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GENERATOR BASICS
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Generator Basics
Generator Structure
• Generator is a machine which converts
Mechanical energy to Electrical energy
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Generator Basics
Generator Structure
• emf induction is due to relative motion
between two parts ( coil & magnetic field)
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Generator Basics
Generator Structure
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Generator Basics
Generator components
• Prime Mover
• Rotor (Exciter)
• Stator
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Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
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Generator components- Rotors
Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
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Generator components- Generator Basics
Simplified schematic of 3 ph. Stator
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Generator Basics
-Rated Voltage
-Rated Frequency
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Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
Out-puts from a Generator - Frequency
• F = PN / 120 where
F = frequency in Hz
P = No. of poles
N = speed of rotation in RPM
• Nominal frequency = 50 Hz
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Generator Basics
Speed
Load
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Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
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Generator Basics
Typical Exciter
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Generator Basics
Neutral terminal
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Generator Basics
Neutral Grounding Resistors
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Generator Basics
Generator Impedance
X
Synchronous Reactance
Transient reactance
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
ϕ = 0o (360O) FORWARD RESISTIVE
Generator Behaviour
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Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
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Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
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Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
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Generator Basics
Generator Behaviour
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Generator Basics
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
TYPES OF GENERATORS
TURBO GENERATOR
DIESEL GENERATOR
HYDRO GENERATOR
WIND GENERATOR
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
PRIME MOVER
EXCITATION SYSTEM
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
GOVERNOR
COOLING SYSTEM
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FAULTS IN GENERATOR
EXTERNAL FAULTS
INTERNAL FAULTS
ROTOR EARTH FAULT
FAULTS RELATED TO SUB SYSTEMS
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EXTERNAL FAULTS
OVER LOADING
UNBALANCE LOADING
SHORT CIRCUIT
EARTH FAULT
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INTERNAL FAULTS
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ROTOR EARTH FAULT
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FAULTS RELATED TO SUB-SYSTEMS
UNDER VOLTAGE
OVER VOLTAGE
UNDER FREQUENCY
OVER FREQUENCY
REVERSE POWER
LOSS OF EXCITATION
LOW-FORWARD POWER
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
OUT OF STEP
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
EARTH FAULT (100%)
EARTH FAULT (95%)
GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
OVER EXCITATION (V/Hz)
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
11 kV GENERATOR PROTECTION
11000/110v
r 27 59 81
400/5 49 51V 46 40 32 37 64
400/5
87G
6.6 MW
G
400/5
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
I*/ [I>]
1.0
0.2
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
IMPEDANCE REPLICA OF
ANGLE α PHASE ANGLE
α = 360O - ϕ
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
ϕ
α
Z
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
ϕ = 0o (360O) FORWARD RESISTIVE
LOSS OF FIELD X
PROTECTION
Z
NORMAL
R
LOSS OF
FIELD
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
LOSS OF FIELD X
PROTECTION
Z
NORMAL
R
K1
LOSS OF
FIELD K2
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
STATOR EARTH FAULT
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
STATOR EARTH FAULT
0%
95 TO 100%
95%
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GENERATOR PROTECTION
INADVERTANT ENERGISATION
V/Hz PROTECTION
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LOAD SHARING OF GENERATORS
BC1 BC2
BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3
r r
r B1 r B2 r B3 PT3
PT1 PT2
L L L L
L L S S S S
S S - R R R R
R R CT3
CT1 CT2
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
r rr r
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
DG
OVER FREQ. RELAY PLANT
VECTOR SURGE RELAY LOADS
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SYNCHRONISATION OF GENERATORS
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SYNCHRONISING IS THE PROCESS OF
ELECTRICALLY CONNECTING
TWO AC POWER SOURCES WITH
ROTATING MACHINES
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SYNCHRONISATION
REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
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PARAMETERS GOVERNING
SYNCHRONISATION :
VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY
PHASE ANGLE
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SYNCHRONISING OF GENERATORS
COMMON BUS
r B1 r B2
PT1 PT2
SCM 21
G1 G2
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RESULTS OF INCORRECT SYNCHRONISATION
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REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
GRID INCOMER
TRANSFORMER
r rr r
DG
PLANT
LOADS
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
BASIC PROTECTIONS
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•REVERSE scsrex@gmail.com
GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
BASIC PROTECTIONS
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
AMF SCHEME
STARTING LOGIC
AUTO SYNCHRONISATION
- DEAD BUS SYNCHRONISATION (FIRST MACHINE)
PT SWITCHING LOGIC
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
MAINS FAILURE
DETECTION
I/C TRIP &
STARTING LOGIC
3 ATTEMPT
STARTERS
PT SWITCHING
LOGIC
AUTO SYNCH. OF
GENERATORS
CUT IN – CUT OUT
LOGIC
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
OPERATOR’S LIMITATIONS
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GENERATORS ON COMMON BUS – AUTO LOAD SHARING SCHEME
BC1 BC2
BUS-1 BUS-2 BUS-3
r r
r B1 r B2 r B3 PT3
PT1 PT2
L L L L
L L S S S S
S S - R R R R
R R CT3
CT1 CT2
G1 STOPS DUE TO
BC1 MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
BUS-1 BUS-2
r B1 WILL NOT TRIP
r B1 r B2 G2 WILL FEED G1
PT1 PT2
RELAY RELAY
R1 - R2
CT1 CT2
G1 G2
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Fig. -2
GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
BUS-1 REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
r PT1 SOURCE
L L
S S
R R
CT1
G1 PULSES FOR
GOVERNOR &
EXCITER
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Fig. -3
GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
GRID FAILURE
GRID FAULT
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
r rr r
dF/dT RELAY
UNDER FREQ. RELAY
DG
OVER FREQ. RELAY PLANT
VECTOR SURGE RELAY LOADS
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
LOAD SHEDDING
- FREQUENCY BASED
- POWER BASED
LOAD SHADING
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GENERATORS IN PARALLEL
REVERSE SYNCHRONISATION
AUTO SYNCHRONISING
LOCATION OF SYNCHRONISING
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THANK YOU
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