Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 -1 R1 0 a11 a51 1 R1 0 1 R2 a36 a12 a52 -1 R2 0 1 0 R2 0

2000-E-41

131

0 a11 a51 1 R1 0 1 R2

a41 a13 a53 -1 R1 0

0 a11 a51 1 R1 0 1

a42 a14 a54

0 R2 A

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Rout 1 R1 a11 a51 1 R1 0 Rout 1 R1 a11 a51 1 R2 1 a44 Rout a16 a56 1 0 R2 1 1 R2 A a43 Rout a15 a55

2000-E-41

132

1 R1 0

1 0 R2 -1 R3

1 R1 a11 a51

1 R2

-1 a45 R3 a17 a57

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

133

1 R1 0

1 0 R2 AV2 Rout

1 R1 a11 a61

1 R2

AV2 a46 Rout a12 a62

1 R1 0 0 a11 a61 1 R1 0

1 R2

-1 R2 0 a51 a13 a63

1 R2

-1 R1 0

a52

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a11 a61 1 R1 0 1 0 R2 0 a14 a64

2000-E-41

134

0 a11 a61 1 R1 0 1

a53 a15 a65

0 R2 -1 R3 1 R1 a11 a61 1 R1 0 R3 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 1 a55 R4 R4 1 0 R2 1 1 1 R2 -1 a54 R3 a16 a66

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a11 a61 a17 a67

2000-E-41

135

1 R1 0

1 0 R2 0

0 a11 a71 1 R1 0 1 R2

a56 a12 a72 -1 R2 0

0 a11 a71 1 R1 0 Rout 1 R2 a13 a73 -1 R1 A

a61

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a62 R1 a11 a71 1 R1 0 1 0 R2 0 R2 Rout a14 a74

2000-E-41

136

0 a11 a71 1 R1 0 1 0 R2 0 a15 a75

a63

a64

a11 a71 1 R1 0 1

a16 a76

0 R2 -A

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Rout

2000-E-41

137

1 R1 a11 a71 1 R1 0

1 R2

-A a65 Rout a17 a77 1 0

R2 0

a66

a11 a21 a31 a41 a51 a61

a12 a22 a32 a42 a52 a62

a13 a23 a33 a43 a53 a63 a11 a21 a11 a31 a11

a14 a24 a34 a44 a54 a64 a12 a22 a12 a32 a12 a11 a21 a11 a31 a11

a15 a25 a35 a45 a55 a65 a13 a23 a13 a33 a13

a16 a26 a36 a46 a56 a66 a11 a21 a11 a31 a11 a14 a24 a14 a34 a14 a11 a21 a11 a31 a11 a15 a25 a15 a35 a15 a11 a21 a11 a31 a11 a16 a26 a16 a36 a16

n-2

a41 a42 a41 a43 a41 a44 a41 a45 a41 a46

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a11

2000-E-41

138

a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a14 a11 a15 a11 a16 a51 a52 a51 a53 a51 a54 a51 a55 a51 a56 a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a14 a11 a15 a11 a16 a61 a62 a61 a63 a61 a64 a61 a65 a61 a66

a11 a21

a12 a22

= a11a22 a21a12

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

a11 a11 a21 a13 a23 a12

= a11a23 a21a13 =0 a11 a21 a14 a24

= a11a24 a21a14 =0 a11 a15

a13

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a21 a25

2000-E-41

139

= a11a25 a21a15 =0 a11 a21 a16 a26

a14

= a11a26 a21a16 1 R1 a11 a31 1 R2 -1 R3 a12 a32 1 R1 R2 1 AV1 a15 Rout

= a11a32 a31a12 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 -1 R12 -1 R1R2 a21 1 R1 a11 a31 1 R2 -1 R3 a13 a33 A Rout R1 1

= a11a33 a31a13
2

1 R1 a11 a31

1 R2

1 Rout a14 a34

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 a22 R2

= a11a34 a31a14

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

140

1 R1 a11 a31

1 R2

1 Rout a15 a35

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

-1 a23 R2

= a11a35 a31a15 0 a11 a31 a16 a36 a24

= a11a36 a31a16 1 R1R2 a11 a41 1 R1 1 R2 a12 a42 AV1 a25 Rout

= a11a42 a41a12 0 a11 a41 a13 a43 a31

= a11a43 a41a13 1 R1 a11 a41 1 R2 1 Rout a14 a44 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 A a32 Rout

= a11a44 a41a14

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 a11 a41 1 R2 1 Rout a15 a45 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 1

2000-E-41

141

a33 Rout

= a11a45 a41a15 1 R1 a11 a41 1 R2 1 Rout a16 a46 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 -1 a34 R3

= a11a46 a41a16 1 R1 a11 a51 1 R2 1 Rout a12 a52 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 AV2 a35 Rout

= a11a52 a51a12 0 a11 a51 a13 a53 a41

= a11a53 a51a13 0 a11 a51 a14 a54 a42

= a11a54 a51a14

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 a11 a51 1 R2 1 Rout a15 a55 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 -1

2000-E-41

142

a43 R3

= a11a55 a51a15 1 R1 a11 a51 1 R2 1 Rout a16 a56 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 a44

= a11a56 a51a16 0 a45

1 R1 a11 a61

1 R2

1 Rout a13 a63

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

A a51 Rout

= a11a63 a61a13 0 a11 a61 a14 a64 a52

= a11a64 a61a14 0 a11 a61 a15 a65 a53

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 = a11a65 a61a15 1 R1 a11 a61 1 R2 1 Rout a16 a66 A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 -A

2000-E-41

143

a54 Rout

= a11a66 a61a16 0 a11 a21 a31 a41 a51 a12 a22 a32 a42 a52 a13 a23 a33 a43 a53 a14 a24 a34 a44 a54 a15 a25 a35 a45 a55 a55

a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a14 a11 a15 a21 a22 a21 a23 a21 a24 a21 a25 a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a14 a11 a15
n-2

1 a11

a31 a11 a41 a11 a51

a32 a12 a42 a12 a52

a31 a11 a41 a11 a51

a33 a13 a43 a13 a53

a31 a11 a41 a11 a51

a34 a14 a44 a14 a54

a31 a11 a41 a11 a51

a35 a15 a45 a15 a55

a11 a21

a12 a22

= a11a22 a21a12

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1

2000-E-41

144

1 R1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a11 a11 a21 a13 a23

= a11a23 a21a13

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R2

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a12 a11 a21 a14 a24

= a11a24 a21a14 0 a13

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a11 a21 a15 a25

2000-E-41

145

= a11a25 a21a15

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R2

AV1 Rout

R1R2 R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

-1 R12

-1 R1R2

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1 R2

1 R3

-1 R1

1 R2 Rout

AV1

a14 a11 a31 a12 a32

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 = a11a32 a31a12

2000-E-41

146

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 A Rout

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a21 a11 a31 a13 a33

= a11a33 a31a13 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 -1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

147

1 Rout a22

a11 a31

a14 a34

= a11a34 a31a14 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 -1

1 R1 -1 R3

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a23 a11 a31 a15 a35

= a11a35 a31a15

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

148

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1 a11 a41

1 R2

1 Rout a12 a42

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

AV2 a24 Rout

= a11a42 a41a12 0 a11 a41 a13 a43 a31

= a11a43 a41a13

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

149

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R3

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a32 a11 a41 a14 a44

= a11a44 a41a14 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 -1

1 R1 1 R3

1 R2 1 R4

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a33 a11 a41 a15 a45

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 = a11a45 a41a15 0 a11 a51 a12 a52

2000-E-41

150

a34

= a11a52 a51a12 0 a41 a11 a51 a13 a53

= a11a53 a51a13 0 a11 a51 a42 a14 a54

= a11a54 a51a14 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 -1

1 R1 -A Rout a11 a51

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a43 a15 a55

= a11a55 a51a15 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 A Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 1 R2 -1 R3 a11 a21 a31 a41 1 R1 a12 a22 a32 a42 R2 1 AV1

2000-E-41

151

a44 Rout a13 a23 a33 a43 a14 a24 a34 a44

a11 a12 a11 a13 a11 a14 a21 a22 a21 a23 a21 a24
n-2

1 a11

a11 a31 a11 a41

a12 a32 a12 a42

a11 a31 a11 a41

a13 a33 a13 a43

a11 a31 a11 a41

a14 a34 a14 a44

a11 a21

a12 a22

= a11a22 a21a12

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

152

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 Rout 1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 Rout Rout R2 R1 R2 R3 R4

2000-E-41 R1 R2 R3

153

1 R1 A Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R2

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a11 a11 a21 a13 a23

= a11a23 a21a13 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

154

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R3

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a12 a11 a21 a14 a24

= a11a24 a21a14 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

1 R1 1 R1

1 R2 1 R2

-1 R3 1 Rout

A Rout A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2 1 R2 R3

1 Rout 1 R4 1

A Rout

1 R2 1 R1 R2

1 R1 1 R3 R2

1 R2

1 R1

-1

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 1 R1 R2 1 R2 R3 1 Rout Rout A Rout R1 1 R2 1 R1 R2 1 AV2 Rout

2000-E-41

155

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 A Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R2

AV1 Rout

R1R2 R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

-1 R12

-1 R1R2

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1 R2

1 R3

-1 R1

1 R2 Rout

AV1 a13

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 a11 a31 a12 a32

2000-E-41

156

= a11a32 a31a12 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R3

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a21 a11 a31 a13 a33

= a11a33 a31a13 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 R3 Rout R1 R1 R2 Rout Rout

2000-E-41

157

R2

R1

R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 R3 a11 a31

1 R2 1 R4

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a22 a14 a34

= a11a34 a31a14 0 a23 a11 a41 a12 a42

= a11a42 a41a12 0 a11 a41 a13 a43 a31

= a11a43 a41a13 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 R3 Rout R1 R1 R2 Rout Rout

2000-E-41

158

R2

R1

R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -A Rout

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a32

a11 a41

a14 a44

= a11a44 a41a14 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

1 R1 1 R1 1 R1

1 R2 1 R2 1 R2

-1 R3 1 Rout -1 R3 1 R1

A Rout A Rout 1 R2 R1

1 R1

1 R2 1 R2

1 Rout A Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2 AV1

1 R1

a33 Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

159

a11 a21 a31

a12 a22 a32

a13 a23 a33 a11 a12 a11 a13

n-2

1 a11 a11 a21 a12 a22

a21 a22 a21 a23 a11 a12 a11 a13 a31 a32 a31 a33

= a11a22 a21a12

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

160

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 A

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Rout 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1

2000-E-41

161

1 R1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R2 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 1 R3 1 R1 1 R2 1 R4 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 1 1 R2 R3 R4 -1 R3 A Rout R1 1 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout

2000-E-41 1 R2 1 R1

162 1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R3 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 R3 Rout R1 R1 R2 Rout Rout

2000-E-41 R2 R1

163 R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 -1 R3

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a11 a11 a21 a13 a23

= a11a23 a21a13 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 R3 Rout R1 R1 R2 Rout Rout

2000-E-41 R2 R1

164 R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 R1

1 R2 1 R2

-1 R3 1 Rout

A Rout A Rout R1

1 R2

1 R1 R2

AV2 Rout

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 A Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R2

AV1 Rout

R1R2 R1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 -1 R12 -1 R1R2

2000-E-41

165

1 R1 a11 a31

1 R2

-1 R3 a12 a32

A Rout R1

1 R1 R2

1 R3

-1 R1

1 R2 Rout

AV1 a12

= a11a32 a31a12 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R1 1 R2 R3 1 R4 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3

2

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

166

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 A Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 -1 R2 R2 R3 Rout R1 R1 R2 Rout Rout

2000-E-41 R2 R1

167 R2

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1

1 R2 1

-1 R3 1

A Rout A R1

1 R1

1 R2 1

1 Rout 1 1

A Rout

1 R2 1

1 R1 1 R2

-1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 Rout Rout R2 R1 R2 R3 R4

2000-E-41

168

R1

R2

R3

1 R1 -A Rout

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

a21 a11 a31 a13 a33

= a11a33 a31a13

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

169

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 A Rout 1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1

1 R2

-1 R3

A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 -1 R2

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170

1 R1

1 R2

1 Rout

A Rout

1 R2

1 R1

1 R2 R3

1 R4

1 R1

1 R2

1 R3

-1

1 R1 1 R1

1 R2 1 R2

-1 R3 1 Rout

A Rout A Rout R1

1 R1

1 R2 1 R2 R3

1 Rout 1 R4 1

A Rout

1 R2 1 R1 R2

1 R1 1 R3 R2

1 R2

1 R1

-1

1 R1 1 Rout

1 R2 1 R1

-1 R3 1 R2

A Rout 1 Rout R1

1 R1 A 1 R2

1 R2 1 R1

1 Rout 1 R2 Rout

A Rout A

1 R2

1 R1 R2

Rout

-1 a22

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 Rout Rout R2 R1 R2 R4

2000-E-41

171

n-2

n2

n-2

n-2

n2

n-2

1 A a11
7-2

1 a11
62

1 a11
5-2

1 a11
4-2

1 a11
32

1 a11
2-2

a11 a21 a11

a12 a22 a12

a11 a11 a11 a11 a11 a11 a21 a22 Q#4.40: The electronic ammeter in Example 4.9 has been modified and is shown in Fig. P4.40. The selector switch allows the user to change the range of the meter. Using values for R1 and R2 from Example 4.9, find the values of RA and RB that will yield a 10-V output when the current being measured is 100 mA and 10 mA, respectively. Solution: Unknown current I RA RB RC = 1 k R2 = 9 k Voltmeter V0 R1 = 1 k fig. (a) +

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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172

Unknown current I RA = 1 k R2 = 9 k Voltmeter V0 R1 = 1 k fig. (a) OP-AMP MODEL I V0 Rin AVe Rout R2 +

RA

R1

Fig. (b)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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173

V1 V+ Rin V-

V2 R2

V0

Rout RA R1 AVe

Using Nodal Analysis Fig. (c) Applying KCL at node labeled V1 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V1 V2 Rin V1 Rin V2 Rin V1 I RA V1 0.1 RA Here Rin = 108 Rout = 10 A = 105 We to bring about a result that 1 >> R0 A RF 1 1 & Ri 1 1 << R1 1 1 & R2 1 1 & & RI RF

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 >> R0 RF & Rin 0

2000-E-41

174

Here R0 = Rout; Ri = Rin V1 0.1 RA V1 = 0.1 RA (i)

Applying KCL at node labeled V2 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V2 V1 Rin V2 Rin V2 R1 1 R1 V1 Rin V2 R2 1 V2 R2 R2 V2 R1 V2 R1 V0 0 R2 -1 V0 0 (ii) V2 V0 0 R2 V2 R2 V0 0 R2

Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V2 R2 Here Ve = V+ - VVe = V1 V2 V0 V2 V0 A(V1 V2) 0 V0 - AVe 0 Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R2 Rout

2000-E-41

175

V0 R2 -A

V2 R2 V1

V0 Rout A Rout A

AV1 Rout 1

AV2 0 Rout 1 V2 Rout 1 R2 1 V0 0

Rout -A V1 Rout

R2

V2 Rout Rout

V0

(iii)

Writing equations (i), (ii) & (iii) in matrix form 1 0 1 0 R1 -A Rout A Rout A 1 0 1 A 0 -A Rout 1 1 R1 A Rout 1 A 1 R2 0 -1 R2 1 Rout 1 R2 R2 1 V0 Rout X B 0 V2 0 1 0 V1 -1 0.1 RA

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 1 R2 0 1 0 -A Rout V0 A A 0.1 RA Rout 1 R1 1 R2 R1 1 Rout R2 A Rout 1 R2 1 1 R1 A 0 Rout 1 R2 0 Rout Rout R2 0.1 RA

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176

Substituting the corresponding values 105 0.1 RA 10 1 1000 10 (0.001 + 1.111 10-4) (0.1) + (10000) (1.111 10-4) 1.111 RA 10 1.111 1 9000 1000 1 10 9000 105 10 1 9000 1 1

0.1 RA (10000) (0.001 + 1.111 10-4)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1.111 RA = 11.11 RA = 10 Unknown current I RB = 1 k R2 = 9 k

2000-E-41

177

+ Voltmeter V0 R1 = 1 k fig. (a) OP-AMP MODEL

I V0 Rin AVe Rout R2

RB

R1

Fig. (b)

V1

V2

V0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V+ Rin VR2

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178

Rout RB R1 AVe

Using Nodal Analysis Fig. (c) Applying KCL at node labeled V1 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V1 V2 Rin V1 Rin V2 Rin V1 I RB V1 0.01 RB Here Rin = 108 Rout = 10 A = 105 We to bring about a result that 1 >> R0 A >> R0 RF RF 1 & Rin 1 & Ri 1 1 << R1 0 1 1 & R2 1 1 & & RI RF

Here R0 = Rout; Ri = Rin V1 0.01

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 RB V1 = 0.01 RB (i)

2000-E-41

179

Applying KCL at node labeled V2 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V2 V1 Rin V2 Rin V2 R1 1 R1 V1 Rin V2 R2 1 V2 R2 R2 V2 R1 V2 R1 V0 0 R2 -1 V0 0 (ii) V2 V0 0 R2 V2 R2 V0 0 R2

Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V2 R2 Here Ve = V+ - VVe = V1 V2 V0 V2 R2 V0 A(V1 V2) 0 Rout V0 - AVe 0 Rout

V0

V2

V0

AV1

AV2 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R2 -A V1 Rout -A V1 Rout Rout Rout A V2 Rout R2 1 V0 0 (iii) R2 Rout A Rout 1 V2 Rout R2 Rout 1 1 V0 0

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180

Writing equations (i), (ii) & (iii) in matrix form 1 0 1 0 R1 -A Rout A Rout A 1 0 1 A 0 -A Rout 1 R1 1 1 R2 0 R1 A Rout 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 0 -1 R2 1 Rout 1 R2 0.01 RB R2 R2 1 V0 Rout X B 0 V2 0 1 0 V1 -1 0.01 RB

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 0 -A Rout V0 R1 A 0 Rout A A 0.01 RB Rout 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout R1 R2 A Rout 1 R2 1 1 1 R2 0

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181

Substituting the corresponding values 105 0.01 RB 10 1 1000 1 9000 1000 1 10 9000 105 10 1 9000 1 1

0.01 RB (10000) (0.001 + 1.111 10-4) 10 (0.001 + 1.111 10-4) (0.1) + (10000) (1.111 10-4) 0.111 RB 10 1.111 0.111 RB = 11.11 RB = 100.09 Q#4.41: Given a box of 10-k resistors and an op-amp, design a circuit that will have an output voltage of V0 = -2V1 4V2.

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Solution: Circuit diagram: R1 R2 R

2000-E-41

182

+ V1 V2 V0 -

fig. (a)

R1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 OP-AMP MODEL R2

2000-E-41

183

+ Rin V1 V2 AVe V0 Rout

fig. (b) V3 R V0

VR1 R2 Rin V+ V1 V2 AVe Rout

fig. (c) Applying KCL at node labeled V3 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V3 V1 R1 V3 V2 R2 V3 Rin V3 V0 0 R

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V3 R1 V1 R1 V3 R2 V2 R2 V3 Rin V3 R V0 0 R Here Rin = 108 Rout = 10 A = 105 We to bring about a result that 1 >> R0 A >> R0 RF RF 1 & Rin 1 & Ri 1 0 1 << R1 1 1 & R2 1 1 & & RI RF

2000-E-41

184

Here R0 = Rout; Ri = Rin 1 R1 1 R2 1 V3 R R -1 V0 R1 R2 V1 V2 (i)

Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V3 R Ve = V+ - VVe = 0 V3 Ve = -V3 V0 V3 R V0 V3 R V0 A(-V3) 0 Rout V0 + AV3 0 Rout V0 - AVe 0 Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V0 R A Rout A V3 Rout Rout V3 R 1 V3 R 1 V0 0 (ii) Rout R V0 Rout AV3 0 Rout 1 1 V0 0

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185

Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form 1 R1 A Rout A 1 R1 A A Rout 1 Rout 1 R2 1 R 1 R2 R 1 -1 V3 R 1 V0 Rout X -1 R B 0 R1 R2 V1 V2

1 R1

1 R2 1 R1

1 R

1 Rout 1 R2 1 R

A Rout V1 R1

1 R V2 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

186

A 0 Rout V0 A -A Rout 1 R1 1 R2 -A Rout 1 R V1 R1 1 Rout R2V1 + R1V2 R1R2 A RRout R2V1 + R1V2 R1R2 V2 R2 A Rout 1 R

RR2 + RR1 + R1R2 RR1R2Rout -A Rout

RR2 + RR1 + R1R2 + AR1R2 RR1R2Rout -AR (R2V1 + R1V2) RR2 + RR1 + R1R2 + AR1R2 -AR (R2V1 + R1V2) AR1R2 -R V0 R1 V1 R2 R V2 (iii) Hint: A = 105; R, R1 & R2 are in kilo ohms

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V0 = -2V1 4V2 Comparing equations (iii) & (iv) R 2 R1 20 k 10 k R 4 R2 20 k 5 k 4 2 (iv)

2000-E-41

187

R1 = 10 k R2 = 5 k 10 k

R = 20 k 10 k 10 k +

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 10 k V1 V2

2000-E-41

188 V0 -

fig. (d) Since signs on gains associated with V1 & V2 are both negative, a simple summer will suffice. Q#4.42: Design an op-amp circuit that has a gain of 50 using resistors no smaller than 1 k. Solution: Circuit diagram: Since sign is negative, use inverting configuration.

R2 VS R1

V0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

189

Fig. (a)

R2 OP-AMP MODEL

V0 Rin R1 AVe Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

190

VS

Fig. (b)

V1 R1 R2

V0

VVS Rin V+

Rout

AVe

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

191

Fig. (c) Using nodal analysis: Applying KCL at node Labeled V1 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction V1 - VS + R1 V1 R1 1 + R1 1 R1 Rin 1 V1 R2 R2 VS + R1 1 + R2 -1 V0 R1 Rin 1 V1 + R2 VS (i) Rin V1 + R2 R2 -1 V0 R1 VS V1 + R2 V1 V0 0 V1 V0 0

Applying KCL at node Labeled V0 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction V0 V1 + R2 V0 R2 V1 + R2 Rout Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = 0 V V 1 Ve = -V1 Rout V0 AVe 0 V0 - AVe 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V0 R2 V0 R2 A Rout A V1 V1 + R2 V1 + R2 1 V1 R2 1 Rout R2 Rout Rout V0 + Rout 1 1 V0 0 Rout AV1 0 V0 A(-V1) 0

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192

V0 0 (ii) Rout Rout Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form 1 R1 A Rout A 1 R2 -1 V1 R2 1 V0 Rout X B 0 R1 VS

1 R1 A A Rout 1 R1 1 R1 A

1 R2

-1 R2 1 Rout

1 R2 1 R2

1 Rout VS R1

A Rout

1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 Rout V0 1 R1 -A Rout 1 R2 VS R1 A R2Rout 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2

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193

R2 + R 1 R1R2Rout -A Rout VS R1

R2 + R1 + AR1 R1R2Rout -AR2VS R2 + R1 + AR1 -AR2VS Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2 are in kilo ohm AR1 -R2VS R1 V0 VS -R2 -50 R1 2k R1 = 2 k; R2 = 100 k R2 = 100 k VS -100 k

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 = 2 k

2000-E-41

194

V0

Fig. (d) Q#4.43: Design a two-stage op-amp network that has a gain of 50,000 while drawing no current into its input terminal. Use no resistors smaller than 1 k. Solution: Circuit diagram:

VS VX

R2

R1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 OP-AMP MODEL

2000-E-41 fig. (a)

195

VX Rin AVe Rout R2

VS

R1

fig. (b) V1 V+ Rin VR2 VX

Rout VS R1 AVe

Using Nodal Analysis fig. (c) Applying KCL at node V1 According to KCL The algebraic Sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V1 - VS Rin V1 Rin 1 R1 VS Rin 1 V1 R2 R2 V1 R1 R2 V1 R1 V1 R2 -1 VX 0 (i) VX 0 R2 V1 - VX 0

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196

Applying KCL at node Labeled V0 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction VX V1 R2 Here Ve = V+ - VVe = VS V1 VX V1 R2 VX R2 A Rout A V1 R2 1 V1 R2 1 V1 VX Rout R2 AVS VX A (VS V1) 0 Rout VX Rout AVS Rout 1 AV1 0 Rout 1 VX Rout (ii) AVS VX - AVe 0 Rout

Rout Rout Rout Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form 1 1 -1 V1 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 A Rout A 1 R1 A A Rout 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 R2 R2 1 VX Rout X 1 R2 Rout B -1 R2 AVS

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197

1 R1 A Rout V0 1 R1 1 R1 1

1 0 R2 AVS Rout 1 Rout AVS A Rout 1 R2

R2 1

R2 Rout A R2Rout AVS

R2 + R 1 R1R2Rout R2 + R 1 R1R2Rout R2 + R1 + AR1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1R2Rout AVS (R2 + R1) R2 + R1 + AR1 AVS (R2 + R1)

2000-E-41

198

Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2 are in kilo ohm AR1 VS (R2 + R1) R1 VX 1+ VS R1 Here R2 = 498 k and R2 = 2 k VX 250 = A1 VS R2

R2 VX R1

V0

Fig. (a)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

199

R2 OP-AMP MODEL

V0 Rin R1 AVe Rout

VX

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 (b)

2000-E-41

200 Fig.

V1 R1 R2

V0

VVX Rin V+

Rout

AVe

Fig. (c) Using nodal analysis: Applying KCL at node Labeled V1 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction V1 VX + V1 + V1 V0 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 V1 R1 1 + R1 1 R1 Rin 1 V1 R2 R2 VX + R1 1 + R2 -1 V0 R1 Rin 1 V1 + R2 VX (i) Rin V1 + R2 R2 -1 V0 R1 VX R2 V1 V0 0

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Applying KCL at node Labeled V0 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction V0 V1 + R2 V0 R2 V1 + R2 Rout Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = 0 V V 1 Ve = -V1 V0 R2 V0 R2 A Rout V1 + R2 V1 + R2 1 V1 R2 Rout R2 Rout Rout V0 + Rout 1 1 V0 0 Rout AV1 0 V0 A(-V1) 0 Rout V0 AVe 0 V0 - AVe 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A V1 1 V0 0 (ii)

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Rout Rout Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form 1 R1 A Rout A 1 R2 -1 V1 R2 1 V0 Rout X B 0 R1 VX

1 R1 A A Rout 1 R1 1 R1 A

1 R2

-1 R2 1 Rout

1 R2 1 R2

1 Rout VX R1 0

A Rout

1 R2

Rout V0 1 R1 -A Rout 1 R2 VX R1 A 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2

R2 + R 1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1R2Rout -A Rout VX R1 R2Rout

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R2 + R1 + AR1 R1R2Rout -AR2VX R2 + R1 + AR1 -AR2VX Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2 are in kilo ohm AR1 -R2VX R1 V0 VX -R2 -200 R1 2k R1 = 2 k; R2 = 400 k R2 = 400 k VX R1 = 2 k -400 k A2

V0

Fig. (d) A1 A2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 first stage A = A1A2 A = (250)(-200) A = -50,000 2nd stage

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Q#4.44: Design an op-amp circuit that has the following input/output relationship: V0 = -5 V1 + 0.5 V2. Solution: Circuit diagram:

RF V1 V0 R1 V2 R2 RI Fig. (a) +

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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RF OP-AMP MODEL

V0 Rin R1 AVe Rout

R2 RI

V1

V2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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206

V3 R1 RF

V0

VV1 Rin V+

Rout

AVe V4 RI R2

V2

Fig. (c) Using Nodal Analysis Applying KCL at node labeled V3 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V3 V1 R1 V3 V4 Rin V3 V0 0 RF

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V3 R1 1 R1 V1 R1 1 Rin V3 Rin 1 V3 RF Rin V4 Rin V3 RF -1 V4 RF V0 0 RF -1 V0 R1 V1

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(i)

Applying KCL at node labeled V4 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V4 V2 R2 V4 R2 -1 V3 Rin Rin RI R2 V2 R2 V4 RI V4 RI 1 V4 V3 0 Rin V4 Rin 1 V3 0 Rin 1 V4 R2 V2 (ii)

Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V3 RF V0 - AVe 0 Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = V4 - V3 V0 V3 RF V0 V3 RF V0 A(V4 V3) 0 Rout V0 AV4 + AV3 0 Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V0 RF A Rout V3 RF 1 V3 RF Rout V0 Rout AV4 Rout -A V4 Rout RF AV3 0 Rout 1 1 V0 0

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(iii)

Writing equations (i), (ii) & (iii) in matrix form 1 R1 -1 Rin A Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 RF -1 Rin 1 Rin -A Rout A 1 R1 -1 A Rin A Rout 1 RF Rin -A RoutRout RF RI R2 1 1 1 Rin 1 RF -1 Rin 1 1 1 0 1 RI 1 0 R2 1 Rout 1 V0 RF X -1 RF B 0 V4 R2 -1 V3 RF R1 V2 V1

1 1 1 1 Rin

1 RI R2

1 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A R1 Rin RF -A Rout

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1 Rout

1 RF

-1 1 Rin Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rout

1 RF

-1 -1 RF A Rout 1 R1 -1 Rin 1 Rin 1 Rout 1 RF 1 RF 1 RF 1 Rin Rin

1 Rin -A Rout 1 RI -1 RF

1 RI

1 R2

1 R2 A RinRout

1 Rout

1 RF Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rin

1 RI R2

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1 R1 -1 Rin A Rout V0

1 Rin

1 RF Rin

-1 R1 1 Rin RI 1 R2 1 R2

V1

V2

1 RF

-A 0 Rout A

1 R1 A

1 Rin

1 RF A Rout

AV2 R2Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 1 Rin 1 RI -1 RF

1 Rin 1 RI 1 R2 A RinRout

-V2 R2 1 R2 1 Rout

A Rout

1 RF R1

V1

RinRout 1 R1 -1 Rin Here Rin = 108 1 Rin 1 Rout

1 RF

1 RF Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rin

1 RI R2

RF

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Rout = 10 A = 105 We to bring about a result that 1 >> R0 A >> R0 RF RF 1 & Rin 1 & Ri 1 1 << R1 0 1 1 & R2 1 1 & & RI RF

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Here R0 = Rout; Ri = Rin 1 R1 1 R1 1 RF 1 RF AV2 R2Rout 1 RI R2 1 V1 R1 1 Rout -A Rout -1 RF 1 RI 1 R2 -A Rout RI 1 1 R2

AV2 (RF + R1) R1RFR2Rout

AV1 (R2 + RI) RIR2R1Rout A (R2 + RI) RIR2RFRout

(RF + R1)(R2 + RI) R1RFRIR2Rout

ARIV2 (RF + R1) - ARFV1 (R2 + RI) RIRFR1R2Rout (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) + AR1 (R2 + RI) R2RFRoutRIR1 ARIV2 (RF + R1) - ARFV1 (R2 + RI) (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) + AR1 (R2 + RI)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 ARIV2 (RF + R1) - ARFV1 (R2 + RI) R2RF + R1R2 + RIRF + R1RI + AR1R2 + AR1RI ARIV2 (RF + R1) - ARFV1 (R2 + RI) AR1R2 + AR1RI ARIV2 (RF + R1) - ARFV1 (R2 + RI) AR1 (R2 + RI) V2 (RF + R1) (R2 + RI) RF V1 R1

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Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2, RI & RF are in kilo ohm

By comparison, we get R F = 5 k R1 = 1 k R2 = 11 k RI = 1 k

RF = 5 k V1 V0 R1 = 1 k V2 R2 = 11 k RI = 1 k Fig. (d) +

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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Q#4.45: A voltage waveform with a maximum value of 200 mV must be amplified to a maximum of 10 V and inverted. However, the circuit that produces the waveform can provide no more than 100 A. Design the required amplifier. Solution: Circuit diagram:

R2 VX R1

V0

Fig. (a)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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R2 OP-AMP MODEL

V0 Rin R1 AVe Rout

VX

Fig. (b)

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V1 R1 R2

V0

VVX Rin V+

Rout

AVe

Fig. (c) Using nodal analysis: Applying KCL at node Labeled V1 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction V1 VX + R1 V1 R1 1 + R1 1 Rin 1 VX + R1 1 + R2 -1 Rin 1 V1 + R2 VX Rin V1 + R2 R2 -1 V0 R1 VX V1 + R2 V1 V0 0 V1 V0 0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V1 R1 R2 R2 V0 R1 (i)

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Applying KCL at node Labeled V0 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction V0 V1 + R2 V0 R2 V1 + R2 Rout Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = 0 V V 1 Ve = -V1 V0 R2 V0 R2 A Rout A V1 V1 + R2 V1 + R2 1 V1 R2 1 V0 0 (ii) Rout R2 Rout Rout V0 + Rout 1 1 V0 0 Rout AV1 0 V0 A(-V1) 0 Rout V0 AVe 0 V0 - AVe 0

Rout Rout Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form 1 R1 A Rout 1 R2 -1 V1 R2 1 V0 Rout 0 R1 VX

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A X B

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1 A R1 A Rout 1 R1 1 R1 A

1 R2

-1 R2 1 Rout

1 R2 1 R2

1 Rout VX R1 0

A Rout

1 R2

Rout V0 1 R1 -A Rout 1 R2 VX R1 A R2Rout 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2

R2 + R 1 R1R2Rout -A Rout VX R1

R2 + R1 + AR1 R1R2Rout -AR2VX

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R2 + R1 + AR1 -AR2VX

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Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2 are in kilo ohm AR1 -R2VX R1 V0 VX 10 0.2 -R2 R1 -R2 -50 R1

R1 = 1 k; R2 = 50 k R2 = 50 k VX R1 = 1 k

V0

Fig. (d) Q#4.46: An amplifier with a gain of 1% is needed. Using resistor values from table 2.1, design the amplifier. Use as few resistors as possible. Solution: Circuit diagram:

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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VS VX

R2

R1

fig. (a) OP-AMP MODEL

VX Rin AVe Rout R2

VS

R1

fig. (b)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V1 V+ Rin VR2 VX

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Rout VS R1 AVe

Using Nodal Analysis fig. (c) Applying KCL at node V1 According to KCL The algebraic Sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V1 - VS Rin V1 Rin 1 R1 VS Rin 1 V1 R2 R2 V1 R1 R2 V1 R1 V1 R2 -1 VX 0 (i) VX 0 R2 V1 - VX 0

Applying KCL at node Labeled V0 Assume that all the currents are going away from the junction According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the entering into the junction VX V1 R2 Here VX - AVe 0 Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 Ve = V+ - VVe = VS V1 VX V1 R2 VX R2 A Rout A V1 R2 1 V1 R2 1 V1 VX Rout R2 AVS VX A (VS V1) 0 Rout VX Rout AVS Rout 1 AV1 0 Rout 1 VX Rout (ii) AVS

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Rout Rout Rout Writing equations (i) & (ii) in matrix form 1 R1 A Rout A 1 R1 A A Rout 1 R1 1 R2 1 Rout 1 Rout A Rout 1 R2 1 R2 -1 V1 R2 1 VX Rout X 1 R2 Rout B -1 R2 AVS 0

1 R1

1 0 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A Rout V0 1 R1 1 R1 1 R2 1 1 Rout AVS A Rout 1 R2 AVS Rout

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R2 Rout A R2Rout AVS

R2 + R 1 R1R2Rout R2 + R 1 R1R2Rout R2 + R1 + AR1 R1R2Rout AVS (R2 + R1) R2 + R1 + AR1 AVS (R2 + R1)

Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2 are in kilo ohm AR1 VS (R2 + R1) R1 VX 1+ VS R1 = 3.143 + 0.01 = 3.153 - 0.01 = 3.133 R2 3.153 1 + R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 R2 2.153 R1 R2 3.133 1 + R1 R2 2.133 R1 R2 2.133 R1 Here R1 = 20 k and R2 = 43 k 2.153

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Q#4.47: Design an op-amp based circuit to produce the function V0 = 5 V1 4 V2 Solution: Circuit diagram:

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 RF V2

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V0 R1 V1 R2 RI Fig. (a)

RF

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 OP-AMP MODEL

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V0 Rin R1 AVe Rout

R2 RI

V2

V1

Fig. (b)

V3 R1 RF

V0

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 VV2 Rin V+ AVe V4 RI R2 Rout

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V1

Fig. (c) Using Nodal Analysis Applying KCL at node labeled V3 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V3 V2 R1 V3 R1 1 R1 V2 R1 1 Rin V3 V4 Rin V3 Rin 1 V3 RF Rin V4 Rin V3 V0 0 RF V3 RF -1 V4 RF V0 0 RF -1 V0 R1 V2 (i)

Applying KCL at node labeled V4 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V4 V1 R2 V4 RI V4 V3 0 Rin

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V4 R2 -1 V3 Rin Rin RI R2 V1 R2 V4 RI 1 V4 Rin 1 V3 0 Rin 1 V4 R2 V1

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(ii)

Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V3 RF V0 - AVe 0 Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = V4 - V3 V0 V3 RF V0 V3 RF V0 RF A Rout V3 RF 1 V3 RF Rout V0 A(V4 V3) 0 Rout V0 AV4 + AV3 0 Rout V0 Rout AV4 Rout -A V4 Rout RF AV3 0 Rout 1 1 V0 0 (iii)

Writing equations (i), (ii) & (iii) in matrix form 1 R1 -1 1 Rin 1 RF -1 Rin 1 1 1 -1 V3 RF R1 V1 V2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 0 Rin A Rout 1 RF Rin -A Rout A 1 R1 -1 Rin A Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 RF -1 Rin 1 Rin -A RoutRout RF 1 RI 1 0 R2 RI R2 1 Rout 1

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228

V0 RF X -1 RF

0 B

1 A 1 R1 1 Rin 1 RF Rin -A Rout

1 RI R2

1 0 1 Rout 1 RF

-1 1 Rin Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rout

1 RF

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-1 -1 RF A Rout 1 A R1 -1 Rin Rin 1 Rout RF 1 RF Rin 1 1 RF 1 1 Rin

1 Rin -A Rout 1 RI -1 RF

1 RI

1 R2

1 R2 A RinRout

1 Rout

1 RF Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rin

1 RI R2

1 R1 -1 Rin

1 Rin

1 RF Rin

-1 R1 1 Rin RI 1 R2 1 R2

V2

V1

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A Rout V0

1 RF

-A 0 Rout A

1 R1 A

1 Rin

1 RF A Rout

AV1 R2Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 1 Rin 1 RI -1 RF

1 Rin 1 RI 1 R2 A RinRout

-V1 R2 1 R2 1 Rout

A Rout

1 RF R1

V2

RinRout 1 R1 -1 Rin 1 Rin 1 Rout

1 RF

1 RF Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rin

1 RI R2

RF

Here Rin = 108 Rout = 10 A = 105 We to bring about a result that 1 >> R0 A >> R0 RF RF 1 & Rin 1 & Ri 1 1 << R1 0 1 1 & R2 1 & RI 1 & RF

Here R0 = Rout; Ri = Rin 1 R1 1 RF AV1 R2Rout V2 R1 -A Rout 1 RI 1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 1 R1 1 RF 1 RI R2 1 1 Rout -1 RF -A Rout RI 1 1 R2

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AV1 (RF + R1) R1RFR2Rout

AV2 (R2 + RI) RIR2R1Rout A (R2 + RI) RIR2RFRout

(RF + R1)(R2 + RI) R1RFRIR2Rout

ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) RIRFR1R2Rout (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) + AR1 (R2 + RI) R2RFRoutRIR1 ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) + AR1 (R2 + RI) ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) R2RF + R1R2 + RIRF + R1RI + AR1R2 + AR1RI ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) AR1R2 + AR1RI ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) AR1 (R2 + RI) V1 (RF + R1) RF V2 Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2, RI & RF are in kilo ohm

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 (R2 + RI) R1

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By comparison, we get RF = 20 k R1 = 5 k R2 = 4 k RI = 1 k

RF = 20 k V2 V0 R1 = 5 k V1 R2 = 4 k RI = 1 k Fig. (d) +

Q#4.48: Design an op-amp based circuit to produce the function V0 = 5 V1 7 V2 Solution: Circuit diagram:

RF V2 V0 R1 +

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V1 R2 RI

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Fig. (a)

RF OP-AMP MODEL

V0 Rin Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1 AVe

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R2 RI

V2

V1

Fig. (b)

V3 R1 RF

V0

VV2 Rin V+

Rout

AVe

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V4 RI R2

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V1

Fig. (c) Using Nodal Analysis Applying KCL at node labeled V3 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V3 V2 R1 V3 R1 1 R1 V2 R1 1 Rin V3 V4 Rin V3 Rin 1 V3 RF Rin V4 Rin V3 V0 0 RF V3 RF -1 V4 RF V0 0 RF -1 V0 R1 V2 (i)

Applying KCL at node labeled V4 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V4 V1 R2 V4 R2 -1 V1 R2 V4 RI V4 RI 1 V4 V3 0 Rin V4 Rin 1 V3 0 Rin 1 V1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V3 Rin Rin RI R2 V4 R2

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236

Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V3 RF V0 - AVe 0 Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = V4 - V3 V0 V3 RF V0 V3 RF V0 RF A Rout V3 RF 1 V3 RF Rout V0 A(V4 V3) 0 Rout V0 AV4 + AV3 0 Rout V0 Rout AV4 Rout -A V4 Rout RF AV3 0 Rout 1 1 V0 0 (iii)

Writing equations (i), (ii) & (iii) in matrix form 1 R1 -1 Rin A Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 RF -1 Rin 1 Rin -A Rout 1 RI 1 0 R2 1 Rout 1 V0 RF 0 V4 R2 -1 V3 RF R1 V1 V2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A 1 R1 -1 Rin A Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 RF -1 Rin 1 Rin -A RoutRout RF 1 RI 1 0 R2

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X -1 RF

1 A 1 R1 1 Rin 1 RF Rin -A Rout

1 RI R2

1 0 1 Rout 1 RF

-1 1 Rin Rin A Rout 1 RF

1 Rout

1 RF

-1 -1 RF Rin

1 Rin

1 RI

1 R2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A Rout 1 A R1 -1 Rin Rin 1 Rout RF 1 RF Rin RI -1 RF R2 A RinRout Rout RF Rin A Rout 1 RF 1 1 RF 1 1 -A Rout 1 1 1 1

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1 Rin

1 RI R2

1 R1 -1 Rin A Rout V0

1 Rin

1 RF Rin

-1 R1 1 Rin RI 1 R2 1 R2

V2

V1

1 RF

-A 0 Rout

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 A 1 R1 A RinRout 1 R1 -1 Rin 1 Rin 1 Rout 1 Rin 1 RF A Rout 1 RF 1 RF AV1 R2Rout 1 RF 1 Rin 1 Rin 1 RI -1 RF 1 Rin 1 RI 1 R2 A RinRout -V1 R2 1 R2 1 Rout 1 RF Rin A Rout 1 RF A Rout 1 RF

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V2 R1

1 Rin

1 RI R2

Here Rin = 108 Rout = 10 A = 105 We to bring about a result that 1 >> R0 A >> R0 RF RF 1 & Rin 1 & Ri 1 1 << R1 0 1 1 & R2 1 1 & & RI RF

Here R0 = Rout; Ri = Rin 1 R1 1 R1 1 RF 1 RF AV1 R2Rout 1 RI R2 1 V2 R1 1 Rout -A Rout -1 RF 1 RI 1 R2 -A Rout RI 1 1 R2

AV1 (RF + R1)

AV2 (R2 + RI)

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R1RFR2Rout (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) R1RFRIR2Rout RIR2R1Rout A (R2 + RI) RIR2RFRout

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ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) RIRFR1R2Rout (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) + AR1 (R2 + RI) R2RFRoutRIR1 ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) (RF + R1)(R2 + RI) + AR1 (R2 + RI) ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) R2RF + R1R2 + RIRF + R1RI + AR1R2 + AR1RI ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) AR1R2 + AR1RI ARIV1 (RF + R1) - ARFV2 (R2 + RI) AR1 (R2 + RI) V1 (RF + R1) (R2 + RI) RF V2 R1 Hint: A = 105 and R1, R2, RI & RF are in kilo ohm

By comparison, we get RF = 49 k R1 = 7 k R2 = 10 k

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 RI = 1.2 k

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RF = 49 k V2 V0 R1 = 7 k V1 R2 = 10 k RI = 1.2 k Fig. (d) +

Q#4.49: Show that the circuit in Fig. P4.49 can produce the output V0 = k1V1 k2V2 only for 0 k1 k2 + 1.

R1 +

R2 V1 R4 V0 R3

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 V2

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OP-AMP MODEL

+ R1 Rin AVe Rout R4

V1

R2 V0 R3

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

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V2 -

V3 R1 V+ Rin

V4 VR4

V0

Rout V1 R2 R3 AVe V2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893

2000-E-41

244

Fig. (c) Using Nodal Analysis Applying KCL at node labeled V3 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V3 V1 V3 V4 V3 + 0 R1 Rin R2 V3 R1 1 + Rin 1 R1 1 V1 R1 1 + R2 V1 V3 Rin 1 V3 + Rin V4 Rin R2 -1 V4 R1 V1 V3 0

V3 (i) R1 R2 R1 Applying KCL at node labeled V4 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V4 V3 Rin V4 Rin -1 V3 Rin 1 1 V4 Rin R3 -1 V0 R4 V2 (ii) V3 Rin V4 V2 R3 V4 R3 1 V2 R3 1 V4 V0 0 R4 V4 R4 1 V4 R4 V0 0 R4 -1 V0 R3 V2

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf [Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)] Cell: 0300-8454295; Tel: 042-5421893 R3 R4 R4 R3

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Applying KCL at node labeled V0 According to KCL The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving that junction = the algebraic sum of all the currents entering into the junction V0 V4 R4 V0 R4 V4 R4 V0 - AVe 0 Rout V0 Rout AVe 0 Rout Here Ve = V+ - VVe = V3 V4 V0 R4 V4 R4 V0 Rout A(V3 V4) 0 Rout