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IF
SINGLECONVERSION
Measure
AGC Voltage
Measure
Frequency
Inject
Inlect
IF
RF
MeasureFrequency
or RF Voltage
Iniect
Audio
u
Test
.{- Crystals
A typical single conversion receiver is shown in the lators will be described later.
block diagram in Fig. 15 . The incoming RF signal is
amplified-in the RF implifier. This amplifier usually The IF signal is then passed through several stagesof
consists of a single tuned amplifier stage. The result- tuned amplification, and then fed to a diode detector,
ing amplified signal is fed to the mixer stage where a and finally to the audio amplifier.
local oicillator signal is present whose frequency is
offset from the incoming signal's frequency by an A portion of the IF signal is passedthrough the AGC
amount equal to the IF frequencY. detector diode and converted to a DC reference vol-
tage. This AGC voltage is fed to the RF and IF stages
The local oscillator may be operated at a higher or to control their gain so different signal levels have
lower frequency than the incoming signal's fre- approximately the same output level. This same AGC
quency. The result is an output signal containing both signal may be fed to a meter circuit ("S" Meter) to
the sum and difference frequency of the two input indicate relative signal strength. It may also be used
signals. This signal is fed into additional stages that to control the squelch circuit.
are tuned to the difference frequency or the IF
frequency. The squelch circuit is an adjustable sensitivity con-
trol. It is set to allow an audio output only if the
The local oscillator is usually crystal controlled input sigtral exceeds a certain level. The squelch cir-
(although FCC rules do not require crystal controlled cuit may be controlled by the AGC voltage (which is
receiver operation). The locat oscillator may use a sin- proportional to the input signal) or the output of the
gle crystal for each channel (46 crystals-23 for trans- audio detector. A certam level of input signal causes
mit and 23 for receive), frequency synthesis (requir- the squelch circuit to pass the audio signal, and a
ing fewer crystals, such as 14 for both transmit and lower level of signal causes the audio to be cut off.
receive), or phase-lockedloop operation (one crystal
for boih transmit and receive). These types of oscil-
2L