PHONOTACTICS ARRANGEMENTS OF JAVANESE MADURESE AND BIMANESE

BY SRI WACHJU EMBUN WATY NIRM. 98745017

THE TEACHER TRAINING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE S2 PROGRAM SURABAYA 1999

ABSTRACT Language is known to be as an arbitrary system. It can be proved that the English word water is toya or banyu in Javanese, in German is wasser, nono in Bimanese, while in Madurese is aeng. Similar form may be able to express different meaning, such as the word nono in Javanese shows a name of a person, while in Bimanese nono means water. Phonotactics is branch of study which deals with effort of the linguistic to invert or discover how the segments of the sound of a language. Lots of languages usually consist of consonant (c) first, and vowel (v) second syllable structure, but some languages allow a syllable to begin with more than one consonant. So each language has their own system in sounds, especially in their phonemes and consonant cluster.

PHONOTACTICS ARRANGEMENTS OF JAVANESE MADURESE AND BIMANESE

I. INTRODUCTION Language is known to be as an arbitrary system. It can be proved, if the English word water is toya or banyu in Javanese, wasser in German, nono in Bimanese, while aeng in Madurese and so on. All of these have the same meaning but different form in many different languages. Similar forms may be able to express different meanings, for instance in the Javanese word nono shows a name of person, while in Bimanese nono means water. Another example is the word siram in Javanese means to take a bath, while in Indonesian that word means to water or to rinse; the word wati in Bimanese means no, but in Javanese that word means a name of a person, babu in Javanese means servant, in Bimanese babu means jump. Other Bimanese word lindu means eel, while Javanese word lindu means earthquake. If one conducts phoneme analyses of different languages, of course one will discover that not all sound systems are the same. In this case, it can be seen that some languages have more or fewer phonemes than English does. It can be detected when we hear non -native speakers of English pronounce English. For instance, Javanese speakers pronounce English the ( ) as (nd) and thin (in) as (sin). The of mispronunciation is that the phonemic inventory of Javanese does not contain / / or / /, so Javanese

speakers substitute the nearest equivalent sound, the phonemes / n / and / d / for / / while / s for / / which are available in their phonemic inventory. This is known as sound substitution, namely a process where by sound that already exist in a language are used to replaced sounds that do not exist in the language when borrowing or trying to pronounce a foreign word. (Jannedy, 1994 : 124). So, there might not be any rules or any agreement in any language in the world. Linguistics as branch of science which studies about language. When some one studies linguistics, consequently he could not avoid from studying sounds of the language he would study, at least his mother tongue. Javanese speakers are not familiar with the difference between the English words tin and thin because they do not have the phoneme / /. Therefore they will of course pronounce tin with (tin) and pronounce thin with (sin). Other example is the German word grn will be pronounced with the same vowel as in English moon by the English speakers. Thus based on that reason every language has different way in arranging the position of the articulations which are produced by the organs of speech. And also in arranging the position of grouping syllables. When someone can produce and perceive the sounds of his language, he would of course know how these sounds work together as a system. For instance native English speakers know what sequences of sounds are possible in different positions. In words like know or knife English speakers usually omit the [k] because [kn] is not a combination that can occur at the

beginning of English words. There is nothing inherently difficult about this cluster, how ever; it occurs non initially in many English words, such as unknown, unknowingly, unknight, unknit, unknot, etc. Some languages (including Javanese) do not allow kn cluster to occur word initially. The study of linguistics includes lots of things about sounds and the system of them, because most language consists of sounds and sound systems. Language consists of more than one systems, namely form (syntax), meaning (semantics). Pragrnatics, and of course phonology. The organization of speech sounds in a particular language is studied in Phonology.

II. PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS A. What is phonology? Phonology, is a branch of linguistics, which investigates the organization of speech sounds in a particular language. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, their organs or speech which produce the sounds and how they are interpreted, Phonology is more specific than phonetics. Phonology investigate show the sound of speech of a language is organized and also studies the function of them, in any language, certain sounds are considered to be the same sound, although they may be different phonetically. Javanese speakers will see the difference between the words putu (puthu) because they have different meaning, and phonetically different. When one observes, in phonology, one studies the units of the sounds which consist of 3 kinds, namely :

1). Distinctive features which are the smallest units in the sound analysis one observes. 2). Segments which comprise of some distinctive features. 3). Syllables which are formed of some segments. Take an English word interesting. In phonological analysis, that word is known as speech sound. The speech sound is analyzed by separating in to syllables in te rest ing. Those syllables are analyzed by splitting into segment, namely /i/./n/./t/./a/./r/.//./s/.//. Those segments would be still analyzed to some distinctive features, this paper will only discuss the segments. All segments are speech sounds. A class of speech sounds that are identified by a native speaker as the same sound is called a phoneme. And the members of these classes, which are actual phonetic segments produced by a speaker, are called allophone thus an allophone is a phone that has been classified as belonging to some class, or phoneme (ibid, 90). Horn by states that a phone is a single speech - sound (novel or consonant) (1986:628). Take the following examples. Phoneme /d/ has the allophone /dh/ in Javanese, while in English does not. Another phoneme /b/ in English has no allophone, but in Javanese it has the allophone /b/ and /mb/ as the word banyu. When one studies the segment, it means that one studies what the scientist or linguists call them phoneme and its allophone, we can study it clearly when we do the following phoneme l and r have allophones as these:

a). Phoneme /l/

allophone (l) allophone ( l )

b). Phoneme /r/

allophone (r) allophone ( r )

Compare the following examples of the English words a). Sound (l) Blow (blow) Gleam (glim) Slip (slip) Fly (flay) Leaf (li:f) Live (liv) b) Sound (r) Brown (brown) Gley (grey) Drop (drp) From (frm) Shrimp (srimp) Fry (fray) Sound ( r ) pray (prey) trap (trp) Prow (praw) Creep (kri:p) troop (trup) Cry (kray) Sound ( l ) Clear (klier) Play (pley) Plain (plein) Clay (kley) Plate (pleyt) Clap (klp)

The followings are taken from Javanese words

Sound (d) Dara (d r ) Dandang (dandan) Dadak (dadak) Dawir (dawir) Pidangan (pidangan)

Sound (dh) Dara (dh r ) Dandang (dh andhan) Dawuh (dh awuh) Pindang (pindh an) pindah(pindh ah)

So phoneme /d/ has two allophones in Javanese, namely (d) and d h, while Indonesian has only one phoneme for /d/ and all of the sound are represented by one phoneme only. How the segmental phoneme and their allophones are formed to become a word which is meaningful and how is the formula to form it will be discussed below.

B. Phonotactics Phonotactics deals with effort of the linguists to invent or discover how the segments of the sound of a language. Jannedy states that in every language there restrictions on the kinds of sounds and sounds sequences possible in different positions in words (particularly at the beginning and end). These restrictions can be formulated in term of rules stating which sound sequences are possible in a language and which are not. Restrictions which sound sequences are possible in a language and which are not. Restrictions on possible combinations of sounds are known as Phonotactic Constraints (1994: 124).

Lots of languages usually consist of consonant (C) first, and vowel (V) second Syllable Structure, but some languages allow a Syllable to begin with more than one consonant. For example, English allows up to three consonants to start a word, provided the first is /s/, the second /p/, /t/, or /k/, and the third /l/, /r/, /y/, or /w/. (Jannedy et al., 1994: 124) [s+p] [s+t] [ s+ k ] = spoon, spy, spent = stop, stand, start = Sky, skip, skill

[ s + p + l ]= splendor, split, splash [ s + p + r ]= spray, spread, spring. [ s + p + y]= spue, spume [ s + t + r ] = strong, stripe, stretch [ s + t + y ]= student, studio [ s + c + l ]= sclerosis [ s + t + r] = scam, scratch [ s + k + y]= skua, skewer [ s + k + w ] = squat, square, squeeze There is a wide variety of syllable types in English such as : (ibid.1994 :124) V VC VCC VCCC CV : Oh : in : arm : asked : no CCV CCVC CCVCC CCVCCC CCCV : flew : flat : flames : crafts : spree

CVC CVCC CVCCC

: but : camp : camps

CCCVC CCCVCC CCCVCCC

: spleen : strength : strengths

Other languages such as Javanese, Madurese and Bimanese which have other variety of syllable types could be found in the following lists. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 V VC CV CVC CVV VV CCVV CCVC CVCC CCCVC CCVCC CCCVV CCV nggao, nggei kfo, kpi Bimanese o, e ah, es se, ba, na, la, ti kol pea, mai, sai, sia, koa, wei ai, oi, au, ou mpoi, srae, mpoa, mbak, ngaoncai, kfui Javanese o, e ah, es, as se, lo, la ik, wah, moh, ben, mas, dom kae, wae, rai ae Madurese a es, as ba, be, se, la dek, yut, lok sae

mbak, blas, pyar jeng, nang, sing, kang nggih greng, sreng, jreng

njek, mbog cong, beng nggih

Indonesian and Javanese have consonant cluster not only initially, but also in the middle of the word and finally. One can investigate examples of restriction on consonant sequences in more detail by considering those languages. Initially moddle of words INDONESIAN Pramuka, pribadi, slada, bromocorah Sakramen, setrika, asrama, satria JAVANESE Srengenge, karmas, srantan, brewok, kradu, brambang Bebrayan, kemlinthi, kebrangas

Finally

Patri, Mantra, lepra, mentri, gatra, semprot

Cakra, kaprah, congkrah, bubrah, ambruk

Any consonant of English may occur initially or at the beginning in words except for two things : [z] and []. Thats why English native speakers cannot be able to pronounce Indonesian borrowed words like zakat, zaman, zaitun, and also Javanese words such as Nganjuk, ngantuk and ngampil or let alone ngrantang, because no native English words begins with them. A large number of two consonant combinations also occur, with a stop of fricative being followed by a liquid or glide : (ibid : 125) [br] bring, brought [or] three, throught [gl] glean, glass [fl] fly, flat [my] music, mute [hy] humor, humid [kw] quick, queen [sw] sweet, swan As one knows, [s] can also be followed by voicesless and nasal stops such in the word stay and small. [f] such as in borrowed words sphere and svelte while [s] can be followed by a nasal stop or a liquid. Only [sr] is consonant cluster native to English such as the words shrink and shriek.

Some studies may be yet further restricted to morphemes rather than words, or even to monosyllabic words (Stubbs, 1984 : 89). It may be concluded that the most consistent position is that phonotactic constraints apply to syllables. All of this usually excludes the initial clusters in loan words such schmaits, Buenos aires, scarce words such sphrangistics, phlegm, phthisis, and so on. Phonotactics is one of the ways to choose which the best analyze is for the speech sound, and sound groups which phonetically ambiguous. For example: Indonesian word nyanyi Is/ny/ one consonant phoneme, like/n/or two consonant phonemes like /pr/ and/ks/? It is one consonant phoneme, because it appears in the beginning of syllable or at least before vowel, it never happens, in the end of syllable or after vowel. In learning a foreign language, phonotactics is a useful aspect to study, especially in writing and speaking skills. The knowledge about phonemes and consonant cluster can reveal in spelling systems . For example, English does not have separate letters for [ph] and [p] ; both of them are spelled with the letter p and there will be no differences in pronunciation that dont result in meaning distinction. But in Javanese, that letter d can not represent [d] and [dh], because in pronunciation will result different meaning. For an English speaker to pronounce and to recognize correctly word s like Swahili/ngoma/drum, and Sundanese/naran/name, requires training,

attention, and effort, as does the pronunciation and recognition of syllable final [h], as in malay/t nah/middle, a sound confined to initial and intervocalic position English (hand/haend/, behind/bihaind/). (Robins, 1981 : 110)

III.CONCLUSION Based on the explanation in the previous chapters, it can be concluded that each languages has their own system in sounds, especially in their phonemes and consonant clusters.

REFERENCES Hornby, Amerika Serikat, 1986., Oxford Advanced Leraners Dictionary of Current English., Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jannedy, Stefanie., Robert Polleto., Tracey I Weldon., 1994. Language Files., Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Robins, rh, 1981., General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey. London and New York: Longman. Stubbs, Michael, 1984. Discourse Analysis The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language., Great Britain: Unicus Graphics ltd, Horsham.