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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Activity 1.7Activity 1.7Activity

1.7Activity 1.7Activity 1.7Activity 1.8Activity 1.8Activity 1.8Activity

1.8Activity 1.8

Take about 2 g silver chloride in a china dish.

What is its colour?

Place this china dish in sunlight for some time(Fig. 1.7).

Observe the colour of the silver chloride after sometime.

Figure 1.7

Silver chloride turns grey in sunlight to form silver metal

You will see that white silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. This isdue to the

decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by light.2AgCl(s )

Sunlight

2Ag(s) + Cl
2

( ( 2

g 1 )

) .

Take a plastic mug. Drill two holes at its base and fit rubber stoppers in these holes.Insert

carbon electrodes in these rubber stoppers as shown in Fig. 1.6.

Connect these electrodes to a 6 volt battery.

Fill the mug with water such that theelectrodes are immersed. Add a few dropsof dilute sulphuric acid to the water.

Take two test tubes filled with water andinvert

them over the two carbon electrodes.

Switch on the current and leave theapparatus undisturbed for some time.

You will observe the formation of bubblesat both the electrodes. These bubbles displace water in thetest tubes.

Is the volume of the gas collected

the same in both the test tubes?

Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases, removethem carefully.

Test these gases one by one by bringing a burning candle closeto the mouth of the test tubes.CAUTION: This step must be performed carefully by the teacher.

What happens in each case?

Which gas is present in each test tube?

Figure 1.6 Electrolysis of water

2Pb(NO
3

)
2

(s)
Heat

2PbO(s) +4NO
2

(g) + O
2

( g ) ( 1 . 2 1 )
(Lead nitrate ) (Lead oxid e) (Nitrogen(Ox y g e n ) dioxide)

Let us perform some more decomposition

reactions as given in Activities 1.7 and 1.8.

Science

10
Figure 1.8 (a) Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution

Q E T N U

U S I O S Q E

S T I O N S Q U E S T I O

N S Q U E S T I O N S Q U

E T N

S I O S

1.A solution of a substance X is used for white washing. (i)Name the

substance X and write its formula.(ii)Write the reaction of the substance X named in (i) above with water.2.Why is the amount of gas collected in

one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double of the amount collected in the other? Name this gas.

1.2.3 Displac ement React ion Activity 1.9Activity 1.9Activity 1.9Activity

1.9Activity 1.9

Take three iron nails and clean them by rubbing with sand paper.

Take two test tubes marked as

(A) and(B). In each test tube, take about 10 mL copper sulphate solution.

Tie two iron nails with a thread andimmerse them carefully in

the copper sulphate solution in test tube B for about 20 minutes [Fig. 1.8 (a)]. Keep oneiron nail aside for comparison.

After 20 minutes, take out the iron

nailsfrom the copper sulphate solution.

Compare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate solutions in test tubes(A) and (B), [Fig. 1.8 (b)].

Also, compare the colour of the iron nailsdipped in the copper sulphate solution with the one kept aside [Fig. 1.8 (b)].

Take about 2 g barium hydroxide in a test tube. Add 1 g of ammonium chloride and mix with the help of a glass

rod. Touch the bottom of the test tube with your palm. What do youfeel? Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

Carry out the following Activity

Silver bromide also behaves in the same way.2AgBr(s)
Sunlight

2Ag(s) + Br
2

( g ) ( 1 . 2 3 ) The above reactions are used in black and white photography. W

hat form of energy is causing these decomposition reactions? We have seen that the decomposition reactions

require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity for breaking down the reactants.Reacti ons in which

energy is absorbed are known as endothermicrea ctions.

Chemical Reactions and Equations

11

Why does the iron nail become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fade? The

following chemical reaction takes place in this Activity Fe(s) + CuSO

4

(aq)

FeSO

( a q ) + u ( s ) ( 1 . 2 4 )

(Copper sulphat e)(Iron sulphate)

In this reaction, iron has displaced or

removed another element,copper, from copper sulphate solution. This reaction is known asdisplacement

reaction.Other examples of displacement reactions areZn(s) + CuSO

4

(aq)

ZnSO

( a q ) + u ( s ) ( 1 . 2 5 )

(Copper sulphat e)(Zinc sulphate)

Pb(s) + CuCl
2

(aq)

PbCl
2

( a q ) + u ( s ) ( 1 . 2 6 )

(Copper chloride)(Lead chloride)

Zinc and lead are

more reactive elements than copper. They displacecopper from its compounds.

1.2.4 Double Displacemen t Reaction Activity 1.10Activity 1.10Activity 1.10Activity

1.10Activity 1.10

Take about 3 mL of sodium sulphatesolution in a test tube.

In another test tube, take about 3

mL of barium chloride solution.

Mix the two solutions (Fig. 1.9).

What do you observe?

Figure 1.9

Formation of barium sulphate and sodium chloride

You will observe that a white substance, which isinsoluble in

water, is formed. This insoluble substanceforme d is known as a precipitate. Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called

a precipitation reaction.Na
2

SO
4

(aq) + BaCl
2

(aq)

BaSO
4

(s) + 2Na Cl(aq) (1.27)

(Sodium(Ba rium(Bariu m ( S o d i u m su lphate)chlori de)sulphate)c hloride) Figure 1.8

(b) Iron nails and copper sulphate solutions compared before and after the experiment

Science

12

1.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction

Activity 1.11Activity 1.11Activity 1.11Activity 1.11Activity 1.11

Heat a china dish containing about 1 gcopper powder (Fig. 1.10).

What do you observe?

Figure 1.10 Oxidation of copper to copper oxide

The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black copper(II) oxide. Why has this black substanc e formed? This

is because oxygen is added to copper andcopper oxide is formed.2Cu + O

2

Heat

2 C u O ( 1 . 2 8 ) If hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material (CuO), the black coating on

the surface turns brown as the reverse reaction takes placeand copper is obtained.
C u O + H C u + H O
22

Heat

(1.29)If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be oxidised.If a substance loses oxygen during a

reaction, it is said to be reduced.During this reaction (1.29), the copper(II) oxide is losing oxygen andis being reduced. The

hydrogen is gaining oxygen and is being oxidised.In other words, one reactant gets oxidised while the other gets reduceddur

ing a reaction. Such reactions are called oxidationreduction reactionsor redox reactions. (1.30)Some other examples

of redox reactions are: ZnO + C

+

ZnCO (1.31) M n O H C l M n C l H O C l
2 2 2 2

42
+ + +

(1.32) Recall Activity 1.2 , where you have mixed the solutions of lead(II)

nitrateand potassium iodide.(i)What was the colour of the precipitate form ed? Can you name the compoundpreci

pitated?(ii)Write the balanced chemi cal equation for this reaction. (iii)Is this also a double displacement re action? What

causes this? The white precipitate of BaSO

4

is formed by thereaction of
2 4

SO and Ba

2+

. The other product formed is sodium chloride which remains in the solution. Such reactions in which there is

anexchange of ions between the reactants are called double displacement re actions.

Chemical Reactions and Equations

13

In reaction (1.31) carbon is oxidised to CO and ZnO is reduced to Zn.In reaction (1.32) HCl is oxidised to Cl

whereas MnO
2

is reduced to MnCl
2

.From the above examples we can say that if a substance gains

oxygenor loses hydrogen during a reaction, it is oxidised. If a substance losesoxygen or gains hydrogen during

a reaction, it is reduced.

Q E T N

U S I O S Q

U E S T I O N S Q U E S

T N U S O

I O S Q E T I N

S Q U E S T I O N S

1.Why does the colour of cop per sulphate sol ution change wh enan iron nail is dipped in it? 2.Give an example of a double displacement re

action other tha nthe one given in Activity 1.10.3.Identify th e substances that are oxidised and the substan cesthat are reduced in the following

reactions. (i)4Na(s) + O
2

(g)

2Na
2

O(s)

(ii)CuO(s) + H
2

(g)

Cu(s) + H
2

O(l)

1.31.31.31.3 1.3HA HA H A HA HA V E YOU OBSERVE

D THE EFFECTS OF O VE YOU OBSERVE D THE EFFECTS

OF O VE YOU OBSERVE D THE EFFECTS OF O VE YOU

OBSERVE D THE EFFECTS OF O VE YOU OBSERVE D THE

EFFECTS OF O XID XID XID XID XI DA A A A A TION TI ON TION TI

ON TIONR EA REA RE A REA REA CTIONS IN EVERYDC TIONS IN EVERYDC

TIONS IN EVERYDC TIONS IN EVERYDC TIONS IN EVERYD A A A A A Y

LIFE? Y LIFE? Y LIFE? Y LIFE? Y LIFE?1.3.1 Corrosion

You must have observed that iron articles are shiny when new, but get coated with a reddish brown powder when left for some time.

This processis commonly known as rusting of iron. Some other metals also get tarnished in this manner. Have you

noticed the colour of the coatingformed on copper and silver? When a metal is attacked by substancesarou nd it such as

moisture, acids, etc., it is said to corrode and thisprocess is called corrosion. The black coating on silver and the greencoating on

copper are other examples of corrosion.Corro sion causes damage to car bodies, bridges, iron railings, shipsand to all

objects made of metals, specially those of iron. Corrosion of iron is a serious problem. Every year an

enormous amount of money isspent to replace damaged iron. You will learn more about corrosion inChapter 3.

1.3.2 Rancidity
Have you ever tasted or smelt the fat/oil containing food materials left for a long

time? When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and their smelland taste change. Usually substances

which prevent oxidation(antiox idants) are added to foods containing fats and oil. Keeping foodin air tight containers helps to slow

down oxidation. Do you know that chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such asnitrogen to prevent the

chips from getting oxidised ? Recall Activity 1.1 , where a magnesium

ribbon burns with a dazzling flame in air (oxygen)and changes into a white substance, magnesium oxide. Is

magnesium being oxidised or reduced in this reaction?

Science

14

What you have learnt

A complete chemical equation represents the reactants, products and their physicalstat es symbolically.

A chemical equation is balanced so that the numbers of atoms of each type involvedin a chemical reaction are the same on the

reactant and product sides of theequation. Equations must always be balanced.

In a combination reaction two or

more substance s combine to form a new singlesubstance .

Decomposition reactions are opposite to combination

reactions. In a decompositionre action, a single substance decomposes to give two or more substance s.

Reactions in which heat is given out along with the products are called exothermicreacti ons.

Reactions in which energy is absorbed are known as endothermic reactions.

When an element displaces

another element from its compound, a displacement re action occurs.

Two different atoms or groups of atoms (ions) are exchanged

in double displacement re actions.

Precipitation reactions produce insoluble salts.

Reactions also involve the gain or loss of oxygen or hydrogen by substances.Oxi dation is the gain of oxygen or loss of

hydrogen. Reduction is the loss of oxygenor gain of hydrogen.

E X E R C I S E S
1.Which of the statements about the

reaction below are incorrect? 2PbO(s) + C(s)

2Pb(s) + CO
2

(g)(a)Lead is getting reduced. (b)Carbon diox

ide is getting oxidise d.(c)Carbon is getting oxidised. (d)Lead oxide is getting reduce d.( i ) ( a ) a n d

( b ) ( i i)( a ) a nd ( c ) (iii)(a), (b) and (c) (iv)all2 . F e

2

O
3

+ 2Al

Al
2

O
3

+ 2Fe The above reaction is an example of a (a)combinati on reaction. (b)double displ

acement reacti on.

NCERT Book - Science Class X

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