PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL MANUAL OF CITATION AND STYLE

Preface c/o Board Introduction - General principles of legal writing and citation: - Structure of the Blackbook: consists of three parts: Part I: Style Manual (General Rules in Blackbook) Part II: Citation Manual (this can be the other way around) Part III: Tables of Common Abbreviations Table of Contents Part I: Style Manual 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Fonts and Typefaces Names Dates Pages, Footnotes, Paragraphs, and Other Subdivisions Signals Repeating Citations Internal Cross-References Citation Sentences Quotations 1. Quotations in general 2. Alterations and Omissions 3. Emphases 10. Other Rules Part II: Citation Manual 1. Primary Sources 1. Court Decisions 1. Philippine Supreme Court Decisions 2. Other Decisions 1. Court of Appeals 2. First level courts 3. Decisions of administrative agencies 3. Case Short Forms 2. Statutory Materials 1. Constitutions 2. Codes and Statutes 1. Codes 2. Statutes 3. Other Legislative Materials 3. Municipal Ordinances 4. Executive Issuances and Administrative Regulations

5. Rules of Court 6. Treaties 7. Constitution and Statutes Short Forms 2. Secondary Sources 1. Books, Pamphlets and Other Nonperiodicals 2. Journals and Consecutively-Paginated Periodicals 3. Magazines and Ordinary Periodicals 4. Newspapers and Daily Publications 5. Documents and Letters 6. Internet Sources 3. International Documents 4. Foreign Sources Part III: Table of Common Abbreviations

PART I: STYLE MANUAL

1. Fonts and Typefaces

1.1 Fonts are a matter of preference. Generally, serif fonts are recommended for the body for ease of reading, while sans serif fonts are used in article titles, headings, or newspaper headlines. 1.2 Law journals employ different typefaces as a matter of style, or for emphasis. The JOURNAL uses the following typefaces: SMALL CAPS for article titles, headings, and sub-headings Italics for bylines, opening quotes, in-text emphases, citing book or article titles in text, and for certain footnotes Bold for article titles, headings, and sub-headings Tips: When using Microsoft Word, press Ctrl+Shift+k to switch to SMALL typeface.

CAPS

2. Names 2.1. In general, cite an authors name as the source lists it, but omit middle initials unless an author is popularly known by these. Example Oscar Franklin Tan Not Oscar Franklin B. Tan But

Vicente V. Mendoza Jose B.L. Reyes 2.2. When there are two or more authors, cite them using an ampersand. Example Mark Dennis Joven & William Varias Not Mark Dennis Joven and William Varias 2.3. When there are more than two authors, either cite the name of the first author and add et al. or list all the authors names. Where saving space is desired, the former method is preferred. Include all authors names when doing so is particularly relevant. When listing all the names, separate the names with commas, but use an ampersand to set off the last name. unless one needs to identify all of them, cite the name of the first author and add "et al." and noNote the period in "et al." This is not preceded by a comma. Example Victorino Mamalateo et al. Change example Irene Cortes, Merlin M. Magallona & Myrna S. Feliciano, Insert significant work here 2.4. For juridical persons, businesses, government agencies, and organizations, use the full name, but apply the abbreviations below in both body and footnote text. Never abbreviate the first word of a name, however. Association Brothers Company Corporation Assn Bros. Co. Corp. Incoporated Limited Number Inc. Ltd. No.

Example Manila Electric Co. Not Manila Electric Company 2.5. Further, use the abbreviations in Appendix A, but in footnote text only, unless the full name is difficult to infer from the abbreviations: Example Dept. of Transp. and Commn

2.6. In case of a long name, or if you wish to use a more familiar name, add a parenthetical (hereinafter <name>) after the name, then use the shortened name for succeeding footnotes and supra references. Introduce Philippine Manual abbreviations for government agencies this way, to avoid confusing foreign readers. In case of a government agency, use ALL CAPS to indicate the abbreviation. Example Department of Labor and Employment (hereinafter DOLE) Note: For abbreviation of Executive Departments, refer to Philippine Manual of Legal Citation Abbreviations for government agencies, 1 in Part III: Table 2 3. Dates 3.1. Use <month> <day>, <year> format. Do not abbreviate the name of month in the body text. For footnotes, abbreviate names of months to the first three letters only, except for May, June, July, and Sept. Refer to Part III: Table 32. Example Mar. 1, 2012
3.2. Dates are usually placed at the end of a citation in parentheses and often shortened to the year only. In general, they are not enclosed in parentheses when necessary to identify a source, as in letters, emails, unofficial or unpublished decisions, and treaties. Refer to the specific forms provided. 4. Pages, Footnotes, Paragraphs, and Other Subdivisions

Pages and Footnotes Sections and Paragraphs Articles, Chapters, and other Subdivisions 4.1. When citing a page, do not use (p.). Simply indicate the page number immediately after the reference. Example ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES 3 (2005); or ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES, at 3 (2005) [See Rule D.2 infra] Not ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES p.3 (2005) ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES, p.3 (2005)
1

Philippine Manual of Legal Citation 20 (5th ed. 1999).

4.2. In general, when necessary to avoid confusion or to indicate a page number, the reference is preceded by a comma and then the word "at." Note that "at" precedes only page references; never footnote, section, or paragraph references.

Example No. A-13-24, at 2 JOAQUIN BERNAS, SJ, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY, at xxxvii (2003). Not No. A-13-24, 2 No. A-13-24, p. 2 JOAQUIN BERNAS, SJ, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY, xxxvii (2003).

THE

REPUBLIC

OF THE

OF THE

REPUBLIC

OF THE

4.3. When citing multiple page, section, paragraph or footnote references but not article, chapter, and similar references use commas to separate each page reference. When citing consecutive ones, use a dash and omit all but the last two digits unless this would be confusing.

Example 1134, 1135, 1139-42 CIVIL CODE, art. 2176-2180 Not 1134, 1135, 1139-1142 CIVIL CODE, art. 2176-80 But LABOR CODE, art. 234 to 234-A 4.4. For articles, chapters or titles, precede the references with art., ch. or tit. respectively. Use the designations in the source. Refer to [Table/PartIII/Annex] for selected common abbreviations Example REV. PEN. CODE, art.134 Not REV. PEN. CODE, Art.134 REV. PEN. CODE, Article 134 4.5. For statutes with several subdivisions, it is not necessary to include the title, chapter, or subdivision in the citation, as long as the specific article or section is correctly identified. Include reference to the subdivision only when necessary to avoid confusion.

Example REV. PEN. CODE, art. 134 CIVIL CODE, art. 2176 Not REV. PEN. CODE, bk. 2, tit. 3, ch.1, art. 134 CIVIL CODE, tit. XVII, art. 2176 But ADM. CODE 1987, bk. 7, sec.1

OF

4.6. For sections, precede the references with the section () symbol followed by a space. Use parentheses to refer to specific subsections, if necessary, following the designations in the source. Note that the section symbol is never preceded by "at," unlike page references. Example art. VIII, 5 (1) 4.7. When referring to multiple sections otherwise, use two section symbols, then commas. Use dashes for consecutive sections. Example 1, 3, 6-8 4.8. When referring to multiple subsections in the same section, use a dash but enclose each subsection reference in parentheses. Example art. VIII, 5 (1)-(5) Not art. VIII, 5 (1-5)
4.9.

Where there are multiple subsections within a section. Example LOC. GOV. CODE, sec. 447 (a)(2)(i)-(v) or LOC. GOV. CODE, sec. 447 (a.2.i)-(v) ?

4.10. When dashes would be confusing because the source designates subsections using dashes, use the connector "to" instead. Example 1-2 to 1-5

4.11. Apply the same rules for paragraphs, using the paragraph () symbol. The section symbol is likewise never preceded by "at," unlike page references. Example 4-6 4.12. Paragraph references are commonly used for Internet sources and documents with numbered paragraphs such as International Court of Justice decisions. When helpful, add a section or paragraph reference to make a page reference or references more specific. Example at 10, 4-6
4.13. For footnotes, use a page reference and add "n." followed by the footnote number without a space. Do not precede "n." with a comma. Note footnotes within the article itself are not cited using "n."

Example at 543 n.42 Not at 543, n.42 supra at n.5 ? 4.14. When referring to both the text on a page and a footnote on that page, place an ampersand between the page and the footnote reference. Example at 543 & n.42 Not at 543, 543 n.42 4.15. When referring to both the text on a page and an endnote on that page, use an ampersand and cite the page the endnote is found on. Example at 277 & 1094 n.131 4.16. When referring to multiple footnotes, use the rules for sections and paragraphs. However, for multiple nonconsecutive footnotes, substitute an ampersand for the last comma, to avoid confusion when citing footnotes on different pages. Example at 61 nn.42-43, 45 & 48, 62 n.50

Not at 61 nn.42-43, 45, 48, 62 n.50 4.17. When referring to specific material, add a descriptive abbreviation such as "fig." or "tbl." after the page or other reference. If this appears confusing, use a parenthetical remark. Example at 2 fig.3 4.18. Do not use section and paragraph symbols outside an actual citation, unless abbreviating a lengthy reference, similar to how one would cite the United States Code. Note that the words "article," "section" and the like are not capitalized in body text. Example "Art. VIII, 1provides. However, examining section 5. " 5. Signals 5.1. A source cited in a footnote but not preceded by a signal must identify the source of a quotation or cited authority, or directly supports the proposition in the text. The latter is a strong signal. 5.2. A source preceded by See supports a proposition less directly, but clearly does so, either by inference or by drawing a parallel. It may also present sources that contain a broader discussion than what is stated in the proposition. This is a moderate signal. 5.3. See, e.g., presents an example or examples that support the proposition. See, generally, presents a general reference for the proposition. 5.4. See, however, presents a source that contradicts the proposition.

5.5. See also indicates a source that indirectly supports the proposition, discusses material that in turn supports the proposition, or precedes additional supporting material. This is a weak signal. 5.6. Limit use of signals to these simple, readily understood ones. Avoid use, for example, of cf. which has been criticized as vague. Limit the use of parenthetical explanations of more tangential sources. 5.7. Use semicolons and periods in citation sentences as one would an ordinary sentence. Semicolons connect related sources in such a sentence.

Example See Rachel Barkow, More Supreme Than Court? The Fall of the Political Question Doctrine and the Rise of Judicial Supremacy , 102 Colum. L. Rev. 237 (2002); Mark Tushnet, Law and Prudence in the Law of Justiciability: The Transformation and Disappearance of the Political Question Doctrine, 80 N.C.L. Rev. 1203 (2002). See also Robert Post, Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution: Culture, Courts, and Law, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 4, 7 (2003); Ronald Dworkin, Hard Cases, 88 Harv. L. Rev. 1057, 1061 (1975). 5.8. To connect sources in the same citation sentence with descriptive phrases such as citing, cited by, quoting, quoted by, reversing, reversed by, partially reversing, partially reversed by, amending, amended by, repealing, repealed by, and the like, place a comma after the first source, followed by the descriptive phrase and the second source. Use periods to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in the same footnote. Example Ayer Productions v. Capulong, G.R. No 82380, 160 SCRA 861, Apr. 29, 1988; Lopez v. Court of Appeals, 34 SCRA 116, 126-27, G.R. No. 26549, Jul. 31, 1970, citing Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967). Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, 403 U.S. 29, 44-45 (1971), overruled by Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 346 (1974). 5.9. Finally, one may connect sources with Compare, with and Compare, with, and. Example Compare Jeb Rubenfeld, The Right to Privacy, 102 Harv. L. Rev. 737 (1989), with Irene Cortes, The Constitutional Foundations of Privacy (1970). Compare Lemuel Lopez, The Right to Privacy in Inquiries in Aid of Legislation, 78 Phil. L.J. 163 (2003), citing Ayer Productions v. Capulong, G.R. No 82380, 160 SCRA 861, Apr. 29, 1988; with Borjal v. Court of Appeals, 301 SCRA 1, G.R. No. 126466, Jan. 14, 1999, citing Ayer, 160 SCRA 861; Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, 403 U.S. 29 (1971). The first cites only half the jurisprudence cited in the second. 6. Repeating Citations 6.1. Use id. when referring to the immediately preceding source in the same footnote, or to the immediately preceding source in the immediately preceding footnote if the footnote cites only one source. Use id. by itself to refer to the same specific point referred to in the preceding citation.

Use at to refer to another page and a comma to refer to another article, section, or paragraph. Note that id. may be used to refer to decisions, but not to Constitutions and statutes. Example 1 James Bradley Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 7 Harv. L. Rev. 129, 135 (1893). 2 Id. at 136. 3 Id. 4 Id. at 138. 6.2. Use <abbreviated name>, supra, to refer to a previous source cited in the same footnote, and <abbreviated name>, supra note <number>, to refer to a source cited in a previous footnote, or to a source in the immediately preceding footnote if it cites more than one source. Note that supra is never used to refer to Constitutions, statutes, or decisions. Example 1 James Bradley Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 7 Harv. L. Rev. 129, 135 (1893); Edwin Meese, The Law of the Constitution, 61 Tul. L. Rev. 979, 981 (1987). Thayer further argues that judicial review is best employed narrowly. Thayer, supra, at 136-37. 2 Thayer, supra note 1, at 140. 3 Meese, supra note 1, at 983. 6.3. Avoid the use of other Latin words such as ibid. and op. cit.

7. Internal Cross-References 7.1. To refer to preceding pages, use See supra pp. <page numbers>. This is the only instance p. is used to indicate page numbers. Example See supra pp. 10-13. 7.2. To refer to preceding footnotes, use See supra notes <numbers>. Example See supra notes 12-15 and accompanying text. See supra text accompanying notes 20-21. 7.3. To refer to preceding sections, use See supra Parts <numbers>. Example See supra Part I.A.

7.4. Use infra similarly to refer to succeeding pages, footnotes, or sections. Example 1 SEC. REG. CODE, 27(1). 2 See infra. 8. Citation sentences 8.1. Citations to authorities that support a proposition made in the main text are placed in footnotes. 8.2. A footnote number should appear at the end of a sentence if the cited authority supports/contradicts the entire sentence. 8.3. A footnote number should appear within the sentence next to the phrase the cited authority supports/contradicts if it supports/contradicts only that part of the sentence. 8.4. The footnote number comes after any punctuation mark except a dash or a colon. 8.5. In addition to citation to authorities, a footnote may include textual sentences that are related to the main text to which the footnote is appended. 8.6. If a footnote itself contains a statement requiring support/contradiction, a citation to the relevant authority should appear directly after the statement as either a citation sentence or a citation clause. 10.1 Authorities that support/contradict an entire footnote sentence are cited in a separate citation sentence immediately after the supported/contradicted sentence. The citation sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period. 10.2 Authorities that support/contradict only a part of a sentence within a footnote are cited in clauses which are set off by commas. These clauses immediately follow the part that they support/contradict. 9. Quotations 9.1. Quotations in general

9.1.1. For quotations of forty-nine (49) words or fewer words:, tThe quotation should be enclosed in double quotation marks ( ). However, the quotation should not be blocked or set-off from the rest of the text except when the material quoted would commonly be set-off such as dialogues or poems. but not otherwise set-off from the rest of the text. Quotations ed portions within athe quotation should be enclosed only in single quotation marks ( ). If the entire quotation is in itself quoted, only one set of double quotation marks should be used. The footnote number should also follow immediately after the closing double quotations marks, unless placing it elsewhere is more accurate. Example2 According to the Court, the impediment to Sherbert's free exercise is apparent: the decision of the unemployment commission "forces her to choose between following the precepts of her religion and forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and abandoning one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work, on the other hand."22

9.1.2. For quotations of fifty (50) or more words: , tThe quotation should be blockedthat is, be indented on the left and right, single-spaced, and , without double quotation marks.3 If , and qquotation and punctuation marks are used within thea block quotation, quotationthey should appear as they do in the original. The footnote citation should also follow immediately after the final punctuation mark of the quotation. The first line of the block quotation is indented only if it is the first line of a paragraph in a cited work..

Example According to Florin Hilbay, the Court in Sherbert v. Verner said:

[T[he impediment to Sherbert's free exercise is apparent: the decision of the unemployment commission "forces her to choose between following the precepts of her religion and forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and abandoning one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work, on the other hand.22

(Note: This example ends with a double quotation mark applying the rule that quotation marks in block quotations should appear as they do in the original.)
2 Florin Hilbay, The Constitutional Status of Disbelief , 84 PHIL. L.J. 579, 588 (2010). Note: this example will be modified for the succeeding examples for uniformity. 3

9.1.3. In a block quote consisting of several paragraphs, further indicate the paragraph structure by indenting the first line of each paragraph. However, it is not necessary to indent the first line of a quoted paragraph if it is not the also the first line of the paragraph being quoted. Example 9.1.4. Always place commas and periods inside the quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks inside the quotation marks only if they are part of the original text.
9.2.

b. AlterationsCorrections in quotations

9.2.1. A change in the case of a letter should be enclosed in brackets. Inserted words, letters, and other marks should also be bracketed. Example According to the Court: [T]he [unwarranted] decision of the unemployment commission forces her to choose between following the precepts of her religion and forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and abandoning one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work, on the other hand."22 (Note: This example ends with a single and double quotation mark applying the rule in quotations of 49 or fewer words that quoted portions in a quotation should be enclosed with single quotation marks.) 9.2.2. Substantial mistakes in the original should be followed by [sic], but otherwise left as they appear in the original Example According to the Court: The un-warranted [sic] decision was uncalled for.22 and Omission 9.3. Omissions in quotationss
9.3.1. Omitted letters or punctuations must be indicated with empty brackets [ ]. However, do not omit letters or punctuations resulting from grammatical errors. In such cases, apply the immediate preceding Rule. For omitted words, follow the immediate succeeding Rule.

Example Decision[ ]

9.2.3. When a letter must be changed from upper to lower case, or vice versa, enclose it in brackets. Substituted words or letters and other inserted material should also be bracketed. Substantial mistakes in the original should be followed by [sic], but otherwise left as they appear in the original Example 9.3.2. Omission of a word or words is generally indicated by the insertion of an ellipsis, three periods separated by spaces and set-off by a space before the first and after the last period. [( . . . ]), whichto take the place of the word or words omitted. An ellipsis is never used when individual words are merely altered, in which case the applicable rule is Rule I.b.1 above. Example According to the Court: [T]he [] decision was uncalled for. 22 9.3.3. An ellipsis should never begin aA quotation should never begin with an ellipsis. In lieu of an ellipsis, Rule I.b.1 shall be applied.. Not According to the Court: [] the decision was uncalled for. 22 But According to the Court: [T]he decision was uncalled for. 22

9.4.

cEmphases in quotations

9.4.1. For consistency, use italics to emphasize parts of a quoted text. Never underline. Insert the appropriate parenthetical at the end of the quotation (i.e., Emphasis supplied or Emphasis omitted), immediately after the footnote citation, indicating whether the emphasis is the authors own. Example According to the Court: [T]he decision was uncalled for. 22 (Emphasis supplied) 10. Other Rules 10.1 Punctuations i. Periods ii. Commas iii. Semicolons 10.2 Capitalization

10.3 10.4

Italicization Abbreviations

1. In general, abbreviations should be avoided when made at the body of text, except where the abbreviation refers to a name of a juridical person priorly adverted to, in which case the first mention of the juridical person. Example 2. The numbers 0-9 are spelled out. So also, when the first word of any sentence begins with a number, the number must be spelled out. 3. Abbreviations are allowed when: [insert rules here]. Refer to Part III: Table of Common Abbreviations. Note that abbreviations are followed by periods, without spaces, but acronyms are not. Example Dept. of Transp. and Comm. DOTC

PART II: CITATION GUIDE

I. PRIMARY SOURCES
A. Court Decisions a. Philippine Supreme Court Decisions 1. General rule: Cite cases by using the form <last name of first party> v. <last name of first opposing party>, <docket number>, <reporter volume> <reporter abbreviation> <first page of decision in reporter>, <specific page number in reporter> (year of promulgation). Omit the L- in the docket number. When used in the text, italicize the title of the case and place the source or citation.

Example United States v. Arceo, G.R. No. 1491, 3 Phil. 381, 384 (1904). Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685, 239 SCRA 143, 170 (1998).Chi Ming Tsoi v. CA, G.R. No. 119190, 266 SCRA 324, 327 (1997). Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685, 239 SCRA 143, 170 (1998). 2. If two or more actions are consolidated in one decision, cite only the first listed. The same goes for the docket number, where only that of the first case is used. Example Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710, 356 SCRA 108, 155-56, Mar. 2, 2001. Not Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, 356 SCRA 108, 155-56, Mar. 2, 2001. 3. When there are multiple co-parties, use only the first on each side. Do not use et al. Example Oposa v. Factoran (please check citation)

, G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792 (1993). Not Oposa et al. v. Factoran et al., G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792 (1993).
4. For natural persons, use last names only and omit titles, prefixes, and suffixes in party names. However, when the name is Islamic, entirely in Mandarin or in another Oriental language where names begin with the last name, cite the name in full.

Examples (add examples) Blah BlahDela Cruz v. BlahNLRC Lim Sian Tek v. Ladislao U.S. v. Ah Chong Chi Ming Tsoi v. CA Madula v. Santos Not Blah BlahDela Cruz, Jr. v. BlahNLRC Lim Tek v. Ladislao U.S. v. Chong Tsoi v. CA Madula v. Judge Santos
5. As to Western or Modern Chinese names with Christian first Oriental names, follow the general rule above immediate preceding rule (Rule I.A.a.4) should be followed.

Example Wong v. DizonCarpio Chua v. Timan Not Joseph Ignacio Wong v. CarpioDizon Salvador Chua v. Timan 6. Cite compound names in full. Example People v. Dela Cruz Cortes v. Chico-Nazario Not

People v. Cruz Cortes v. Chico 7. For juridical persons, cite the name in full, but apply the abbreviations found in Rule I.B.4. Spell out acronyms, unless they form part of the actual name. Do not omit suffixes that indicate a corporation such as Inc. and Corp.4 Do not omit first names or middle initials when a persons name is used as part of a juridical persons name. Example Agan v. Philippine International Air Terminals Co., Inc., G.R. No. 155001, 402 SCRA 612, 664, May 5, 2003. San Miguel Corp. Employees Union-PGTWO v. BersamiraConfesor, G.R. No. 87700 Gregorio Araneta, Inc. v. Lyric Film Exchange, Inc. Not Agan v. PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001, 402 SCRA 612, 664, May 5, 2003. San Miguel Corporation Employees Union Philippine Transport General Workers Organization v. Confesor Araneta, Inc. v. Lyric Film Exchange, Inc. Bersamira 8. For local government units, indicate the type of unit using prefixes such as Province of, City of, or Municipality of. When particular government offices are named, use the complete name. Example City of Manila v. Chinese Community of Manila Not Manila v. Chinese Community 9. For cases that begin with procedural terms, use the prefix In re and the last name of the person concerned or the subject of the decision. Example In re Sotto, No. 14576, 38 Phil. 532, Sep. 6, 1918. Not In re: Sotto In the matter of Vicente Sotto, No. 14576, 38 Phil. 532, Sep. 6, 1918.

This is a simplification of BLUEBOOK, supra note 1, Rule 10(h), at 61.

10. Old Philippine Supreme Court cases are commonly reported in the Philippine Reports (Phil.), and more recent ones are found in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA). In case an author uses a less commonly-used reporter, it is recommended that one replace the reference or add the reference to the commonly-used reporter. If the decision is found nowhere else, one may also refer to the Official Gazette (O.G.).

Not Recommended Republic v. Philippine Coconut Producers Federation, Inc. , G.R. No. 147062, 423 Phil. 735, Dec. 14, 2001. 11. The Philippine Manual convention is to use the G.R. number and full date only for cases reported in unofficial reporters, namely the SCRA. Thus, official reporters, namely the Philippine Reports, are generally cited using the reporter and year only. Because, however, Philippine electronic sources are not organized using reporter citations, the easiest way to find a case using these is to enter the G.R. number and then check the date in case more than one decision was rendered. Thus, for the benefit of increasingly computer-savvy students, use the full, expanded citation even for Philippine Reports references. The page reference to the physical reporter must be included because there is no other way to refer to specific portions of Philippine electronic materials. Permissible United States v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381, 384 (1904). Recommended United States v. Arceo, G.R. No. 1491, 3 Phil. 381, 384, Mar. 5, 1904. 12. When the case is being cited in general and no particular page is referred to, omit the reference to a specific page. If, however, the first page is referred to, do not omit the reference. Example United States v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381, 381 (1904). 13. The convention is to footnote the first instance of a case name with a general citation to the case, then footnote succeeding points with specific references. Note that case names are italicized in text, but not in citations. Example In United States v. Arceo,1 the Court stated. 1 3 Phil. 381 (1904). 2 Id. at 384.

14. When the reporter citation is unavailable, omit it and rely on the docket number and full date. This is used for very recent and still unpublished decisions. Example Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, Nov. 10, 2003. 15. When referring to a case available only on an electronic database such as WestLaw, as opposed to electronic copies not catalogued using a particular system, such as the Philippine Lex Libris or PhilJuris compilations, substitute the database reference for the reporter citation. Page numbers are indicated using star pagination, however, and use at to indicate these pages. Example Rambus, Inc. v. Infineon Technologies AG, 2004 WL 383590, at *17 (E.D.Va. 2004). 16. When referring to copies of decisions initially released by the Court instead of copies printed in reporters, use at after the date to refer to specific pages. Add a description of the source the first time it is cited. Note that because of the limited availability of such copies, such page citations will rarely be useful. Example Lopez v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163556, Jun. 8, 2004, at 12. This article refers to the copy of this resolution specially released by the Court in booklet form. 17. When referring to a separate opinion, add (<name>, J., <description>) or (<name>, C.J., <description>) to the end of the citation. Cite the first page of the decision and not the first page of the separate opinion as the first page. This notation may also be used to emphasize the ponente in a majority decision. Example Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, Nov. 10, 2003 (Puno, J., concurring and dissenting). Phil. Comml & Indus. Bank v. Philnabank Employees Assn, G.R. No. 29630, 105 SCRA 314, 319, Jul. 2, 1981 (Fernando, C.J.).
b. Other Decisions

1. Cite other Philippine cases and administrative decisions using the same form and rules. Reproduce the full docket number and notation used. For trial courts, indicate the branch and area before the docket number.

Except for the commonly-used abbreviations below, 5 spell out the deciding bodys name. Example 1 Philippine Refining Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, CTA Case No. 2872, Jan. 15, 1986, at 1. 2 Philippine American Life Insurance Co., Inc. v. Court of Tax Appeals, CA-G.R. SP No. 31283, Apr. 25, 1995, at 2. 3 People v. Villanueva, RTC-Branch 50, Malolos, Crim. Case No. 1051-M-200, Mar. 11, 2003. 4 Gutierrez v. MAX Manufacturing Corp., Natl Lab. Rel. Commn (hereinafter NLRC) Case No. 04-0015-04, Nov. 5, 2004. Court of Appeals Sandiganbayan Court of Tax Appeals Regional Trial Court Municipal Trial Court Metropolitan Trial Court Municipal Circuit Trial Court Shariah District Court Shariah Circuit Court CA Sandiganba yan CTA RTC MTC MeTC MCTC Shariah Dist. Ct. Shariah Circ. Ct.

c. Case Short Forms 1. Id. may be used with cases, but not supra. Considering the length of Philippine case citations, it cannot be emphasized enough that ignoring this rule leads to embarrassingly grotesque formats. 6 This is the height of editorial malpractice. 2. In case of nonconsecutive but repetitive references to a case, one may use the short form <abbreviated case name>, <reporter volume> <reporter abbreviation> at <specific page reference>, omitting other information that would be repeated. The abbreviated case name is commonly the first party name, unless the second identifies the case clearly, such as when the first party name is a government reference such as People or Republic. Use this short form only when the subsequent reference is on the same page or roughly within five footnotes of the full citation.
FELICIANO, supra note 1, at 6-7. See, e.g., Oscar Franklin Tan, The Philippine Party-List Experiment: Amending A Tragedy of Flawed Mathematics and Policy, 79 PHIL. L.J. 736, 761 (2004).
5 6

Example Military and Paramilitary Activities, 1986 I.C.J. at 138. Arceo, 3 Phil. at 384. 3. When a case is referred to throughout an article or the name is exceptionally long, one may also use to use a parenthetical (hereinafter <name>) and use this in place of the full reference in succeeding footnotes. Example Pimentel v. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass the Votes Cast for President and Vice-President in the May 10, 2004 Elections (hereinafter Pimentel), G.R. No. 163783, Jun. 22, 2004.
B. Statutory Materials a. Constitutions

1. Use Const. in Small Caps. Cite specific articles using art. with no comma in between Const. and art. Example CONST. art. VIII, 1 Not CONST., art. VIII, 1 2. For a Constitution no longer in force, add the year in parenthesis to Const. Cite specific articles by adding a comma then citing normally. Example CONST. (1935), art. VIII, 1 3. For a foreign Constitution, precede Const. with the proper country or state abbreviation. Example U.S. CONST. art. III, 1 4. For an amendment, use amend. instead of art. This is generally used for references to the United States Constitution. Example U.S. CONST. amend. I b. Codes and Statutes i. Codes

1. If referring to a code, use the appropriate abbreviation in Small Caps. 7 In case of new codes, use Appendix A. Because Philippine codification is not as organized as the United States Code, you may opt to add a comment indicating the actual law the first time the Code is cited. Example TAX CODE, 42(A)(4). The National Internal Revenue Code is Rep. Act No. 8424 (1997). Agricultural Land Reform Code Child and Youth Welfare Code Civil Code Coconut Industry Code Code of Commerce Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees Cooperative Code Corporate Code Family Code Fire Code Fisheries Code Flag and Heraldic Code Forestry Code Insurance Code Intellectual Property Code Labor Code Land Transportation AGRARIAN CODE CHILD & YOUTH WELFARE CODE CIVIL CODE COCONUT INDUS. CODE COM. CODE CODE OF CONDUCT OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS COOPERATIVE CODE CORP. CODE FAM. CODE FIRE CODE FISHERIES CODE FLAG & HER. CODE FORESTRY CODE INS. CODE INTELL. PROP. CODE LAB. CODE TRANSP. & TRAFFIC

See FELICIANO, supra note 1, at 15-16.

and Traffic Code Local Government Code Muslim Code of Personal Laws National Building Code National Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and Supplements National Internal Revenue Code Omnibus Election Code Omnibus Investments Code Philippine Environment Code Real Property Tax Code Revised Administrative Code Revised National Plumbing Code Revised Penal Code Sanitation Code Securities Regulation Code State Auditing Code Tariff and Customs Code Water Code

CODE LOCAL GOVT CODE MUSLIM CODE BLDG. CODE MILK CODE

TAX CODE ELECT. CODE INVESTMENTS CODE ENVIRON. CODE PROP. TAX CODE REV. ADM. CODE PLUMBING CODE REV. PEN. CODE SANITATION CODE SEC. REG. CODE AUDIT CODE TARIFF CODE WATER CODE

ii. Statutes 1. Otherwise, use <law form> <reference> (year of effectivity). 8 Because Philippine codification is not as organized as the United States Code, you may opt to add a comment indicating the laws short name the first time it is cited. Because of the same lack of codification, it is permissible to use these short forms in the text of articles.
8

Id. at 14-15.

Example Rep. Act. No. 9995, 28 (2009). This is the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009. Public Laws (1900-1934) Commonwealth Acts (1935-1945) Presidential Decrees (1972-1986) Batas Pambansa (19841986) Executive Order (19861987) Republic Act <Unit> Ordinance Act No. Com. Act No. Pres. Dec. No. Batas Blg. Exec. Order No. Rep. Act No. <Unit> Ordinance No.

2. Refer to the Philippine Manual for other citation forms for Philippine legislative materials.9 Refer to the Bluebook for the more complex citation of American federal and state statutes. iii. Other Legislative Materials Senate Bill House Bill Senate Concurrent Resolution House Concurrent Resolution Senate Committee Report House Committee Report Resolution of both Houses, sitting together but voting separately House Journal Senate Journal S. No. H. No. S. Con. Res. H. Con. Res. S. Rpt. H. Rpt. R.B.H. H. Jnl. S. Jnl.

Id. at 17.

1. To cite a Senate or House Bill, use the form <reference>, <congress>, 10 <session> (year). For section references, place these after the session number. You may indicate the author or the short name with a comment. Example H. No. 4244, 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 4 (2011). This is the Reproductive Health Bill of 2010. 2. To cite House/ Senate Resolutions, use the form <reference>, <congress>, <session> (year). For section references, place these after the session number. You may indicate the short name of the Resolution with a comment. Example S. Res. 39, 15th Cong., 1st Sess (2011). This is the Rules of Procedure on Impeachment Trials. 3. Cite Committee Reports by using the form <reference>, <congress>, <session> (year). Indicate the name of the committee/s. Example S. Rpt. 125, 15th Cong., 2nd Sess. (2012). Committees on Banks, Financial Institutions and Currencies; Public Order and Dangerous Drugs; Justice and Human Rights.
4. To refer to Congressional Journals, cite using this form: <reference>, <congress>, <session> (date).

Example H. Jnl. 34, 15th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Jan. 24, 2012). c. Executive Issuances and Administrative Regulations Executive Order <Agency> Administrative Order Proclamation General Order Letter of Instruction Letter of Implementation
10

Exec. Order No. <Agency> Adm. Order No. Proc. No. Gen. Order No. Letter of Inst. No. Letter of Impl. No.

Id. at 16-17.

Letter of Authority

Letter of Auth. No.

1. In general, cite executive issuances and administrative regulations as one would a regular statute. Again, cite the issuing agencys name in full instead of using the Philippine Manual abbreviations, unless one introduces these using hereinafter. Finally, omit the date if evident from the regulations serial number. Example Sec. and Exchange Commn (hereinafter SEC) Memo. Circ. No. 2 (2002). Rev. Regs. 19-93, 4. 2. For Executive Orders, Proclamation Orders, Administrative Orders, Letter of Instructions and General Orders, this format may be uniformly used: <reference> <number> (year).11 You may indicate the short name with a comment. Examples Exec. Order No. 1 (2010). This creates the Philippine Truth Commission of 2010. Proc. No. 1017 (2006). This declares a State of National Emergency. Adm. Order No. 208 (1996). This adopts a National ID System. 3. For Opinions of executive offices, cite using this form: <Type of opinion or the issuing agency>, <number> (date). Example Op. of the Sec. of Justice 12 (March 9, 2010). d. Ordinances
1. To cite provincial, city and municipal ordinances, use the form: <provincial, city, municipal Unit>, <serial number of ordinance>, <date of adoption>. You may indicate the short name of the ordinance, if any.

Example Cebu City Ordinance 2241, June 23, 2010. This is the Comprehensive AntiSmoking Ordinance of Cebu City. e. Rules of Court
11

Id. at 18-19

1. Although not a statute, the Rules of Court are cited in the same way a codified law is, except one uses Rule instead of art. Use Rules of Court, Rule <number>. Example Rules of Court, Rule 111, 1(a). 2. To refer to rules no longer in force, add the year after Rules of Court. Example Rules of Court (1940), Rule 41, 3. f. Treaties 1. For conventions and multilateral treaties, use the form <name>, <date of signing>, <cited article>, <reporter citation or document>. One may add the date of entry into force or ratification in a comment after the citation. Example 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Jul. 9, 1992, preamble, 31 I.L.M. 849. 2. 2 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994, available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04wto.doc.For bilateral treaties, add the two countries abbreviations and connect these with a dash, using the form <name>, <date of signing>, <country-country>, <cited article>, <reporter citation or document>. Note that RP or Republic of the Philippines is not the commonly-used abbreviation. Example Convention with Respect to Income, Oct. 1, 1976, Phil.-U.S., art. 8, 1-2, available at http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-trty/philip.pdf. g. Constitution and Statute Short Forms 1. Do not use id. or supra as short forms for constitutions or statutes. For consecutive footnotes, you may use the section or article reference alone after the first, without the reference to the statute, adapting the short form for the United States Code. Note that because United States law is primarily cited using codified versions, Philippine statute citations are relatively shorter. Example 1 Rep. Act. No. 9995, 2 (2009). This is the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009. 2 23-24.

28.

2. For nonconsecutive footnotes referring to a statute after the first reference, it is permissible to use section or article references alone if the reference is on the same page or within roughly five footnotes of the full citation. However, if this short form appears confusing, especially because of section references to other sources, use the statute or bill reference with the section or article reference, and omit the other data. Example 1 H. No. 4244, 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 4 (2011). This is the Reproductive Health Bill of 2010.
2 3

3-4. 5. 4 Kim Tan, Miriam asks Catholic Church to stop opposing the RH Bill, GMANews Online, August 1, 2011, available at http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/228046/news/nation/miria m-asks-catholic-church-to-stop-opposing-rh-bill 5 6. 6 Const. art. II, 13. 7 S. No. 437, 8-10. 3. One may opt to use a short name, indicated by a parenthetical (hereinafter <name>) before the section reference in the first fill statute reference. Use the same short forms, but use the indicated short name in place of the statute or bill reference. Example 1 H. No. 4244, 15th Cong., 1st Sess. (hereinafter Reproductive Health Bill), 4 (2011). 2 3-4. 3 5. 4 Kim Tan, Miriam asks Catholic Church to stop opposing the RH Bill, GMANews Online, August 1, 2011, available at http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/228046/news/nation/miria m-asks-catholic-church-to-stop-opposing-rh-bill 5 6. 6 Const. art. II, 13. 7 Reproductive Health Bill, 8-10. II. Secondary Sources A. Books, Pamphlets and Other Nonperiodicals 1. Books, pamphlets, formal reports, and other nonperiodical materials of substantial length are distinguished from other sources and formatted in

Small Caps. Use the form <volume number> <Author> <Title> <page number> (year published). Example Antonio Nachura, Outline Reviwer in Political Law 442-43 (2002). II Arturo Tolentino, Civil Code of the Philippines 30 (1992). Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged 382 (1957). 2. If an author is credited with the work but wrote it on behalf of an institution, specify this institution after the authors name; otherwise, specify the institution as the author. If a work is part of a series, include the series number as part of the title. 3. If a source has multiple editions, specify the edition by adding the notation ed. in parentheses with the year, using no comma. Example Joaquin Bernas, S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines: A Commentary 812 (2003 ed.). John Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law, 2290 (McNaughton rev. ed. 1961). 4. If a source has an editor, editors, or a translator, specify these with the notation ed., eds., and trans., respectively. Example Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (Samuel Moore trans., Friedrich Engels ed., 1888) (1848). The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (Columbia Law Review Assn et al. eds., 17th ed. 2000). 5. When referring to a copy with different pagination such as a later publication by another publisher, specify the edition or publisher information in another parenthetical before the year as follows: Example Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government 94 (Benj. Tucker trans., 1890) (1840). Alexandre Dumas, The Three Musketeers 219 (Signet Classic, 1991) (1844). 6. Generally, except for the Bible, ignore Bluebook special citation forms such as those for The Federalist.12 These are not as commonly used in the Philippines, and they do not facilitate the citation of specific pages, anyway.

12

BLUEBOOK, supra note 1, Rule 15.7, at 113-14.

7. When referring to a short work in a collection, use the form <author>, <title>, in <Title of Collection> <page number> (year published). If the collection features the work of only one author, format his name in Small Caps. In exceptional cases where books are compiled in a collection, format both the authors name and the title in Small Caps. One may specify the publisher of the compilation if it helps identify the collection. Example 1 Martha Johnson, Research on Traditional Environmental Knowledge: Its Development and Its Role, in Lore: Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge 7-8 (Martha Johnson ed., 1992). 2 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, in Essential Works of John Stuart Mill 263 (Max Lerner ed., 1961). 3 Charles De Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, in 38 Great Books of the Western World 70 (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Maynard Hutchins ed., 1982). B. Journals and Consecutively-Paginated Periodicals 1. Academic journals are among the most commonly-cited secondary sources in academic writing. Use the form <author>, <title of article>, <volume number> <Journal Abbreviation> <first page of article>, <specific page number> (year published). Example Samuel Warren & Louis Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1890). Bartolome Carale, Criminal Adultery and Fornication in the Philippines: A Re-Examination, 45 Phil. L.J. 344, 346-47 (1970). 2. Note that only the journal abbreviation is in Small Caps. These abbreviations need not be memorized, and are created using standard geographic and commonly-used abbreviations. Thus, for example, the Philippine Law Journal is Phil. L.J. Only a handful of institutions enjoy special abbreviations such as Harvard (Harv.) and Columbia (Colum.). 3. When the journal uses the year as its volume number, omit the year in parentheses. Example Linda Lacey, Of Bread and Roses and Copyrights, 1989 Duke L.J. 1532, 1536-37. 4. When the article is prefixed by a description such as Note, Comment, or Essay, place this before the title but do not italicize. Example

Edson Eufemio, Comment, The Estate Planning Process in the Philippine Context: Substantive and Procedural Issues in Protecting the Rights of the Estate Owner, 79 Phil. L.J. 834 (2004). Note, Incompetency to Stand Trial, 81 Harv. L. Rev. 454, 459 (1967). 5. Incidentally, a Note refers to a student article. In the Philippines, however, the practice has been to publish these as full articles, because very few lengthier, comprehensive articles are written. Thus, in practice, a Note refers to a shorter student piece while a Comment refers to a shorter piece by an author who is not a student. C. Magazines and Ordinary Periodicals 1. These periodicals differ in that they are commonly referred to by date and not by volume number. Use the form <author>, <title of article>, <Periodical Abbreviation>, <inclusive dates>, at <first page of article>, <specific page number>. Example Maggie Keresey, Get a Better Body Image, Teen, Nov. 1997, at 59, 60. D. Newspapers and Daily Publications 1. Use the form <author>, <title of article>, <Newspaper Abbreviation (geographic indicator)>, <date>, at <specific page number>. If the newspapers title does not reveal its country of publication, specify this in parentheses. For example, Today (Phil.). Example Christine Avendano et al., Poe camp cries foul over joint committee, Phil. Daily Inquirer, Jun. 1, 2004, at A14. Paolo Romero, Opposition to question up to 25 COCs, Phil. Star, Jun. 2, 2004, at 1. 2. For opinion columns and other running pieces, add the title of the column before the title of the article, but separate these using a colon instead of a comma. Example Raul Pangalangan, Passion for Reason: Bush vs. Gore, Philippine Version?, Phil. Daily Inquirer, Jun. 4, 2004, 8, available at http://www.inq7.net/opi/2004/jun/04/text/opi_rpangalangan-1p.htm. E. Documents and Letters 1. This is a last, catch-all category for miscellaneous sources. If referring to a document that is formally catalogued such as United Nations Documents, use the form <author>, <title>, at <specific page number>, <designation> (date).

Example International Decade of the Worlds Indigenous People, U.N. Doc. A/RES/49/214 (1994). World Trade Organization, Elements of the Obligation to Disclose the Source and Country of Origin of Biological Resource and/or Traditional Knowledge Used in an Invention, WTO Doc. IP/C/W/429, at 2, 3 (Sep. 21, 2004). 2. Otherwise, use the simpler form <author>, <title>, at <specific page number> (date), but one is advised to note where the document is located. This is often used for unpublished papers. For academic works such as theses, however, specify the institution and relevant degree. Example 1 Ellanmark Pailan, How to Find Love in Friendster.com (Jun. 21, 2004) (unpublished manuscript on file with the author). 2 Oscar Franklin Tan, Intra-Industry Trade: A Game Without Losers (Mar. 2001) (unpublished thesis for A.B. Economics Honors, Ateneo de Manila Unviersity, on file with the Ateneo de Manila Department of Economics). 3. Use the same form for letters, interviews, speeches, and the like, but prefix them with descriptive phrases such as Letter from to, Interview with and Speech delivered. When applicable, specify the venue or the occasion. Example 1 Jovito Salonga, Speech delivered at the Philippine Law Journals 90th Anniversary, Malcolm Hall, University of the Philippines (Sep. 14, 2004). 2 Letter to Tench Coxe (Mar. 28, 1790), in 13 The Papers of James Madison 128 (Charles Hobson et. al. eds, 1981). F. Internet Sources 1. Cite Internet sources the same way one would a similar conventional sources (for example, online versions of books are cited using Small Caps), but add a comma and then at <URL> if the source is found exclusively on the Internet, or available at <URL> if the source is an Internet copy of a conventional source. The URL citation may replace a reporter citation, or may be cited in addition to a conventional citation. Example Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law 207 (1881), available at http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/cmnlw10.txt.

2. If an Internet source is undated, add the last date the website was updated or modified in parenthesis. If this information is not available, indicate when the website was last checked. Example National Statistical Coordination Board, List of Municipalities, 1, at http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listmun.asp (last modified Jul. 2004). www.gov.ph, About the Philippines, 5 at http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp (last visited Aug. 30, 2004). 3. If a web page has no equivalent conventional source, it is easily cited using <author>, <title of page>, at <URL>. Example Supreme Court of the Philippines, A Brief History of the Supreme Court, at http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/history.htm (last visited Nov. 10, 2004). III. International Documents IV. Foreign Materials A. Court Decisions 1. Because even electronic copies of American and other foreign decisions follow reporter citations, simply use the form <last name of first party> v. <last name of first opposing party>, <reporter volume> <reporter abbreviation> <first page of decision in reporter>, <specific page number in reporter>, <year of decision>. There is no need to specify the docket number unless the case is recent and has not yet been published. Example Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962). 2. Lower court rulings commonly specify the court before the year. Example Blumenthal v. Drudge, 186 F.R.D. 236 (D.D.C. 1999). In re Santa Fe International Corp., 272 F.3d 705, 708 (5th Cir. 2001). 3. Refer to the Bluebook for other forms such as those specifying old American reporters. Consider these optional, however, and avoid using multiple reporters and lengthening the citation by noting, for example,

how certiorari was denied. Such detail is of lesser use to non-American readers. Example Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 176 (1803). McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, 407 (1819) (Marshall, C.J.). 4. When a reporter citation form already uses the year as the volume number, omit the year from the citation. If the full date is necessary, merely omit the year. Example Bellinger v. Bellinger, 2003 UKHL 21, 46. Here, the House of Lords. 5. For international decisions and arbitrations, omit prefixes such as Case Concerning. Add a parenthetical (<country abbreviation> v. <country abbreviation>) after the case name, unless the decision is an advisory opinion. Note that the full date is specified in these citations. Example Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986 I.C.J. 14, 142, 149 (Jun. 27). Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 35 I.L.M. 809 (Jul. 8, 1996). C. Statutory Materials D. Secondary Materials

PART III: TABLES OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

Table 1: Commonly-Used Abbreviations Academic Accounting Accountant Accountancy Administrativ e Administratio n Advocate Advocacy Annual Appellate Arbitration Arbitrator Atomic Attorney Bankruptcy Bar Behavior Behavioral Bulletin Business Catholic Children Chronicle Civil College Commentary Commercial Communicati on Comparative Conference Congressiona l Acad. Acct. Acct. Acct. Admin. Admin. Advoc. Advoc. Ann. App. Arb. Arb. Atom. Atty Bankr. B. Behav. Behav. Bull. Bus. Cath. Child. Chron. Civ. C. Comment. Comml Comm. Comp. Conf. Cong. Finance Financial Fornightly Foundation General Government Hispanic Historical History Hospital Human Immigration Independent Industrial Information Injury Institute Insurance Intellectual Interdiscipli nary Interest Internationa l Journal Judicial Magazine Justice Juvenile Labor Law Lawyer Legislative Fin. Fin. Fort. Found. Gen. Govt Hisp. Hist. Hist. Hosp. Hum. Immigr. Indep. Indus. Info. Inj. Inst. Ins. Intell. Interdisc. Int. Intl J. Jud. Mag. Just. Juv. Lab. L. Law. Legis. Politics Practical Practice Practitioner Probate Proceedings Procedure Profession Professional Property Psychology Public Quarterly Record Referees Register Regulation Regulatory Relations Reproduction Reproductive Research Reserve Resolution Responsibilit y Review Rights School Science Section Securities Pol. Prac. Prac. Prac. Prob. Proc. Proc. Prof. Prof. Prop. Psychol. Pub. Q. Rec. Ref. Reg. Reg. Reg. Rel. Reprod. Reprod. Res. Res. Resol. Resp. Rev. Rts. Sch. Sci. Sec. Sec.

Constitution Constitutiona l Contemporar y Contract Counsel Counselor Criminal Court Defense Department Development Digest Diplomacy Dispute East Eastern Economics Economy Education Employment English Entertainme nt Environment Environment al Estate Family Federal Federation

Const. Const. Contemp. Cont. Couns. Couns. Crim. Ct. Def. Dept Dev. Dig. Dipl. Disp. E. E. Econ. Econ. Educ. Emp. Eng. Ent. Envt Envtl Est. Fam. Fed. Fedn

Legislation Librarian Library Litigation Local Managemen t Maritime Medical Medicine Military Mineral Municipal National Natural Negligence Newsletter North Northern Order Organizatio n Pacific Patent Personal Perspective Philosophica l Philosophy Policy Political

Legis. Libr. Libr. Litig. Loc. Mgmt. Mar. Med. Med. Mil. Min. Mun. Natl Nat. Negl. Newsl. N. N. Ord. Org. Pac. Pat. Pers. Persp. Philo. Philo. Poly Pol.

Social Society Solicitor South Southern State Statistic Statistical Studies Survey Symposium System Taxation Teacher Technology Telecommuni cation Transational Transporatio n Tribunal Trial University Urban Utilities Week Weekly West Western Yearbook

Soc. Socy Solic. S. S. St. Stat. Stat. Stud. Surv. Symp. Sys. Taxn Tchr. Tech. Telecom m. Transnat l Transp. Trib. Tr. U. Urb. Util. Wk. Wkly. W. W. Y.B.

Table 2: Agencies and Instrumentalities of the Government Table 3: Months January February Jan. Feb.

March April May June July August September October November December

Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Table 4: Judges and Officials Administrative Law Judge Arbitrator Assembly[man, woman] Attorney General Baron Chancellor Chief Baron Chief Judge, Chief Justice Commissioner Delegate Judge, Justice Judges, Justices Lord Justice Magistrate Master of Rolls Mediator Referee Representative Senator Vice Chancellor A.L.J Arb. Assemb. Atty Gen. B. C. C.B. C.J. Commr Del. J. JJ. L.J. Mag. M.R. Med. Ref. Rep. Sen. V.C

Table 5: Country and Region Abbreviations Afghanistan Afg. Africa Albania Algeria Afr. Alb. Alg. Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Colom. Comoros Congo Costa Rica GuineaBissau Guyana Haiti Honduras GuineaBissau Guy. Haiti Hond.

Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia & Herzogovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China,

Andorra Angl. Anguilla Ant. & Barb. Arg.

Cote dIvoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus

Cote dIvoire Croat. Cuba Cyprus Czech Rep. Den. Djib. Dominica Dom. Rep. Ecuador Egypt El Dal. Eng. Eq. Guinea Eri. Est. Eth. Eur. Falklang Is. Fiji Fin. Fr. Gabon Gam. Geor. F.R.G. Ghana Gib. Gr. Brit. Greece Green. Gren. Guad. Guat. Guinea Niger

Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, North Korea, South Kuwait Kyrgzystan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstei n Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta

H.K. Hung. Ice. Indon. Iran Iraq Ir. Isr. Italy Jam. Japan Jordan Kaz. Kenya Kiribati N. Korea S. Korea Kuwait Kyrg. Laos Lat. Leb. Lesotho Liber. Libya Leich. Lith. Lux. Mac. Maced. Madag. Malawi Malay. Maldives Mali Malta

Czech Republic Arm. Denmark Austl. Djibouti Aus. Dominica Azer. Dominican Republic Bah. Ecuador Bahr. Egypt Bangl. El Salvador Barb. England Belr. Equatorial Guinea Belg. Eritrea Belize Estonia Benin Ethiopia Berm. Europe Bhutan Falkland Islands Bol. Fiji Bosn & Herz. Finland Bots. Braz. Brunei Bulg. Burk. Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Can. Cape Verde Cayman Is. Cent. Afr. Rep. Chad Chile P.R.C. France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany, Federal Ghana Gibraltar Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guadalupe Guatamala Guinea Niger

Peoples Republic of Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montserrat Morocco

Marsh. Is. Mart. Mauritania Mauritius Mex. Micr. Mold. Monaco Mong. Montserrat Morocco

Nigeria Northern Ireland Norwawy Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Portugal Qatar Reunion Romania

Nig. N. Ir.

South Africa S. Ar. S. Am. Sudan Surin. Swaz. Swed. Switz. Syria Tunis. Turk. Turkm. Tuvalu Uganda W. Samoa Yemen Zambia Zimb.

Mozambique Mozam. Myanmar Myan. Namibia Namib. Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nauru Nepal Neth. N.Z. Nicar.

South America Nor. Sudan Oman Suriname Pak. Swaziland Palau Sweden Pan. Switzerland Port. Syria Qatar Tunisia Reunion Turkey Rom. Turkmenista n Russia Russ. Tuvalu Rwanda Rwanda Uganda Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Western Samoa Singapore Sing. Yemen Slovakia Slovk. Zambia Slovenia Slovn. Zimbabwe Solomon Solom. Is. Islands Somalia Somal.

Table 6: Periodicals ABA Journal Academ[ic, y] Account [ant, ants, ing, ancy] Adelaide Law Review Administrat[ive, or, ion] Administrative Law Journal Administrative Law Journal of American University Administrative Law Review Advoca[te, cy] Affairs Africa[n] African-American Law & Policy Report Agricultur[e, al] Air Air Force Law Review A.B.A. J. Acad. Acct. Adel. L. Rev. Admin. Admin. L.J. Admin. L.J. Am. U. Admin. L. Rev. Advoc. Aff. Afr. Afr.-Am. L. & Pol'y Rep. Agric. Air A. F. L. Rev.

Akron Law Review Akron Tax Journal Alabama Law Review Alaska Law Review Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology Albany Law Review America [n, s] American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review American Bankruptcy Law Journal American Bar Association American Bar Foundation Research Journal American Business Law Journal American Criminal Law Review American Indian Law Review American Intellectual Property Law Association Quarterly Journal American Journal of Comparative Law American Journal of Criminal Law American Journal of International Arbitration American Journal of International Law American Journal of Jurisprudence American Journal of Law & Medicine American Journal of Legal History American Journal of Trial Advocacy American Law Institute American Law Reports American Review of International Arbitration American University International Law Review American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law American University Law Review Animal Law Annals Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Annals of Health Law Annual Annual Review of Banking and Financial Law Annual Review of Banking Law Annual Survey of American Law Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law Antitrust Appellate Arbitrat [ion, ors] Arizona Journal of International and Comparative

Akron L. Rev. Akron Tax J. Ala. L. Rev. Alaska L. Rev. Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. Alb. L. Rev. Am. Am. Bankr. Inst. L. Rev. Am. Bankr. L.J. A. B. A. Am. B. Found. Res. J. Am. Bus. L. J. Am. Crim. L. Rev. Am. Indian L. Rev. AIPLA Q. J. Am. J. Comp. L. Am. J. Crim. L. Am. J. Intl Arb. Am. J. Intl L. Am. J. Juris Am. J.L. & Med. Am. J. Legal Hist. Am. J. Trial Advoc. A.L.I A.L.R Am. Rev. Int'l Arb. Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. Am. U. J. Gender & Soc. Pol'y & L. Am. U. L. Rev. Animal L. Annals Annals Am. Acad. Pol. & Soc. Sci. Annals Health L. Ann. Ann. Rev. Banking & Fin. L. Ann. Rev. Banking L. Ann. Surv. Am. L. Ann. Surv. Int'l & Comp. L. Antitrust App. Arb. Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L.

Law Arizona Law Review Arizona State Law Journal Arkansas Law Review Army Lawyer Art[s] Asian Law Journal Asian Pacific American Law Journal Asian Pacific Law & Policy Journal Association Atomic Energy Law Journal Attorney[s] Auckland University Law Review Banking Law Journal Bankruptcy Bankruptcy Developments Journals Bar Baylor Law Review Behavior[al] Behavioral Sciences and the Law Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law Berkeley Journal of International Law Berkeley Technology Law Journal Berkeley Womenss Law Journal Black Law Journal Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review Boston College International and Comparative Law Review Boston College Law Review Boston College Third World Law Journal Boston University International Law Journal Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law Boston University Journal of Tax Law Boston University Law Review Boston University Public Interest Law Journal Brandeis Law Journal Briefcase Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal Brigham Young University Law Review British Brooklyn Journal of International Law Brooklyn Law Review Buffalo Criminal Law Review

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Fla. St. U. L. Rev. Fla. Tax Rev. Food & Drug L.J. Food Drug Cosm. L. J. Fordham Envtl. L. Rev. Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. Fordham Int'l L.J. Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L. Fordham L. Rev. Fordham Urb. L.J. F.B.I.S. Franchise L.J. Geo. Mason L. Rev. Geo. Mason U. Civ. Rts. L.J. Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. Geo. Wash. J. Intl L. & Econ. Geo. Wash. L. Rev. Geo. Immigr. L.J. Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. Geo. J. Gender & L. Geo. J. Int'l L. Geo. J. Legal Ethics Geo. J. on Poverty L. & Pol'y Geo. L.J. Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. Ga. L. Rev. Ga. St. U. L. Rev. Flendale L. Rev. Golden Gate U. L. Rev. Gonz. L. Rev. Govt Great Plains Nat. Resources J. Hamline J. Pub. L. & Pol'y Hamline L. Rev. Harv. BlackLetter L.J. Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. Harv. Hum. Rts. J. Harv. Int'l L.J. Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y Harv. J.L. & Tech.

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