.20% 0.00% 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

2.20% THVD
W/5.75% source impedance
12% Filter Voltage Distortion 100% Load & 5.75% Source

12% Filter Voltage Distortion 100% Load & 1.5% Source

Typical

Worst Case

Typical

Worst Case

IEEE-519 limits are 3%, 5% or 10%

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6-pulse Rectifiers with Standard Matrix Filters offer cleaner power than 12pulse rectifiers
6-pulse VFD with Standard Matrix Filter
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12-pulse Rectifier
input current waveform at full load and with balanced line voltages

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Matrix Filters perform better than 12pulse in Real Life operating conditions
(unbalanced line voltages, 0% to 100% loading)
60% 55%
3%

12 Pulse w/ 1% & 3%
3%

50%

Total Input Current Distortion

Line voltage unbalance

1%

1%

THiD (1%, 12p) THiD (3%, 12p)

45% 40% 35% 30%

1%

3%

Matrix w 1% & 3%
3%

1%

THiD (1%, 6p) THiD (3%, 6p)

25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0% 10% 20%

3% 1% 3% 1% 3%

Line voltage unbalance

3%

3%

1% 1% 3% 1% 3% 1% 1% 3% 1%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

120%

Percent Load

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6-pulse Rectifier with Matrix Filter is better than 12-pulse rectifier

O

Matrix Filters Achieve

Lower harmonic distortion Cleaner waveforms Higher efficiency Guaranteed distortion levels

Matrix filters perform better under real life operating conditions

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Enhanced Matrix Filter Circuit Configuration

For 18- Pulse Performance
Input Power
< 8% THID Guaranteed at filter input

6-pulse VFD

18-pulse Alternative Matrix Filter

This reactor converts a standard matrix filter to 18-pulse performance

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Enhanced Matrix Filters reduce input current Harmonic Distortion even better than 18-pulse drives
Input current
Standard 6-pulse

VFD
100 80 60 40 20 0 1 5 7 11 13 17 19

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Harmonic Distortion with Enhanced Matrix Filter

< 5%THID typical at full load,
% THID vs Load
10 Percent THD 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 Percent Load Typical Worst Case

< 8% THID at any load

Harmonic Current Spectrum
6% 4% 2% 0% 180 360 540 720 900 1080
22

Typical

Worst Case

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Typical input voltage distortion with Enhanced Matrix Filter

0.60% THVD
8% Filter Voltage Distortion 100% Load & 1.5% Source 0.35% 0.30% 0.25% 0.20% 0.15% 0.10% 0.05% 0.00% 180

1.80% THVD
8% Filter Voltage Distortion 100% Load & 5.75% Source 1.20% 1.00% 0.80% 0.60% 0.40% 0.20% 0.00% 180 300 420 540 660 780 900 1020 1140

With 1.5% source impedance

With 5.75% source impedance

300

420

540

660

780

900

1020

1140

Typical

Worst Case

Typical

Worst Case

Note: IEEE-519 limits are 3%, 5% or 10%

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Enhanced Matrix Filters achieve cleaner power than 18-pulse rectifiers

Enhanced Matrix Filter Input current waveform
20 00 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 00 20 0 0 005 0 01 0 015 0 02 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05 THiD = 7.54%

18-pulse Rectifier
input current waveform at full load and with balanced line voltages (series bridges, isolation transformer)
Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 24

6-pulse VFD with Enhanced Matrix Filter performs better than 18-pulse drive in real life operating conditions
(0% to 100% load, unbalanced line voltage)
18 Pulse Drive vs. 6-pulse VFD with Matrix Filter
100

90

Total Harmonic Current Distortion THID, %

80

18-Pulse Drive
3% Line Unbalance

70

60

2% Line Unbalance 1% Line Unbalance

50

Balanced Lines
40

30

8% Matrix Filter
3% Unbalance 2% Unbalance 1% Unbalance Balanced Line

20

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Load, %

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Matrix Filters produce cleaner input current waveforms than multi-pulse drives
20 00 THiD = 7.54% 80 60 40

Matrix Filter

20 0 20 40 60 80 00 20 0 0 005 0 01 0 015 0 02 0 025 0 03 0 035 0 04 0 045 0 05

18-pulse

00 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 00

12-Pulse
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Matrix outperforms 12- and 18pulse drives in real life test

Measured Input Current Harmonics
for12-pulse VFD 18-pulse VFD, and 6-pulse VFD w ith Matrix Filter 10% 9%

30hp dyne under full load

Measured Current Distortion

8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

12-pulse - 10.3%THiD 18-pulse - 7.54% ThiD Matrix Filter - 4.86%THiD

21

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

Harmonic

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Standard Matrix Filters are Better Than Harmonic Traps

Standard Matrix Filter
Input 7.24% THiD

5th Harmonic Trap

20% - 30% THID is typical for a 5th Harmonic trap

Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 28

Matrix Filter Voltage Regulation

For both 8 and 12% Matrix Filters (With 480 V rms input)
O

Max output voltage at No Load

502 V rms, 710 V peak ( < 5% boost)

Min output voltage at Full load

460 V rms, 600 V peak (< 5% drop)

Max filter input voltage (with 6% impedance)

490 V rms, 693 V peak (2% boost)

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Matrix Filters are Suitable for any 6-pulse Rectifier

O

Diode or SCR front end

Including phase control Including SCR pre-charge circuits

AC or DC drives O VFD w/ DC link choke or AC line reactor O Constant or Variable Torque

O

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Where to use Matrix Harmonic Filters

O

AC motor drives
Variable torque Constant torque

DC motor drives O Welders O UPS / Battery Chargers O Distributed generation

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Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 31

Matrix Filters help meet IEEE-519

ISC /IL <20 20<50 50<100 100<1000 >1000 <11 4.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 11 h<17 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 7.0 17 h<23 1.5 2.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 23 h<35 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 35 h 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.4 TDD 5.0 8.0 12.0 15.0 20.0

6-pulse ASD with matrix filter can achieve: 5% THID at Full Load 8% THID worst case any Load
Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 32

IEEE - 519 Solutions

Desired % 3% Line 5% Line 3% Line + 3% 5% Line + 3% Matrix Matrix THID at Reactor Reactor DC Reactors DC Reactors (12% Max) (8% Max) PCC (IEEEMaximum VFD Load (as % of total load) if all VFD's use same Harmonic 519) Mitigation Method

5 8 12 15 20

11 18 27 34 45

14 23 34 43 57

15 24 36 45 61

18 29 43 54 71

42 67 100 100 100

63 100 100 100 100

For most economical solution: Determine your THID limit and% VFD content on system, then move right until the chart value meets or exceeds your % VFD content.
Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 33

MTE Gives You...

Guaranteed THID levels
Either 8% or 12% (5% and 8% THID typical at full load)

No adverse system interaction No attraction of harmonics form

other loads

No harmonic studies required

Harmonics Tutorial MTE CORPORATION 34

MTE Field Experience

O Over

500,000 line / load reactors 3000 Low Pass Harmonic Filters

O Over

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Harmonics Tutorial

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