Fundamentals of Coating

Chapter 10
Coating
OVERVIEW
Diiic:c:t :csi: ;also callcc ol,uc: a:c lastic, coati:g s,stcus |avc wiccs:cac i:cust:ial a:c
couuc:cial alicatio:s. I|c, ca: |c alicc |, ci:cct co:tact oi a liquic coati:g wit| t|c su|st:atc
to ccositio: usi:g a: atouizatio: :occss. Di:cct uct|ocs i:clucc |:us|i:g, :ollc: coati:g, ci
i:g, ilow coati:g, a:c clcct:occositio:. Dcositio: uct|ocs i:clucc co:vc:tio:al s:a,, ai:lcss
s:a,, |ot s:a,, a:c clcct:ostatic s:a,. lxt:usio: coati:g is o:c oi t|c :i:cial uct|ocs ;c|a
tc: .,. oati:g via calc:cc:s is a:ot|c: iuo:ta:t uct|oc ;c|atc: -,. oati:gs a:c alicc i:
uolcs cu:i:g i:|cctio: uolci:g ;c|atc: +,. I|c:c is iilu coati:g alicc cu:i:g t|c:uoio:ui:g
;c|atc: , +,. t|c: ia|:icati:g :occsscs i:co:o:atc coati:gs.
oati:g :csi:s a:c uscc io: coati:g uatc:ials i: :acticall, all t|c ua:|cts t|at i:clucc clcct:ic
clcct:o:ic, ac|agi:g, |uilci:g, |ousc|olc a:c i:cust:ial alia:ccs, t:a:so:tatio:, ua:i:c, ucci
cal, a:c clot|i:g ;c|atc: !0,. o:ti:ual co:suuc: ccua:cs io: uo:c att:activc a:c st,lcc ac|agcs
|avc causcc lastic uatc:ial sulic:s to ccvclo :cw coati:gs wit| |ig| ccco:ativc a:c visual acal.
clcctio: oi t|c lastic to |c uscc usuall, ccc:cs o: ccco:ativc a:c c:vi:o:uc:tal :cqui:cuc:ts.
oatcc co:tai:c:s i:clucc |cc: ca:s, liquic co:tai:i:g ta:|s, a:c clcct:o:ics ac|agcs.
kcsi: coati:gs a:c uscc cxtc:sivcl, io: co::osio: :otcctio: oi uctals i: ciiic:c:t c:vi:o:
uc:ts suc| as i:sicc a:c outsicc oi |uilci:gs, c|cuical la:ts, ua:i:c :ocucts, a:c so o:. kcsicual
st:csscs ca: |c :csc:t i: t|csc coati:gs. lo: cxaulc, solvc:t loss a:c, i: t|c casc oi t|c:uoscts
;Is,, t|c cu:i:g :occss, causcs s|:i:|agc oi t|c coati:g. W|c: it is alicc to a stiii su|st:atc, t|c
s|:i:|agc i: t|c la:c oi t|c coati:g is :csistcc a:c |iaxial tc:silc :csicual st:csscs io:u. li alica
tio: oi t|c coati:g is uacc at a tcuc:atu:c ciiic:c:t i:ou t|c su|scquc:t sc:vicc tcuc:atu:c,
t|c:c will |c iu:t|c: :csicual st:csscs t|at :csult i:ou ciiic:c:tial t|c:ual cxa:sio: oi t|c coati:g
a:c su|st:atc ;c|atc: !1,.
2 Plastics Technology HandbookVolume 2
kcsi:s co:ti:uc to |c t|c |ac||o:c i: t|c coati:g i:cust:, |ccausc aluost all coati:gs a:c cou
oscc oi :csi: uatc:ials. I|c uost wiccl, uscc a:c |ascc o: ol,ct|,lc:cs, ol,:o,lc:cs, vi:,ls,
al|,cs, ac:,lics, u:ca uclaui:c, st,:c:cs, coxics, |c:olics, iluo:olastics, a:c silico:cs ;c|atc:
!,. I|c :csi:s a:c uscc alo:c o: a:c c:oss |lc:ccc wit| ot|c: :csi:s. Ia|lc 10.1 lists ciiic:c:t coat
i:gs t|at i:clucc t|osc i: solvc:t s,stcus o: t|osc wit| cc:tai: :csi:s, suc| as vi:,l i: ciiic:c:t
io:us oi o:ga:ic uccia cisc:sio:s. I|csc |ig|c: solics co:tc:t cisc:sio:s ca: |c i: :o:volatilc
;lastisol, susc:sio: o: i: volatilc ;o:ga:osol, susc:sio: ;c|atc: 1o,. Ia|lc 10.! :cvicws coati:g
couou:cs wit| alicatio:s t|at a:c uai:l, uscc i: lu:oc.
I|c al|,cs a:c uscc uai:l, ;|ut cxtc:sivcl,, i: coati:gs. I|ci: casc oi alicatio: a:c low cost
ua|cs t|cu usciul. lox, s,stcus co:ti:uc to ii:c uo:c alicatio:s |ccausc t|c, |avc i:|c:c:tl,
ccsi:a|lc c|a:actc:istics suc| as t|c casc wit| w|ic| t|c, ac|c:c to a su|st:atc. lluo:oca:|o:s ca:
|c vacuuu ccositcc o: va:ious uctals a:c lastics co:tai:c:s, w|ic| :oviccs t|c cxcctcc c:vi
:o:uc:tal :csista:ccs, suc| as to watc: a:c salt s:a,. I|c ol,auiccs a:c uscc to :otcct uctal
co:tai:c:s i:ou wcat|c:i:g a:c c|cuical co::osio:. I|c silico:cs a:c co:sicc:cc io: usc w|c: |cat
:csista:cc is a:t oi t|c coati:g :cqui:cuc:t. u:ct|a:c coati:gs a:c gc:c:all, |a|cc so to :ovicc
uaxiuuu :otcctio: i: suc| alicatio:s as clcct:ical o: outcoo: usc ac|agcs. l:oc:tics oi t|c
ciiic:c:t lastics a:c :cvicwcc i: c|atc: !.
I|c vi:,ls aca: to |c i: a class oi t|ci: ow:, |ccausc t|c, ca: |c alicc |, ua:, ciiic:c:t
tcc|:iqucs to uctal a:c ot|c: a:ts |cio:c ia|:icatio: i:to va:ious s|acs. I|c, a:c toug|, ilcxi|lc,
low i: cost, a:c :csista:t to :o:ual c:vi:o:uc:ts. I|c, also :ovicc gooc ac|csio:.
lucl :csista:t coati:gs a:c uscc to |cl t|c |a:cli:g oi gasoli:c a:c iucl oil i: lastic o: stccl
ta:|s. oati:g s,stcus culo,cc i: t|c ast wc:c o:l, a:tiall, succcssiul i: :otccti:g t|c stccl
i:tc:io: oi t|c ta:|s. I|c, oitc: c:ac|cc, cclcc, o: soitc:cc a:c t|us cxoscc t|c stccl to co::o
sio:. lxccllc:t coati:gs |avc :ow |cc: ccvclocc a:c uscc succcssiull,.
G:owt| |as |cc: stcac, a:c :clia|lc, so t|at :atio:al a:c cco:ouic coati:g :ocuctio: is :o
lo:gc: :cga:ccc, as was t|c casc u:til :clativcl, :ccc:tl,, as a: a:t o: c:ait |ascc solcl, o: cui:ical
:csults. lo: cxaulc, coati:gs a:c |ci:g alicc to lastic a:c uctal co:tai:c:s to :ovicc iu:ovc
uc:ts i: aca:a:cc, :csista:cc to c:vi:o:uc:tal |:ca|cow:, a:c cas, |a:cli:g.
kcsi:s a:c culo,cc i: t|c ua:uiactu:c oi a la:gc :uu|c: oi coati:g couou:cs t|at a:c uscc
to covc: t|c su:iaccs oi ua:, uatc:ials i:ou ac: to uctal to co:c:ctc. \a:, lastics a:c uscc as
coati:g uatc:ials, i:cluci:g ai:ts, va::is|cs, c:aucls, a:c uatc:ials oi va:ious :csi: coati:g cou
ositio:s t|at a:c alicc to ia|:ics, ac:, lastic, ca:c|oa:c, lcat|c:, uctal, a:c wooc. As |as |cc:
:otcc, t|c:c a:c a :uu|c: oi uct|ocs oi al,i:g lastic coati:gs, i:cluci:g t|c ua|o: :occsscs
suc| as cxt:usio: a:c i:|cctio: uolci:g. W|c: t|c, a:c i: a liquic o: latcx io:u, suc| as i: ai:t o:
ac|csivcs, t|c, ua, |c alicc |, |:us|i:g, s:a,i:g, cii:g, a:c so o:. l: coati:g oc:atio:s, t|c
|asc uatc:ial, suc| as ac:, is :u: t|:oug| a uac|i:c t|at uclts solic lastic g:a:ulcs a:c s:cacs
t|cu cvc:l, ac:oss t|c su:iacc oi t|c |asc uatc:ial. As t|c |ot lastic cools, it |ccoucs |o:ccc, li|c
a: ac|csivc, to its |asc.
I|c :ocucts oi t|c coati:g i:cust:, a:c cssc:tial io: t|c :otcctio: a:c ccco:atio: oi t|c
ua|o:it, oi ua:uiactu:cc goocs a:c a:c|itcctu:al o: i:cust:ial st:uctu:cs t|at c|a:actc:izc ou:
Coating 3
TabIe 10.1 Examples of dIfferent coatIng materIals
TabIe 10.1 Examples of dIfferent coatIng materIals FRQWLQXHG
Coating 5
TabIe 10.1 Examples of dIfferent coatIng materIals FRQWLQXHG
coulcx uatc:ial civilizatio:. I|c :otcctivc iu:ctio: i:cluccs :csista:cc to ai:, watc:, o:ga:ic
liquics, a:c agg:cssivc c|cuicals suc| as acics a:c al|alis, togct|c: wit| iu:ovcc suc:iicial
ucc|a:ical :oc:tics suc| as g:catc: |a:c:css a:c a|:asio: :csista:cc. I|c ccco:ativc ciicct ua,
|c o|tai:cc t|:oug| colo:, gloss, o: tcxtu:c o: cou|i:atio:s oi t|csc :oc:tics.
l: t|c casc oi ua:, su:iaccs suc| as walls o: iloo:s, o: o||ccts suc| as i:tc:io: iitti:gs, iu::itu:c
a:c ot|c: a:ticlcs, t|c su:iacc coati:g ca: iuliill |,gic:ic :cqui:cuc:ts. I|c su:iacc s|oulc :ot |c
:o:c to collcct ci:t, |actc:ia, a:c ot|c: iuu:itics. lt s|oulc |c cas, to clca: wit| couuo: clca:
i:g agc:ts. l: cc:tai: cascs sccial qualitics a:c :cqui:cc oi t|c su:iacc coati:g. lo: cxaulc, sccial
TabIe 10.2 mportant coatIng compounds and applIcatIons
Coating 7
TabIe 10.2 mportant coatIng compounds and applIcatIons FRQWLQXHG
qualitics a:c :ccccc i: :oac ua:|i:g ai:ts, saict, ua:|i:g ai:ts, ai:ts uscc i: iacto:ics, a:c
ai:ts t|at :c:cc: a su:iacc cit|c: a gooc o: a oo: co:cucto: oi clcct:icit,.
\ctals su:iaccs ua, |c coatcc to iu:ovc t|ci: wo:|a|ilit, i: ucc|a:ical :occssi:g. u|st:atcs
:otcctcc i:ou ciiic:c:t c:vi:o:uc:tal co:citio:s i:clucc t|c uctals ;stccl, zi:c, aluui:uu, a:c
coc:,, i:o:ga:ic uatc:ials ;lastc:, co:c:ctc, a:c as|cstos,, a:c o:ga:ic uatc:ials ;wooc, wall
|oa:c, wallac:, a:c lastics,. Diiic:c:t tcc|:ical ccvclouc:ts |avc occu::cc i: t|c coati:g
i:cust:,, w|ic| c:uit t|c usc oi a va:ict, oi :aw uatc:ials. lt is ossi|lc to io:uulatc su:iacc
coati:gs t|at a:c suita|lc io: cac| a:c cvc:, |i:c oi uatc:ial. l: ua:, cascs a :uu|c: oi ciiic:c:t
coati:g s,stcus ua, couc i:to co:sicc:atio: io: ai:ti:g a a:ticula: su|st:atc. l: aluost all cascs
a ai:ti:g :o|lcu ua, |c solvcc i: a va:ict, oi wa,s.
kcsi:s a:c culo,cc i: t|c ua:uiactu:c oi uost oi t|c coati:g couou:cs. A sig:iiica:t auou:t
oi all t|c :csi:s :ocuccc a:c co:suucc as coati:g uatc:ials i: t|c va:ious io:us. lascc o: t|c :cla
tivcl, low caital i:vcstuc:ts i: coati:g :ocuci:g la:ts, t|c :ctu:: o: i:vcstuc:t is cxccllc:t w|c:
coua:cc to t|at oi ot|c: i:cust:ics. :ct :oiit ua:gi:s co:ti:uc to |c i: t|c o oi salcs |:ac|ct. At
t|c :csc:t, :oiit io: t|c ua|o: t,c :ocucts |as |cc: :i:ciall, cuc to iu:ovcc la:t ua:uiactu:
i:g ciiicic:c,. Ioca,`s :ocuctio: is |, |atc| :occss, autouatio:, a:c uass :ocuctio: tcc|:iqucs,
ccc:ci:g o: t|c qua:tit, oi t|c :ocuct a:c t|c ua:uiactu:i:g lot`s sizc.
Different Coating Aspect
oati:g uatc:ials a:c coati:g tcc|:iqucs ca: |c cisti:guis|cc a:c s,stcuatizcc i: va:ious wa,s
;!+,. I|c iu:cauc:tal :i:cilcs oi couuo: coati:g s,stcus a:c
1. 3K\VLFDO GU\LQJ. A solic su:iacc iilu is io:ucc aitc: t|c cvao:atio: oi watc: o: o:ga:ic
solvc:ts.
!. 3K\VLFR FKHPLFDOGU\LQJFXULQJ. lol,co:cc:satio: o: ol,accitio: a:c cou|i:cc wit|
cvao:atio: oi o:ga:ic solvc:ts.
!. &KHPLFDO FXULQJ. olvc:ts, suc| as st,:c:c o: ac:,lic uo:ouc:s, :cact wit| t|c cu:i:g
s,stcu.
I|c actual ciiccts ccc:c o: t|c su::ou:ci:g co:citio:s a:c t|c coati:g s,stcu`s i:g:ccic:ts,
suc| as solvc:ts. olvc:ts co:t:i|utc ua:, cssc:tial :oc:tics to coati:g s,stcus. olvc:ts ca:
iu:ovc tcc|:ical iacto:s suc| as alicatio: o: su:iacc :oc:tics. I|c, also |:i:g :cgativc quali
tics to coati:g uatc:ials, cscciall, wit| :cscct to c:vi:o:uc:tal co:citio:s ;c.g., toxic ciiccts oi
cuittcc o:ga:ic solvc:ts,.
Icc|:ical alicatio: tcc|:iqucs io: coati:gs ca: |c co:sicc:cc i: va:ious wa,s. I|c sta|ilit,
a:c cu:a|ilit, oi coati:g is cssc:tial. oati:gs t|at |avc :o:ual wca: a:c tca: :cqui:cuc:ts a:c
|ascc uai:l, o: oils a:c alcc|,cc :csi:s. lig|c: cu:a|ilit, o: sta|ilit, ca: |c ac|icvcc |, t|c usc
oi o:c oi t|c iollowi:g o:c o: two couo:c:t s,stcus.
Coating 9
ouc cxaulcs oi o:c couo:c:t s,stcus a:c |ituui:ous uatc:ial, c|lo:i:atcc :u||c:, ol,vi:,l
c|lo:icc ;lV,, ol,ac:,lic :csi:, ol,ct|,lc:c, satu:atcc ol,cstc:, a:c ol,auicc. ouc cxaulcs oi
two couo:c:t s,stcus a:c cox, :csi:, ol,u:ct|a:c ;luk,, a:c uixtu:cs oi :cactivc :csi:s a:c ta:.
Ia|lc 10.! givcs a su:vc, oi t|c c:io:ua:cc oi ciiic:c:t coati:g uatc:ials a:c a: asscssuc:t
oi va:ious c:vi:o:uc:tal iacto:s.
I|c iollowi:g a:c cxaulcs oi a:c|itcctu:al co:c:ctc su:iacc coati:gs. Acco:ci:g to Dl: 10+.
;c|atc: !!, co:c:ctc uust |c :otcctcc agai:st agg:cssivc su|sta:ccs ii t|c c|cuical attac| is
scvc:c a:c lo:g tc:u. I|csc a:c t|c :cqui:cuc:ts.
TabIe 10.3 EnvIronmental performance of some coatIng materIals
1. Gooc ac|csio:
!. Watc::ooi a:c :csista:t to agg:cssivc su|sta:ccs a:c :csista:t to t|c al|ali:it, oi t|c
co:c:ctc
!. Dcio:ua|lc
Io :calizc t|csc :cqui:cuc:ts, tcc|:ical solutio:s suc| as su:iacc t:catuc:ts o: ai:t coati:gs
|ascc o: t|c:uolastic ;Il, su|sta:ccs ca: |c alicc.
l:otcctivc coati:gs |ascc o: :csi:s a:c uscc i: co:st:uctio: wit| a:c wit|out iillc:s a:c wit|
o: wit|out ii|c: :ci:io:ci:g uatc:ials ;c|atc: 1.,. I|c iollowi:g tcc|:iqucs a:c gc:c:all, uscc.
1. lilu io:ui:g ai:t coati:gs ;|:us|i:g, :olli:g, s:a,i:g,
!. oati:g ;iilli:g, ou:i:g,
Du:i:g alicatio:, t|c coati:g uatc:ials a:c :o:uall, liquic a:c su|scquc:tl, |a:cc: |, cva
o:atio: oi solvc:ts o: as a :csult oi c|cuical :cactio:s. I|c couuo: coati:g s,stcus io: co:c:ctc
a:c listcc i: Ia|lc 10.+. kcsi:s suc| as c|lo:i:atcc :u||c:s, st,:c:cs, a:c ac:,lics co:tai: :o:uall,
+0 wt to o0 wt solvc:ts a:c io:u a t|i: iilu. cvc:al coats uust |c alicc. kcactivc :csi:s ua,
:cqui:c littlc o: :o solvc:t.
Wct coati:gs io: uctals a:c listcc i: Ia|lc 10...
I|c c:,i:g :occss cocs :ot aiicct t|c c|cuical :oc:tics oi |i:cc:s ii coati:gs a:c oi |,si
call, c:,i:g t,c. Aitc: a solvc:t |as cvao:atcc, t|c :csi: uolcculcs |ccouc i:tc:ucs|cc, t|us
:ocuci:g t|c ccsi:cc coati:g :oc:tics.
l: co:t:ast to |,sical c:,i:g, |i:cc:s |ascc o: :cactivc :csi:s, suc| as cox, :csi:s, luks, o:
ol,cstc:s, co:sist oi two couo:c:ts. liquic :csi: a:c cu:i:g agc:t. I|c, a:c cit|c: uixcc s|o:tl,
|cio:c t|c coat is alicc o:, i: t|c casc oi a o:c couo:c:t s,stcu, alicc as a slowl, :cacti:g
uixtu:c. I|c sctti:g :cactio: occu:s at t|c su:iacc oi t|c coatcc uatc:ial. I|c ii:al :ocucts a:c
:o:uall, uo:c :csista:t a:c uo:c couact t|a: :ocucts |ascc o: |,sicall, c:,i:g |i:cc:s. l:c
t:catuc:t oi su|st:atc is uo:c c:itical io: alicatio:s w|c:c c|cuicall, |a:cc:i:g :ocucts a:c
alicc. oati:gs ca: |c uo:c o: lcss c:uca|lc to watc: vao: a:c ox,gc:. Dauagc to t|c uctal
su|st:atc ca: occu: ii watc: a:c ox,gc: :cac| t|c :cactivc su:iacc siuulta:cousl,. I|is is :o:uall,
iuossi|lc ii t|c coati:gs ac|c:c wcll a:c t|c coatcc su:iacc is co:ti:uous. I|c ac|csio: oi t|c
coati:g also :cvc:ts c:ct:atio: |, |a:uiul su|sta:ccs via ciiiusio: :occsscs. Acso:tio: a:c
c|cuical |o:cs c:|a:cc ac|csio:.
t|c: asccts oi solvc:ts co:tai:cc i: ai:t coati:gs a:c va::is|cs a:c availa|lc. I|c ua:|ct
oiic:s a wicc scct:uu oi coati:g s,stcus. lxaulcs oi couuo: i:cust:ial coati:g uatc:ials a:c
listcc i: Ia|lc 10.o a:c :clcva:t asccts co:cc::i:g alicatio: a:c c:vi:o:uc:tal o: |calt| :is|s
a:c also i:cluccc. Ia|lc 10. :oviccs cxaulcs oi :clcasc coati:g s,stcus.
Coating 11
TERM AND PERFORMANCE INTRODUCTION
oati:gs a:c gc:c:all, icc:tiiicc as ai:ts, va::is|cs, a:c lacquc:s. t|c: :ouc:clatu:c i:cluccs
c:aucls, |ot uclts, lastisols, o:ga:osols, watc: cuulsio: a:c solutio: ii:is|cs, :o:aqucous cis
c:sio:s, owc: coati:gs, uaso::, watc: :ccllc:ts, olis|cs, uag:ctic tac coati:gs a:c ovc:la,s,
a:c so o:. I|c:c a:c 100 :csi: coati:gs suc| as vi:,l coatcc ia|:ics o: luk iloo: covc:i:gs. I|c
uost oula: coati:gs, a:c t|c la:gcst usc: oi :csi:s, a:c ai:ts. Aluost all t|c |i:cc:s i: ai:ts,
va::is|cs, a:c lacquc:s a:c uacc u :i:ciall, oi :csi:s ;Ia|lc 10.1,.
As :cvicwcc i: c|atc: 1, i: t|c lastics i:cust:,, uatc:ials :cvicwcc i: t|is |oo| ca: |c icc:ti
iicc |, ciiic:c:t tc:us suc| as ol,uc:, lastic, :csi:, clastouc:, a:c :ci:io:ccc lastic ;kl,. I|c,
a:c soucw|at s,:o:,uous. lol,uc:s, t|c |asic i:g:ccic:ts i: uatc:ials, ca: |c ccii:cc as s,:t|ctic
o: :atu:al |ig| uolccula: wcig|t o:ga:ic c|cuical couou:cs. l:acticall, all oi t|csc ol,uc:s
TabIe 10.4 Survey of often used coatIng systems for concrete
TabIe 10.5 Wet coatIng materIals for metals
TabIe 10.6 Examples of coatIng materIals IncludIng those contaInIng solvents
Coating 13
TabIe 10.6 Examples of coatIng materIals IncludIng those contaInIng solvents FRQWLQXHG
a:c couou:ccc wit| ot|c: :ocucts ;accitivcs, iillc:s, :ci:io:ccuc:ts, ctc., to :ovicc ua:, cii
ic:c:t :oc:tics a:c :occssi:g caa|ilitics o: |ot|, coati:gs a:c a: iuo:ta:t cxaulc oi t|is |i:c
oi ol,uc:. I|us SODVWLFV is t|c co::cct tc:u to usc cxcct i: vc:, icw alicatio:s, w|c:c o:l, t|c
ol,uc: is uscc to ia|:icatc :ocucts. lowcvc:, i: t|c coati:gs i:cust:,, t|c tc:u UHVLQ, :ot SODVWLFV,
is t|c uo:c couuo:l, uscc tc:u.
I|c tc:u SDLQW is oitc: uscc :o:scciiicall, to covc: all t|c coati:g catcgo:ics as t|oug| t|c
tc:u was s,:o:,uous wit| coati:g, t|c tc:us a:c oitc: uscc i:tc:c|a:gca|l,. lai:t coati:gs co:
suuc |, ia: t|c la:gcst qua:tit, oi coati:g uatc:ials. lowcvc:, t|c ot|c: coati:g :occsscs a:c
iuo:ta:t a:c usciul. All t|csc su:iacc coati:gs :c:csc:t a la:gc scguc:t oi t|c lastic a:c c|cui
cal i:cust:ics.
Paint
lai:t co:sists oi t|:cc uai: couo:c:ts, :aucl,, t|c |i:cc: ;:csi:,, t|c iguc:t, a:c t|c solvc:t.
I|c iu:ctio: oi t|c |i:cc: is to :ovicc t|c io:ccs t|at |olc t|c iilu togct|c: ;co|csivc io:ccs, a:c
t|at |olc t|c iilu a:c t|c su|st:atc togct|c: ;ac|csivc io:ccs, !+,.
TabIe 10.7 TypIcal release coatIng systems and applIcatIons
Coating 15
I|c iguc:t is a ii:c owcc: w|osc iu:ctio: is to givc a coati:g its ccsi:cc colo: a:c |ici:g
:oc:tics. liguc:ts |avc a co:sicc:a|lc i:iluc:cc o: t|c co:sistc:c, oi t|c ai:t a:c i: tu:: o: its
alicatio: :oc:tics. liguc:ts a:c also oi iuo:ta:cc io: t|c :csista:cc oi t|c coati:g to cxtc::al
attac|, i: t|at t|c, a:c a:tiall, :cso:si|lc io: suc| :oc:tics as |a:cc:i:g a:c :csista:cc to a|:a
sio: a:c wcat|c:i:g.
I|c solvc:t is a volatilc liquic w|osc iu:ctio: is to cissolvc suc| |i:cc:s as woulc |c solic o:
scuisolic at :o:ual tcuc:atu:c. l: accitio: to t|csc t|:cc |asic couo:c:ts, uocc:: coati:gs
ua, co:tai: accitivcs oi va:ious |i:cs. lxaulcs a:c lasticizc:s, c:,c:s, wctti:g agc:ts, ilattc:i:g
agc:ts, a:c cuulsiiic:s o: ot|c: sta|ilizc:s.
I|c |i:cc: is t|c uost iuo:ta:t oi t|c t|:cc uai: couo:c:ts a:c is alwa,s :csc:t i: a
ua:uiactu:cc ai:t. lt usuall, :c:csc:ts +0 wt to .0 wt oi t|c ai:t. \a:, oi t|c :oc:tics
oi ai:ts a:c :clatcc :ocucts a:c cctc:ui:cc ci:cctl, |, t|c :atu:c oi t|c |i:cc:. lo: t|is :caso:
ai:ts a:c oitc: classiiicc, a:c ua, cvc: |c :aucc, acco:ci:g to t|c t,c oi |i:cc: ;Ia|lc 10.,.
ouc |i:cc:s a:c icc:tiiicc o: a::a:gcc acco:ci:g to t|c t,c oi c:,i:g. A ciiic:c:tiatio: is
uacc |ctwcc: |,sical a:c c|cuical c:,i:g i: acco:ca:cc wit| t|c wa, a coati:g io:us, suc| as
t|c iollowi:g.
1. l|,sical iilu io:uatio: ;cvao:atio: oi solvc:t o: oi cisc:sio: ucciuu i: t|c casc
oi latticcs, t|at i:cluccs ccllulosics ;c.g., :it:occllulosc a:c ot|c: cstc:s oi ccllulosc
a:c ct|,l ccllulosc,, vi:,l :csi:s ;c.g., lV, ol,vi:,l acctatc lVAc, a:c ol,vi:,l
acctal,, ac:,lic cstc: :csi:s, c|lo:i:atcc :u||c:, a:c :atu:al :csi:s ;c.g., s|cllac, :osi:,
a:c :osi: cstc: cstc: guu, |ituuc: as|alt, a:c gluc,
!. |cuical iilu io:uatio: ;co:vc:ti|lc, oxicativc c:,i:g, t|at i:cluccs c:,i:g oils,
li:sccc oil, tu:g oil, va::is|cs a:c olco:csi:s, a:c al|,c :csi:s uociiicc wit| c:,i:g oils
!. olc cu:i:g t|at i:cluccs u:ca io:ualcc|,cc :csi:s, u:satu:atcc ol,cstc: :csi:s,
cox, :csi:s, aui:c cu:cc :csi:s, a:c luk :csi:s
+. I cu:i:g t|at i:cluccs s|o:t o: ucciuu oil lc:gt| al|,c :csi:s uociiicc wit|
:o:c:,i:g oils, watc: solu|lc al|,cs, cox, :csi:s c:oss li:|cc wit| aui:o o:
|c:olic :csi:s, watc: solu|lc accitio: ol,uc:s c:oss li:|cc wit| aui:o o: |c:olic
:csi:s, a:c ac:,lic :csi:s c:oss li:|cc wit| aui:o o: |c:olic :csi:s
u:i:g ua, |c ccii:cc as a :occss i: w|ic| c:,i:g occu:s |, a c|cuical :cactio: |ctwcc: t|c
uolcculcs oi t|c |i:cc: wit|out t|c i:volvcuc:t oi gascous ox,gc:. li t|c :cactio: occu:s at :oou
tcuc:atu:c t|c :ocucts a:c ccsc:i|cc i:accu:atcl, as colc cu:i:g lacquc:s. li tcuc:atu:cs oi
0 ;1.l, o: |ig|c: a:c :cccssa:, to causc :aic :cactio:, t|c uatc:ials a:c |:ow: as stavi:g
o: |a|i:g coati:gs. l: vicw oi t|c ua:, ciiic:c:t |i:cs oi c|cuical :cactio:s t|at a:c :ow uscc to
:ocucc i:solu|lc coati:gs, t|c tc:u FRQYHUWLEOH FRDWLQJ is uscc.
A co:vc:ti|lc coati:g ua, |c ccii:cc as o:c i: w|ic| t|c ii:al io:u oi t|c |i:cc:, i: t|c iilu
ciiic:s c|cuicall, i:ou t|c |i:cc: i: t|c io:u i: w|ic| it is alicc. I|c co:vc:sio: oi o:c io:u to
t|c ot|c: ua, |c ac|icvcc |, t|c actio: oi souc couo:c:t oi t|c atuos|c:c, suc| as ox,gc: o:
watc:, |, |cat, |, :aciatio:, |, t|c usc oi catal,sts, o: |, a :cactio: |ctwcc: two o: uo:c |i:cc:
couo:c:ts t|at a:c uixcc |ust :io: to alicatio:.
I|csc :cactio: t,c coati:gs :ovicc iilus wit| g:catc: |a:c:css a:c c|cuical :csista:cc t|a:
t|osc o|tai:cc |, oxicativc c:,i:g.
Water- Based Paint
:DWHU EDVHG, ZDWHU WKLQQHG, DTXHRXV, a:c ot|c: tc:us a:c uscc to :cic: to ai:ts t|at co:tai: watc:.
Icc|:icall,, t|:cc t,cs cxist. ;1, latcx o: cuulsio: ai:ts uacc wit| s,:t|ctic :csi:s suc| ac:,lic,
lVAc, o: |utacic:c st,:c:c, ;!, watc: solu|lc oils o: al|,cs, a:c ;!, cuulsiiicc oils o: al|,cs.
TabIe 10.8 Example of paInt and varnIsh coatIng composItIons
Coating 17
Watc: |ascc ai:ts usi:g casci: a:c cuulsio: oil ai:ts co:tai:i:g al|,c :csi: a:c watc: wc:c
ii:st i:t:ocuccc |ust :io: to Wo:lc Wa: ll. latcx ai:ts usi:g |utacic:c st,:c:c iollowcc aitc:
Wo:lc Wa: ll. I|csc wc:c :u||c: |ascc ai:ts t|at lac|cc :uggcc:css. l: 1-.! t|c ac:,lic cuulsio:
t,c oi ai:t was i:t:ocuccc io: i:coo: su:iaccs a:c outsicc uaso::, su:iaccs. l, 1-., ac:,lic
cuulsio: t,cs io: cxtc:io: wooc su:iaccs wc:c o: t|c ua:|ct.
Watc: |ascc coati:gs co:ti:uc to glcau i: i:cust:,`s c,c. lliui:atio: oi solvc:t iuucs i:ou
t|csc s,stcus :ccuccs ii:c a:c cxlosio: |aza:cs, iu:ovcs wo:|i:g co:citio:s, a:c lowc:s i:su:
a:cc :atcs. I|csc s,stcus a:c uo:c cxc:sivc i: tc:us oi |ot| t|c coati:g a:c t|c ai:t |oot|
aa:atus. Watc: is uo:c costl, to cvao:atc, a:c its :atc oi cvao:atio: is uo:c ciiiicult to co:t:ol.
Varnish
I|c wo:c YDUQLVK ii:st aca:cc cu:i:g t|c sixtcc:t| cc:tu:,. lt cc:otcc a iluic uixtu:c oi au|c:
a:c oil, o: uo:c gc:c:all,, oi :csi: a:c oil. I|is lattc: uca:i:g |as su:vivcc to t|c :csc:t ca,.
Lacquer
I|c tc:u ODFTXHU is i:cquc:tl, alicc to aluost a:, coati:g couositio: t|at c:ics solcl,, a:c :aicl,,
|, cvao:atio: oi t|c solvc:t. lt o:igi:all, was aluost cxclusivcl, associatcc wit| :it:occllulosc
|ascc coati:gs. At t|c :csc:t tiuc it gc:c:all, :cic:s to coati:gs t|at co:tai: :it:occllulosc o:
ossi|l, a:ot|c: ccllulosc cc:ivativc.
Solvent
I|c coati:g a:c ot|c: i:cust:ial :occsscs i:clucc :cl,i:g o: t|c cissolutio: oi :aw uatc:ials
a:c su|scquc:t :cuoval oi solvc:ts |, va:ious c:,i:g :occsscs. I|c io:uatio: oi a solutio:
a:c t|c su|scquc:t solvc:t :cuoval ccc:c o: solvc:t t:a:so:t |c:ouc:a t|at a:c cctc:
ui:cc |, t|c :oc:tics oi t|c solutc a:c t|c :oc:tics oi t|c solvc:t. A solvc:t is a uatc:ial,
usuall, a liquic t|at |as t|c owc: to cissolvc a:ot|c: uatc:ial a:c io:u a |ouogc:cous
uixtu:c |:ow: as a solutio: ;Ia|lc 10.-,. \ost oi t|csc a:c toxic a:c ilauua|lc so cxc:cisc
cautio: w|c: usi:g t|cu.
l:owlccgc oi a solvc:t`s uovcuc:t wit|i: t|c solic uat:ix |, a ciiiusio: :occss is cssc:tial
to ccsig: t|c tcc|:ological :occsscs. \a:, oi t|c ii:al :oc:tics, suc| as t:i|ological :oc:
tics, ucc|a:ical toug|:css, otical cla:it,, :otcctio: agai:st co::osio: ac|csio: to su|st:atcs a:c
:ci:io:ci:g iillc:s, :otcctivc :oc:tics oi clot|i:g, qualit, oi t|c coatcc su:iacc, toxic :csicucs,
uo:|olog, a:c :csicual st:css, i:g:css oi toxic su|sta:ccs, a:c c|cuical :csista:cc ccc:c :ot
o:l, o: t|c uatc:ial c|osc: |ut also o: t|c :cgiucs oi tcc|:ological :occsscs. lo: t|csc :caso:s,
solvc:t t:a:so:t |c:ouc:a a:c oi i:tc:cst to t|c uoccu i:cust:, ;!+,.
I|i: iilu coati:g a:c c:,i:g tcc|:olog, a:c t|c |c, tcc|:ologics io: ua:uiactu:i:g civc:sc
|i:cs oi iu:ctio:al iilus, suc| as |otog:a|ic iilus, ac|csivcs, iuagc uccia, uag:ctic uccia, a:c
lit|iuu |attc:, coati:g. oati:g alicc to a su|st:atc as a liquic :cccs souc ccg:cc oi soliciiicatio:
TabIe 10. Examples of solvents and theIr behavIors
Coating 19
TabIe 10. Examples of solvents and theIr behavIors FRQWLQXHG
i: o:cc: to |c a:t oi a ii:al :ocuct. I|c ccg:cc oi soliciiicatio: ca: |c low i: t|c casc oi :cssu:c
sc:sitivc ac|csivcs ;lA,, a:c it :a:gcs to |ig| i: t|c casc oi cc:sc uctal oxiccs. I|c ii:al st:uctu:c
a:c :oc:tics oi coati:g a:c g:catl, i:iluc:ccc |, t|c c:,i:g co:citio:s. loo:l, c|osc: oc:ati:g
co:citio:s oi c:,i:g causc u:wa:tcc i:tc::al g:acic:ts, |asc sca:atio:s, colloical t:a:sio:uatio:s
t|at lcac to t|c w:o:g uic:ost:uctu:c, i:a:o:iatc :o:u:iio:uitics, a:c st:css :clatcc cciccts.
olvc:t :cuoval, o: c:,i:g, w|ic| is a:t oi t|c soliciiicatio: :occss, is a: iuo:ta:t su||cct.
I,icall,, a coati:g solutio: co:sists oi iguc:ts, |i:cc:s ;lastics,, a:c solvc:ts. I|c solvc:ts a:c
uscc to ua|c t|c coati:g io:uulatio: solu|lc a:c to givc t|c coati:g solutio: ;o: cisc:sio:, t|c
:|colog, :cccssa:, io: t|c alicatio:. I|c coati:g solutio: is ccositcc o:to a su|st:atc o: wc| at
t|c coati:g statio: a:c is c:icc |, assi:g t|:oug| a sc:ics oi sca:atc ovc:s ;zo:cs,. A su|st:atc ca:
|c a: iuc:uca|lc uatc:ial suc| as lastic iilu o: a c:uca|lc uatc:ial i: t|c casc oi ac: coat
i:g. I|c c:,c: co:sists oi ovc:s ;zo:cs, i: w|ic| t|c tcuc:atu:c a:c vclocit, oi ai: a:c co:t:ollcc
i:ccc:cc:tl,.
ligu:c 10.1 is a: cxaulc oi a: i:cust:ial coati:g a:c c:,i:g aa:atus. A coatcc liquic is
ccositcc o:to a su|st:atc, w|ic| is u:wou:c i:ou a sul, :oll at t|c coati:g statio: a:c asscs
t|:oug| t|:cc sca:atc ovc:s ;c:,c:, i: w|ic| t|c tcuc:atu:c a:c vclocit, oi ai: a:c co:t:ollcc
i:ccc:cc:tl,. li:all, a ta|c u :oll ta|cs u t|c c:icc, coatcc su|st:atc. I|c |asics oi t|c :occss
oi c:,i:g a:c s|ow: i: ligu:c 10.!.
I|c ai: iui:gcs o: t|c coatcc a:c |ac|sicc su:iacc oi t|c su|st:atc t|:oug| t|c :ozzlcs a:c
swccs awa, t|c solvc:t vao: i:ou t|c coatcc su:iacc. l: t|c casc oi a si:glc siccc iui:gcuc:t
c:,c:, t|c ai: iui:gcs o:l, o: t|c coatcc su:iacc. I|c coatcc iilu uust |c c:, |cio:c :cac|i:g t|c
:cwi:c statio:. I|c :csicc:cc tiuc oi a coatcc su|st:atc i: t|c c:,c: is as s|o:t as scvc:al scco:cs
i: t|c casc oi |ig| sccc uag:ctic coati:g :occsscs, a:c it :a:gcs to as lo:g as scvc:al ui:utcs i: a
casc oi lit|iuu |attc:, coati:g :occsscs. li:all,, a ta|c u :oll ta|cs u t|c c:icc, coatcc su|st:atc.
l:cc :acical ol,uc:izatio: is o:c oi t|c uost usciul a:c luc:ativc iiclcs oi c|cuist:,. l: :ccc:t
,ca:s t|c:c |as |cc: a t:cuc:cous i:c:casc i: :csca:c| i: t|is a:ca, w|ic| was o:cc co:sicc:cc a
uatu:c tcc|:ological iiclc. l:cc :acical s,:t|ctic ol,uc: c|cuist:, is tolc:a:t oi civc:sc iu:c
tio:alit, a:c ca: |c c:io:ucc i: a wicc :a:gc oi uccia.
FIgure 10.1 Example of IndustrIal coatIng and dryIng apparatus.
FIgure 10.2 The basIc dryIng process and typIcal dryIng parameters.
Coating 21
luulsio: a:c susc:sio: ol,uc:izatio:s |avc |cc: iuo:ta:t i:cust:ial :occsscs io: ua:,
,ca:s. \o:c :ccc:tl,, t|c g:cc: s,:t|csis oi :csi:s |as civc:siiicc i:ou aqucous uccia to suc:
c:itical iluics a:c t|c iluo:ous |i|asc. A: c:cu:i:g icatu:c oi t|c :csca:c| litc:atu:c o: i:cc :acical
ol,uc:izatio: |as |cc: stucics i:to scciiic solvc:t ciiccts. l: ua:, cascs t|c i:iluc:cc oi solvc:ts
is suall. lowcvc:, it is |ccoui:g i:c:casi:gl, cvicc:t t|at solvc:t ciiccts ca: |c uscc to assist i:
co:t:olli:g t|c ol,uc:izatio: :cactio:, at |ot| t|c uac:oscoic a:c t|c uolccula: lcvcls ;!+,.
PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS
Aluost all t|c |i:cc:s i: ai:t, va::is|, a:c lacquc: coati:gs a:c couoscc oi lastic uatc:ials. I|c
lastics a:c alicc i: o:c oc:atio: o: |uilt u cu:i:g t|c c:,i:g :occsscs. lo: cxaulc, t|c |,sical
a:c c|cuical :oc:tics oi vi:,l coati:gs |avc a ci:cct :clatio:s|i to t|c |asic ol,uc:ic uatc:ial.
I|c usc oi s,:t|ctic :csi:s catcs |ac| to t|c tu:: oi t|c twc:tict| cc:tu:,. u u:til Wo:lc Wa: l t|c,
wc:c :i:ciall, uscc as low cost su|stitutcs io: :atu:al :csi:s. i:cc 1-1. ua:, ciiic:c:t lastics t|at
oiic: ua:, acva:tagcs coua:cc wit| t|c :atu:al :csi:s |avc |cc: uscc ;Ia|lc 10.10,.
I|c s,:t|ctic :csi:s a:c lcss su||cct to va:iatio:s i: availa|ilit, a:c co:scquc:tl, |avc uo:c
sta|lc costs. I|c, ua, |c :ocuccc to iai:l, closc tcc|:ical tolc:a:ccs, w|ilc t|c :atu:al :csi:s
s|ow wicc va:iatio:s i: qualit,. \o:c iuo:ta:t, |owcvc:, is t|c iact t|at t|c s,:t|ctic :csi:s ca:
|c va:icc i: :clatio: to t|c c:c usc io: w|ic| t|c, a:c i:tc:ccc.
I|c ua|o: lo:g :a:gc t:c:c i: ai:ts a:c :clatcc su:iacc coati:gs is towa:c g:catc: ciiicic:c,.
I|c ta:gct co:ti:ucs to |c :ocucts wit| |cttc: c:vi:o:uc:tal :otcctio: o: ccco:atio: io: lo:gc:
c:iocs oi tiuc at lowc: total cost c: squa:c ioot. lai:ts couctc wit| a va:ict, oi ot|c: su:iac
i:g uatc:ials, suc| as wallac: ;vi:,l, ol,ct|,lc:c, a:c ol,vi:,l iluo:icc lVl iilus,, o:cclai:
TabIe 10.10 Examples of coatIng performances
c:aucls, a:c clcct:olatcc, |os|atcc, o: oxicizcc uctal iilus. l: accitio:, coati:gs a:c t|ci:
su|st:atcs couctc agai:st st:uctu:al uatc:ials t|at :cqui:c :o sccial su:iacc coati:gs, suc| as
stai:lcss stccl, aluui:uu, glass, sto:c a:c |:ic|, kls, cxt:uccc lastics, a:c uolccc lastics. low
cvc:, t|c:c a:c ua:, :cw alicatio:s i: w|ic| uatc:ials suc| as stccl, aluui:uu, wooc, co:c:ctc,
a:c |:ic| a:c givc: lastic coati:gs to :ovicc uo:c cu:a|lc a:c att:activc :ocucts.
Io ucct couctitio:, t|c ai:t i:cust:, co:ti:ucs to ccvclo :cw io:uulatio:s a:c :cw uct|
ocs oi alicatio:s. i:cc t|c |cst c:io:ua:cc c: u:it cost is ccsi:cc, t|c:c is co:ti:ual ciio:t
to lowc: t|c cost c: squa:c ioot c: su:iacc coatcc, cit|c: |, lowc:i:g uatc:ial costs c: ou:c,
usi:g t|i::c: iilus, o: ccvisi:g uo:c cco:ouical uca:s oi alicatio:. Alicatio: tcc|:iqucs |avc
i:volvcc cxtc:sivc la|o:ato:, tcsts wit| ciiic:c:t couositc :csi:s.
Thermoplastic Coating
c:vicca|lc Il iilus uust |avc a ui:iuuu lcvcl oi st:c:gt| t|at ccc:cs o: t|c c:c usc oi t|c
:ocuct. lilu st:c:gt| ccc:cs o: ua:, va:ia|lcs, |ut a c:itical iacto: is uolccula: wcig|t ;\W,.
\W va:ics wit| t|c c|cuical couositio: oi t|c lastic a:c t|c ucc|a:ical :oc:tics :cqui:cc io:
t|c alicatio:. lo: cxaulc, i: solvc:t cvao:atio: i:ou solutio:s oi Ils io: s:a, alicatio:s,
co:sicc:atio: |as to |c givc: to t|c solvc:t`s cvao:atio: |c|avio:. Wit| a uct|,l ct|,l |cto:c
;\ll, solvc:t a:c a vi:,l cool,uc: t|at |as a :clativcl, |ig| vao: :cssu:c u:cc: alicatio:
co:citio:s, \ll cvao:atcs quic|l,.
Wit| t|is t,c oi s,stcu, a la:gc i:actio: oi t|c solvc:t cvao:atcs i: t|c tiuc i:tc:val |ctwcc:
t|c coati:g lcavi:g, as a: cxaulc, t|c o:iiicc oi t|c s:a, gu: a:c its ccositio: o: t|c su:iacc
|ci:g coatcc. As t|c solvc:t cvao:atcs, t|c viscosit, i:c:cascs a:c t|c coati:g :cac|cs t|c c:,
to touc| statc soo: aitc: alicatio: a:c cocs :ot |loc|. lowcvc:, ii t|c iilu is io:ucc at l
;!.,, t|c c:, iilu co:tai:s scvc:al c:cc:t oi :ctai:cc solvc:t.
l: t|c ii:st stagcs oi solvc:t cvao:atio: i:ou suc| a iilu, t|c :atc oi cvao:atio: ccc:cs
o: t|c vao: :cssu:c at t|c tcuc:atu:cs c:cou:tc:cc cu:i:g cvao:atio:, t|c su:iacc a:ca to
voluuc :atio oi t|c iilu, a:c t|c :atc oi ai:ilow ovc: t|c su:iacc. lt is cssc:tiall, i:ccc:cc:t oi t|c
:csc:cc oi lastic. I|c :atc oi solvc:t ciiiusio: t|:oug| t|c iilu ccc:cs :ot o:l, o: t|c tcuc:a
tu:c a:c t|c glass t:a:sitio: tcuc:atu:c ;7
J
, oi t|c iilu, |ut also o: t|c solvc:t st:uctu:c a:c a:,
solvc:t lastic i:tc:actio:s. I|c coati:g t|ic|:css is a:ot|c: a:auctc: t|at aiiccts solvc:t loss a:c
iilu io:uatio:.
Il |ascc coati:gs |avc a low solics co:tc:t |ccausc t|ci: :clativcl, |ig| \Ws :cqui:c la:gc
auou:ts oi solvc:t to :ccucc t|c viscosit, to lcvcls low c:oug| io: alicatio:. Ai: ollutio: :cgu
latio:s liuiti:g t|c cuissio: oi volatilc o:ga:ic couou:cs ;Vs, a:c t|c i:c:casi:g costs oi
solvc:ts |avc lcc to t|c i:c:casi:g :claccuc:t oi t|csc coati:gs wit| lowc: solvc:t o: solvc:tlcss
coati:gs. lowcvc:, la:gc scalc :ocuctio: uca:s t|at solvc:t coati:g s,stcus |ccouc cco:oui
call, |c:ciicial w|c: uscc wit| a solvc:t :ccovc:, s,stcu.
Coating 23
Latex
luulsio:s oi latcx ;o: ai:t, |avc low solvc:t cuissio:s as wcll as ot|c: acva:tagcs. latcx is a
cisc:sio: oi |ig| \W lastic i: watc:. |a:gc :culsio: a:c c:t:oic :culsio: ;also callcc stc:ic
:culsio: a:c osuotic :culsio:, sta|ilizc t|c cisc:sio:. lccausc t|c latcx lastic is :ot i: solu
tio:, t|c :atc oi watc: loss is aluost i:ccc:cc:t oi couositio: u:til t|c cvao:atio: gcts closc
to its c:c. W|c: a c:, iilu is :ca:cc i:ou latcx, t|c io:ccs t|at sta|ilizc t|c cisc:sio: oi latcx
a:ticlcs uust |c ovc:couc, a:c t|c a:ticlcs uust coalcscc i:to a co:ti:uous iilu. I|c :atc oi
coalcscc:cc is co:t:ollcc |, t|c i:cc voluuc availa|lc, w|ic| i: tu:: ccc:cs uai:l, o: 7
J
. I|c
viscosit, oi t|c coalcsccc iilu also ccc:cs o: t|c i:cc voluuc.
Wit| latcx o: ai:t cuulsio:, coati:g uatc:ial is uacc oi two cisc:sio:s. ;1, c:, owcc:s
wit| colo:a:ts, iillc:s, a:c cxtc:cc:s a:c ;!, lastic cisc:sio:s. I|csc cuulsio: ai:ts |avc t|c
|i:cc: i: a watc: cisc:scc io:u. l:i:cial t,cs a:c st,:c:c |utacic:c, lVAc, a:c ac:,lic lastics.
lc:cc:tagc couositio: |, voluuc is usuall, !. to !0 c:, i:g:ccic:ts, +0 latcx, a:c !0
watc: lus sta|ilizc:. I|ci: u:iquc :oc:tics a:c casc oi alicatio:, a|sc:cc oi cisag:cca|lc oco:,
a:c :o:ilauua|ilit,, t|c, a:c uscc |ot| i:coo:s a:c out.
TS Coating
A otc:tial :o|lcu i: I lastic s,stcus is t|c :clatio:s|i |ctwcc: sto:agc sta|ilit, oi t|c coati:g
|cio:c alicatio: a:c t|c tiuc a:c tcuc:atu:c :cqui:cc to cu:c t|c iilu aitc: alicatio:. I|c
:occssi:g oi Is is ciiic:c:t t|a: t|at oi Ils ;c|atc: 1,. lt is ccsi:a|lc to sto:c a coati:g io: ua:,
uo:t|s o: cvc: ,ca:s wit|out a sig:iiica:t i:c:casc i: viscosit, causcc |, c:oss li:|i:g :cactio:
cu:i:g sto:agc. lowcvc:, aitc: alicatio:, t|c c:oss li:|i:g ;cu:c, s|oulc :occcc i: a s|o:t tiuc
at as low a tcuc:atu:c as ossi|lc.
i:cc :cactio: :atcs ccc:c o: t|c co:cc:t:atio: oi t|c ol,uc:`s iu:ctio:al g:ous, usi:g
uo:c cilutc s,stcus ca: i:c:casc t|c sto:agc liic, w|ic| is ac|icvcc |, acci:g uo:c solvc:t. W|c:
t|c solvc:t cvao:atcs aitc: alicatio:, t|c :cactio: :atc will i:itiall, i:c:casc. Alt|oug| it is acva:
tagcous to :ccucc solvc:t co:cc:t:atio: as uuc| as ossi|lc, t|c :o|lcu oi sto:agc sta|ilit, |as to
|c co:sicc:cc io: s,stcus wit| a |ig|c: solics co:tc:t.
I|c ucc|a:ical :oc:tics oi t|c ii:al iilu ccc:c o: 7
J
io: t|c c:oss li:|cc ol,uc: a:c t|c
ccg:cc oi c:oss li:|i:g, o: t|c c:oss li:| cc:sit, ;c|atc: 1,. I|c avc:agc iu:ctio:alit,, t|c cquiva
lc:t wcig|t oi t|c s,stcu, a:c t|c coulctc:css oi t|c :cactio: ;coulctc cu:c oi t|c I, aiicct t|c
c:oss li:| cc:sit,.
FUNDAMENTALS OF RESIN FORMATION
I|c:c a:c two classcs oi :csi:s. t|c, ca: |c icc:tiiicc as co:cc:satio: o: accitio: t,cs ;c|atc:
1,. o:cc:satio: ol,uc:izatio: is t|c :occss |, w|ic| a ol,uc: is |uilt u |, succcssivc :cac
tio:s |ctwcc: uo:ouc: uolcculcs a:c t|c g:owi:g ol,uc:. l: cac| :cactio: stc, co:cc:satio:
ol,uc:izatio: :ocuccs a suall uolcculc suc| as watc:, |,c:ogc: c|lo:icc, o: sociuu c|lo:icc
a:c i:c:cascs t|c ol,uc: sizc.
Accitio: ol,uc:izatio: is t|c :occss |, w|ic| a ol,uc: is |uilt u |, a :ccatcc accitio:
:cactio: |ctwcc: uo:ouc: uolcculcs a:c t|c g:owi:g ol,uc:. I|is actio: occu:s wit|i: a:,
ot|c: :cactio: :ocuct w|c: t|c ol,uc: is |ci:g io:ucc. I|c uo:ouc:, i: t|c ua|o:it, oi cascs
oi :actical iuo:ta:cc, is a: u:satu:atcc couou:c, usuall, a vi:,l cc:ivativc. W|ilc a: accitio:
ol,uc: |as t|c sauc clcuc:ta:, couositio: as t|c uo:ouc:, t|is is :ot t:uc io: co:cc:satio:
ol,uc:s. A :cvicw oi souc oi t|c :csi:s uscc i: coati:g iollows ;c|atc: !,.
Condensation Type
Alkyd resin
\a:, va:iatio:s i: t|c co:stituc:ts a:c o:tio:s oi t|c al|,c coati:g uatc:ial a:c availa|lc. \a:,
ciiic:c:t |i:cc:s, suc| as c:,i:g oils, |c:olic :csi:s, aui:o :csi:s, :it:occllulosc, ualcic :csi:s,
c|lo:i:atcc :u||c: a:c c,clizcc :u||c: ca: |c uscc. As a g:ou, t|c al|,cs a:c cisti:guis|cc |,
:aic c:,i:g, gooc ac|csio:, clasticit,, :csista:cc to ua::i:g, a:c cu:a|ilit,.
I|ci: :i:cial wca|:css :csiccs i: t|c iacilit, wit| w|ic| t|c cstc: g:ous, w|ic| io:u a la:gc
a:t oi t|c uolcculcs, a:c |,c:ol,zcc ;a:ticula:l, u:cc: al|ali:c co:citio:s,. lvc: i: t|is :cscct
it is ossi|lc to :ocucc al|,cs wit| g:catl, iu:ovcc :csista:cc to |,c:ol,sis t|:oug| t|c usc oi
ol,ols.
Al|,c :csi:s a:c i:st:uuc:tal i: t|c coati:gs uscc i: :ocuci:g autouo|ilcs, :ci:igc:ato:s,
was|i:g uac|i:cs, a:c ua:, ot|c: co:suuc: goocs. t,:c:atcc al|,cs ;i: co:t:ast to t|c st,:c
:atcc oils, |avc |cc: uscc wit| a iai: auou:t oi succcss as |i:cc:s i: vc:, :aic ai: c:,i:g a:c :aic,
low tcuc:atu:c stovi:g ii:is|cs. Al|,cs a:c also uociiicc wit| vi:,l cc:ivativcs suc| as cstc:s oi
ac:,lic a:c uct|ac:,lic acics, o: wit| uixtu:cs oi t|csc couou:cs a:c st,:c:c o: vi:,l toluc:c. lt
aca:s t|at :o:c oi t|csc cou|i:atio:s |as cxc:ic:ccc :actical couuc:cial succcss.
Polyester resin, unsaturated
I|c u:satu:atcc ol,cstc:s a:c oi a:ticula: i:tc:cst i: t|c coati:gs iiclc. I|c uo:ouc: ua, |c
uscc to ac|ust t|c viscosit, oi t|c coati:g to t|c :cqui:cc valuc. l: uost cascs t|is actio: occu:s i:
co:|u:ctio: wit| suall auou:ts oi solvc:ts. lt |as |ac liuitcc succcssiul usc i: t|c coati:g i:cust:,
:i:ciall, cuc to t|c iact t|at t|c cu:i:g is st:o:gl, i:|i|itcc |, atuos|c:ic ox,gc:. I|c :csult is
t|at t|c su:iacc oi t|c ol,cstc: coati:g :cuai:s soit a:c stic|,.
Phenolic resin
I|c ii:st |c:olic :csi: aca:cc o: t|c ua:|ct i: 1-0!. lt was a si:it solu|lc, :o:|a:cc:i:g
:ovolac t,c. lt was i:tc:ccc as a su|stitutc io: s|cllac a:c si:it va::is|cs. l: 1-0, lac|cla:c`s
|isto:ic atc:t io: t|c :ca:atio: oi |c:olic :csi: uolci:g couou:c was u|lis|cc. I|is t,c oi
Coating 25
|c:olic :csi: was :ot suita|lc io: coati:gs. I|c ii:st atc:tio: oil solu|lc |c:olic :csi: was issucc
i: 1-1!. I|c:c iollowcc ciiic:c:t atc:ts io: ciiic:c:t |c:olic :csi: coati:g io:uulatio:s. \a:,
ciiic:c:t t,cs a:c :ow availa|lc wit| cxtc:sivc sc:vicc liic.
Amino resin
A :uu|c: oi :csi:s co:tai:i:g :it:ogc: a:c classcc togct|c: as aui:o :csi:s. I|is tc:ui:olog, tc:cs
to |c co:iusi:g |ut co:ti:ucs to |c uscc. Aui:o :csi:s a:c o|tai:cc |, co:cc:satio: oi aui:o o:
auico couou:cs wit| alcc|,ccs. I|c uost iuo:ta:t a:c t|c u:ca a:c uclaui:c :csi:s ;t|c:
uosctti:g, a:c t|c a:ili:c :csi:s ;Il, c|atc: !,. I|c t|c:uosctti:g coati:gs a:c oi i:tc:cst i: t|c
coati:gs iiclc.
Urea resin
u:ca :csi:s a:c :ot uscc alo:c as |i:cc:s a:c coati:gs. W|c: t|c, cu:c, t|c iilus a:c |:ittlc a:c lac|
ac|csio:. I|c usual uociiic:s a:c al|,c :csi:s, as wcll as cou|i:atio:s wit| :it:occllulosc. l: t|c
lattc: casc, |owcvc:, t|c iu:ovcc gloss tc:cs to i:c:casc ,cllowi:g.
Melamine resin
\claui:c is a w|itc, c:,stalli:c owcc: wit| a |ig| uclti:g oi:t. lt ciiic:s i:ou u:ca i: t|at it
|as vc:, low solu|ilit, i: watc:. \claui:c :csi:s a:c :ca:cc i: t|c sauc wa, as u:ca :csi:s, |,
co:cc:satio: wit| io:ualcc|,cc. I|c uclaui:c :csi:s |avc :claccc t|c u:ca :csi:s i: ua:, ali
catio:s. I|c uost iuo:ta:t usc is i: cou|i:atio: wit| al|,c :csi:s. I|is cou|i:atio: iu:ovcs
:csista:cc to watc:, al|ali, a:c c|cuicals. Vi:tuall, :o:,cllowi:g ii:is|cs ua, |c o|tai:cc wit|
suita|lc c|oiccs oi al|,cs.
Epoxy resin
loxics |avc :oviccc t|c su:iacc coati:gs i:cust:, wit| a wicc va:ict, oi io:uulatio: ossi|ili
tics. I|c, a:c uscc alo:c o: i: cou|i:atio: wit| ot|c: lastics. Al|oug| t|c, a:c uo:c cxc:sivc
t|a: ot|c: t,cs oi |i:cc:s, t|ci: outsta:ci:g :oc:tics a:c vc:satilit, co:ti:uc to cxa:c t|ci:
alicatio:s.
lox, :csi:s :ovicc gooc c|cuical :csista:cc a:c, i: a:ticula:, cxccllc:t :csista:cc to al|a
lis, i:cluci:g caustic al|alis. A ua|o: assct is t|ci: cxccllc:t ac|csio: to ua:, ciiic:c:t su|st:atcs.
t|c: iuo:ta:t :oc:tics i:clucc cxcctio:al |a:c:css a:c ilcxi|ilit,.
:c oi t|c cisacva:tagcs oi cox, :csi:s is t|at t|c, a:c :ot solu|lc i: t|c lowc: cost solvc:ts.
ouati|ilit, wit| ot|c: iilu io:uc:s is liuitcc. li:is|cs |ascc o: cox, :csi:s |avc a ua:|cc
tc:cc:c, to c|al| w|c: uscc outcoo:s, a:c t|ci: watc: :csista:cc is :ot alwa,s t|c |cst.
I|c, a:c uscc i: cou|i:atio: wit| |c:olic, u:ca, a:c uclaui:c :csi:s, w|ic| act as c:oss
li:|i:g agc:ts. olc cu:i:g coati:gs wit| ol,aui:cs o: ol,auiccs as cu:i:g agc:ts a:c vc:,
oula:. Ai: c:icc coati:gs a:c also oula:. I|c, a:c :ocuccc aitc: cstc:iiicatio: wit| u:satu:atcc
iatt, acics. I|c :ocuct is |:ow: as coxicc cstc: o: cox, cstc:.
I|c cou|i:atio: oi cox, :csi:s wit| |c:olic :csi:s ca: givc uaxiuuu :csista:cc to c|cui
cals a:c solvc:ts, as wcll as ac|csio:, ilcxi|ilit,, |a:c:css, a:c a|:asio: :csista:cc. I|c uost suita|lc
|c:olic :csi:s io: colc |lc:ci:g a:c oi t|c |ut,latcc :csolc t,c.
lol,auicc ;:,lo:, :csi:s, w|ic| a:c io:uulatcc to co:tai: i:cc aui:c g:ous, ca: sc:vc as
catal,sts io: cox, :csi:s. I|c ol,auicc :csi:s a:c :acticall, :o:toxic a:c :o:i::ita:t to |uua:s,
w|c:cas souc oi t|c aui:c catal,sts ;uscc wit| coxics, uust |c |a:clcc wit| sccial :ccautio:s.
I|c ol,auicc cou|i:atio:s :ocucc toug| iilus i: cou|i:atio: wit| a lowc: :csista:cc to sol
vc:ts a:c c|cuicals.
Polyurethane resin
I|c:c a:c ua:, ciiic:c:t t,cs oi u:ct|a:c ;c.g., luk, coati:gs o: t|c ua:|ct. lo: coati:g alica
tio:s, a c:oss li:|cc iilu is :cic::cc a:c t|c:uolastic u:ct|a:cs a:c oi littlc i:tc:cst. I|c usual
|aza:cs associatcc wit| isoc,a:atcs a:c alica|lc i: :ca:i:g t|csc coati:gs.
Wit| a suita|lc c|oicc oi couo:c:ts, it is ossi|lc to o|tai: aluost a:, ccg:cc oi ilcxi|ilit,
a:c |a:c:css, :a:gi:g i:ou |ig|l, clastic iilus io: coati:g :u||c: a:c lcat|c: a:ticlcs to cxt:cucl,
|a:c, a|:asio: :csista:t coati:gs io: iloo:s, |oats, a:c uctal o||ccts. I|csc coati:gs a:c iuo:ta:t
i: t|c coati:g i:cust:,.
Silicone resin
ilico:c :csi:s a:c |cat co:vc:ti|lc a:c a:c uscc cit|c: alo:c o: i: cou|i:atio: wit| ot|c: |i:c
c:s i: coati:gs. I|ci: uost iuo:ta:t a:c cisti:guis|i:g :oc:t, is :csista:cc to ccg:acatio:
w|c: cxoscc to |ig| tcuc:atu:cs. l: accitio:, t|c, |avc gooc clcct:ical :oc:tics a:c outcoo:
cu:a|ilit,. uita|l, iguc:tcc silico:c coati:gs will wit|sta:c tcuc:atu:cs oi !o0l ;1!, co:
ti:uousl,, w|ilc uost ot|c: coati:gs woulc :ot cvc: su:vivc lo:g cxosu:c at 1.0l ;oo,.
ilico:c :csi:s iguc:tcc wit| aluui:uu owcc: o: zi:c cust givc iilus wit| gooc wcat|c:
a:c co::osio: :csista:cc at tcuc:atu:cs as |ig| as .00l ;!o0,. ilico:c ii:is|cs i: t|c clcct:ical
i:cust:, :ovicc a cou|i:atio: oi |cat :csista:cc a:c clcct:ical i:sulatio:.
Addition Type
Polyethylene resin
I|c iuo:ta:t a:c sig:iiica:t :oc:tics availa|lc wit| ol,ct|,lc:c |i:cc:s a:c ilcxi|ilit, a:c
watc: a:c c|cuical :csista:cc. lowcvc:, si:cc t|c, a:c i:solu|lc i: all o:ga:ic solvc:ts at tcuc:a
tu:cs |clow a|out .0l ;10,, t|c, a:c :ot uscc i: :o:ual su:iacc coati:gs. I|c, ca: |c alicc
ci:cctl, i:ou t|c solic |, ilauc s:a,i:g. l: uost alicatio:s t|c su|st:atc |as to |c :ct:catcc i:
o:cc: to :ovicc suita|lc ac|csio:.
Coating 27
I|c:c a:c ol,ct|,lc:c couou:cs t|at a:c solu|lc i: cit|c: u:ca o: cox, :csi:s to :ovicc
ciiic:c:t t,cs oi coati:gs. I|csc a:c co:stitutcc wit| c|lo:o a:c c|lo:osulio:,l g:ous. I|csc
coati:gs ua|c |ig|l, clastic iilus c|a:actc:izcc |, a:ticula:l, gooc :csista:cc to st:o:g acics suc|
as co:cc:t:atcc |,c:oc|lo:ic a:c suliu:ic acics, a:c to oxicizi:g agc:ts suc| as ozo:c, |,c:ogc:
c:oxicc, a:c c|:ouic acic. I|c, a:c :ot :csista:t to |ot co:cc:t:atcc :it:ic acic.
A: cxaulc oi t|csc sccial ol,ct|,lc:c couou:cs is Dulo:t`s l,alo:, w|ic| is cou|i:cc
wit| ot|c: |i:cc:s suc| as c|lo:i:atcc :u||c:, u:ca :csi:s, a:c cox, :csi:s to :ovicc ciiic:c:t
t,cs oi coati:gs. I|csc ciiic:c:t coati:gs a:c uscc i: va:ious c|cuical |at| co:tai:c:s.
I|c:c a:c ua:, ciiic:c:t ol,ct|,lc:c coati:g couou:cs to ucct ua:, ciiic:c:t coati:g
:cqui:cuc:ts. lxxo:\o|il |cuical |as a :cw iauil, oi li:ca: low cc:sit, ol,ct|,lc:c ;llDll,
cxt:usio: coati:g :csi:s. I|c ii:st oi a :cw iauil, oi vc:, low cc:sit, li:ca: ol,ct|,lc:cs a:c :o
cuccc wit| t|c coua:,`s lxxol uctallocc:c tcc|:olog, io: cxt:usio: coati:g a:c laui:ati:g.
I|csc :cw lxxco :ocucts a:c saic to |avc lastouc: li|c :oc:tics a:c to sig:iiica:tl, outc:
io:u co:vc:tio:al cxt:usio: coati:g :csi:s i: scali:g casc, |ot tac| a:c scal st:c:gt|, tca: st:c:gt|,
u:ctu:c :csista:cc, a:c ac|csio: to st:ctc|cc o:ic:tcc iilu.
kccouuc:ccc uscs i:volvc |lc:ci:g wit| a|out !0 lDll o: ct|,lc:c vi:,l acctatc ;lVA,
io: coati:g ac: a:c ac:|oa:c. I|c i:itial g:acc, lxxco 01!, |as 0.-1! gcc cc:sit, a:c 1! uclt
ilow i:ccx ;\l,. lt is a closc cousi: to lxxo:\o|il`s :cw lxcccc 101!A uctallocc:c VlDll iilu
:csi: oi t|c sauc cc:sit, a:c \l. lowcvc:, lxxco is aiucc scciiicall, at coati:g a:c laui:ati:g.
lxxo:\o|il is cxlo:i:g iutu:c lxxco g:accs wit| |ig|c: a:c lowc: \ls.
Vinyl resin
I|c :i:cial vi:,l :csi:s uscc i: coati:gs a:c cool,uc:s oi vi:,l c|lo:icc a:c vi:,l acctatc. lol,
vi:,licc:c c|lo:icc ;lVD, a:c ol,vi:,l |ut,:al ;lVl, a:c also iuo:ta:t. lVAc i: cuulsio:
io:u is wiccl, uscc i: a:c|itcctu:al coati:gs.
I|c vi:,l cool,uc:s :ocucc ai: c:,i:g coati:gs t|at |avc cxccllc:t toug|:css a:c gooc :csis
ta:cc to watc: a:c c|cuicals. lowcvc:, t|c, a:c sc:sitivc to |cat, ult:aviolct :aciatio:, a:c ua:,
solvc:ts. I|c, a:c |ig| \W ol,uc:s a:c t|c:cio:c :cqui:c iai:l, st:o:g solvc:ts. Dcvclouc:t
oi t|c cisc:sio: t,c oi vi:,l :csi: c:uits t|ci: alicatio: as o:ga:osols a:c lastisols at |ig|
solic co:tc:t, w|ic| cxtc:cs t|ci: usciul:css co:sicc:a|l,. I|c, co :ot |avc |ig| solics at s:a,i:g
co:sistc:c,.
Vi:,l :csi:s a:c wiccl, uscc as ia|:ic coati:gs |ccausc oi t|ci: cou|i:atio: oi toug|:css a:c
ilcxi|ilit,, a:c t|ci: :oc:t, oi :ot suo:ti:g cou|ustio:. lccausc t|c, a:c :o:ilauua|lc, t|c,
|avc :claccc :it:occllulosc lacquc:s io: ua:, alicatio:s o: ia|:ics.
Vi:,ls :ocucc cxccllc:t coati:gs o: uctals, |ut ca:c uust |c ta|c: i: t|ci: alicatio: |ccausc,
li|c uost |ig| ol,uc:s, t|c, |avc st:o:g co|csivc io:ccs t|at ua, ovc:couc t|c ac|csivc io:ccs.
I|c c:ti:c coati:g ua, ila|c oii as a co:ti:uous s|cct ii t|c :ccisc alicatio: co:citio:s |avc :ot
|cc: coulicc wit| io: t|c va:ious uociiicatio:s.
I|c a|sc:cc oi oco:, tastc, a:c toxicit, i: vi:,l coati:gs ua|cs t|cu suita|lc io: t|c li:i:g oi
|cc: ca:s. I|c, |avc ot|c: alicatio:s i: iooc co:tai:c:s |ut cc:tai: liuitatio:s cxist, :aucl,,
oo: ac|csio: a:c sc:sitivit, to tcuc:atu:cs :cac|cc i: :occssi:g ioocs.
I|c vi:,l cool,uc:s ca: |c uscc uost ciiicic:tl, i: sccial alicatio:s suc| as |osital a:c
cc:tal cquiuc:t, a iiclc i: w|ic| cu:a|ilit, is uo:c iuo:ta:t t|a: i:itial cost. lo: la|o:ato:,
cquiuc:t, cox, :csi:s ua, |c :cic::cc |ccausc t|c vi:,ls a:c sc:sitivc to souc solvc:ts. Vi:,l
coati:g s,stcus co:sisti:g oi co::osio: i:|i|iti:g :iuc: a:c c|cuical :csista:t ii:is| coats a:c
uscc o: :cw cquiuc:t io: c|cuical la:ts. \ctal co:citio:c:s |ascc o: zi:c c|:ouatc a:c lVl
a:c wiccl, uscc i:stcac oi sa:c |lastcc stccl o: |ot| i:cust:ial a:c ua:i:c cquiuc:t.
lVAc i: t|c u:c a:c solic io:u is colo:lcss a:c t:a:sa:c:t. lt is soucw|at |:ittlc u:lcss t|c
ccg:cc oi ol,uc:izatio: is low. lts soitc:i:g tcuc:atu:c is |ctwcc: +0l a:c -0l ;+ a:c
!!,, ccc:ci:g o: t|c \W. lt cx|i|its t|c |c:ouc:o: oi colc ilow.
lccausc oi its watc: solu|ilit,, ol,vi:,l alco|ol ;lVAl, la,s a :clativcl, suall a:t as a |i:cc:
i: su:iacc coati:gs. lt |as |cc: uscc as a: iu:cg:a:t i: t|c :ocuctio: oi g:casc :ooi ac:, as a
,a:: sizi:g, a:c io: t|c :ocuctio: oi watc: solu|lc ac|agcs. lt is usciul as a cisc:si:g agc:t a:c
a :otcctivc colloic, io: cxaulc, i: latcx ai:ts. lt |as a: acva:tagc ovc: gluc a:c casci: i: t|at it
is uuc| lcss susccti|lc to uic:o|iological attac|.
Dispersion coating, PVC
At t|is tiuc, uost cisc:sio: coati:gs availa|lc o: t|c ua:|ct a:c |ascc o: t|c lV |ouool,uc:
t,c oi :csi:. t|c: t,cs oi cisc:sio: coati:gs, suc| as t|osc |ascc o: lVl a:c ol,vi:,licc:c
iluo:icc ;lVDl,, a:c also availa|lc i: t|c ua:|ctlacc. \a|o: :cic:c:cc is uacc to t|c lV t,cs
oi cisc:sio: coati:gs. I|c, |avc iuo:ta:t alicatio:s i: i:cust:ial ii:is|cs |ccausc oi t|ci: cco:
ou, a:c cxccllc:t c:io:ua:cc c|a:actc:istics.
I|c cisc:sio: tcc|:iquc :oviccs t|c acva:tagc oi t|c gooc :oc:tics oi |ig| uolccula:
wcig|t vi:,l c|lo:icc :csi:s. Disc:sio: coati:gs a:c also |:ow: as o:ga:osols a:c lastisols. I|c:c
a:c also co:vc:tio:al solutio: vi:,l coati:gs t|at c:io:u wcll io: t|c o:ga:ic coati:gs i:cust:,.
I|csc solutio: vi:,l :csi: coati:gs a:c |ascc o: cool,uc:s oi vi:,l c|lo:icc a:c vi:,l acctatc a:c
a:c oi :clativcl, low uolccula: wcig|t. lol,uc:s co:tai:i:g a t|i:c couo:c:t a:c also uscc a:c
:ovicc t|c i:cust:, wit| vi:,l ol,uc:s t|at |avc ca:|ox,l ; l, o: |,c:ox,l ; l, g:ous,
o: a:c ot|c:wisc tc:ui:atcc io: t|c attai:uc:t oi sccial :oc:tics ;Ia|lc 10.11,.
Organosol and plastisol
lt |as lo:g |cc: |:ow: t|at t|c |ig|c: uolccula: wcig|t vi:,l :csi:s :ocuccc iilus t|at gavc t|c
|cst toug|:css a:c :csista:cc :oc:tics. I|c :csulti:g coati:gs, |owcvc:, |ac oo: ac|csio: to
uctal su|st:atcs, gavc vc:, low solics w|c: cissolvcc i: cvc: t|c st:o:gcst solvc:ts, a:c cx|i|itcc
oo: ilow :oc:tics. l, :ot cissolvi:g t|is :csi:, |ut cisc:si:g it suita|l,, t|is iauil, oi coati:g
uatc:ials |ccauc |:ow: as t|c cisc:sio: coati:gs.
Coating 29
Vi:,l cisc:sio: is a susc:sio: oi colloical sizc a:ticlcs i: a: o:ga:ic ucciuu, w|ic| is :ot
caa|lc oi cissolvi:g t|c :csi: at :oou tcuc:atu:c |ut cxc:ts souc solvati:g o: ctizi:g ciicct
o: t|c ol,uc: a:ticlcs. W|c: t|c o:ga:ic ucciuu co:tai:s volatilc solvc:t, t|c uixtu:c is callcc
a: o:ga:osol. \ixtu:cs t|at co :ot co:tai: a:ccia|lc auou:ts oi volatilc t|i::c:s a:c :cic::cc to
as lastisols. :ga:osol cisc:sio:s :o:uall, co:tai: +0 to 0 solics, w|c:cas lastisols co:tai:
-0 to 100 solics.
I|c :csi: a:ticlc ciauctc: :a:gc va:ics i:ou 0.1 to 1.0 u. kclativc viscosit, is i: t|c :a:gc oi
!..0 to !.0 io: t|c |ig|c: uolccula: wcig|t :csi:s a:c !.0. to !.+ io: t|c lowc: uolccula: wcig|t
uatc:ials. kclativc viscosit,, also :cic::cc to as viscosit, :atio, is ccii:cc as t|c :atio oi t|c viscosit,
oi a 1 :csi: solutio: i: c,clo|cxa:o:c at !. ;l, to t|c viscosit, oi u:c c,clo|cxa:o:c at
!. ;l,.
TabIe 10.11 Ceneral performance comparIsons
Composition
l: gc:c:al, cisc:sio: coati:gs a:c couoscc oi t|c i:g:ccic:ts s|ow: i: Ia|lc 10.1!. I|c liquic
|asc oi t|c cisc:sio: s,stcu t|c solvc:ts, t|c ciluc:ts, a:c t|c lasticizc:s c:io:us uultilc
iu:ctio:s, suc| as sc:vi:g as a wctti:g aic, cisc:si:g ucciuu, viscosit, cc:cssa:t ;t|i::c:,, sta|i
lizc:, a:c iusio: aic. lccausc oi t|csc uultilc :olcs, t|csc liquic couo:c:ts uust |c ucticulousl,
sclcctcc to ac|icvc a cisc:sio: s,stcu wit| :oc: alicatio: a:c coalcsci:g :oc:tics ;Ia|lc
10.1!,. :ot o:l, uust t|c, |c c:icctl, |ala:ccc io: gooc ilow :oc:tics to :cvc:t ilocculatio:
o: ovc:solvatio: a:c cvc: gclatio: oi t|c cisc:sio: :csi:, co:sicc:atio: uust |c also givc: to t|c
:cqui:cuc:ts oi a:c i:tc:actio:s wit| t|c ot|c: io:uula i:g:ccic:ts, suc| as iguc:ts, :csi:s, a:c
ot|c: uocii,i:g uatc:ials.
TabIe 10.12 Ceneral composItIon of dIspersIon coatIngs
TabIe 10.13 Example of advantages usIng dIspersIon coatIngs
Coating 31
:c oi t|c cciccts :oticca|lc i: a: o:ga:osol iilu wit| i:accquatc solvc:t |ala:cc is callcc
uuc c:ac|i:g. I|c o:ga:osols a:c :o:c to t|is co:citio: |ccausc t|c, i:|c:c:tl, tc:c to :clcasc
solvc:ts vc:, :aicl,. l: a ccositcc iilu, a too :aic loss oi solvc:t :csults i: voluuc s|:i:|agc a:c
|c:cc causcs uuc c:ac|i:g. I|is co:citio: ca: |c avoiccc |, cou|i:i:g a iast cu:c :atc ;to quic|l,
coalcscc o: iusc t|c ti:, :csi: a:ticlcs, wit| a slow solvc:t s,stcu to |cc t|c iilu uo|ilc io: as
lo:g as is :cccssa:, to o|tai: otiuuu iilu :oc:tics.
l: souc scciall, ccvclocc o:ga:osol coati:g s,stcus, it is :acticall, iuossi|lc to ccsig:
solvc:t s,stcus t|at woulc :ocucc gooc ilow, aic i: :oc: iusc out oi t|c iilu, a:c still |c
viscosit, sta|lc o: sto:agc. uc| coati:g uatc:ials a:c solc as two ac|agc s,stcus. I|c o:ga:osol
couo:c:t co:tai:s a |ala:ccc solvc:t s,stcu io: t|c i:g:ccic:ts co:tai:cc t|c:ci:, ,iclci:g a
sto:agc sta|lc liquic t|at ua, |c clca: o: iguc:tcc. I|c catal,st couo:c:t, w|ic| ua, co:tai:
t|c uocii,i:g :csi:s o: c:oss li:|i:g agc:ts, also utilizcs solvc:ts t|at a:c :oc:l, |ala:ccc io:
t|is couo:c:t a:c it, too, io:us a sto:agc sta|lc liquic, clca: o: iguc:tcc, as t|c casc ua, |c.
I|c o:ga:osol a:c catal,st couo:c:ts a:c usuall, uixcc cqual a:ts |, voluuc to io:u
a coati:g wit| t|c ccsi:cc c:c :oc:tics. l: a:oxiuatcl, six |ou:s ;ccc:ci:g o: scciiic
couositio:, au|ic:t tcuc:atu:c a:c |uuicit,,, ovc:solvatio: ua, sta:t a:c viscosit, ua,
|cgi: to :isc. l: suc| a casc, a i:cs|, cqual a:ts uixtu:c is acccc, a:c t|c |lc:c ua, :o:uall, |c
uscc wit| coulctc satisiactio:. l: couuc:cial :acticc, t|c ua|cu o: t|c :clc:is|i:g coati:g
uatc:ial ciicctivcl, cliui:atcs a:, :actical co:cc:: :cga:ci:g a :isc i: viscosit,. A:, catal,zcc
uixtu:c |clc ovc: a wcc|c:c, io: cxaulc, is uc:cl, c|cc|cc io: iluicit, a:c acccc to a i:cs|,
cqual a:ts uixtu:c.
W|c: sto:i:g cisc:sio: s,stcus, o:c s|oulc :ccog:izc t|at t|c cisc:sa:ts o: ola: solvc:ts
a:c uo:c owc:iul i: t|ci: actio: at |ig|c: tcuc:atu:cs. I|us to avoic ovc:solvatio:, o:ga:osol
uatc:ials s|oulc :ot |c sto:cc i: t|c |ot su:, :cxt to :aciato:s, o: i: laccs w|c:c t|c coati:g tcu
c:atu:c ua, :isc to |ig|c: t|a: 1!0l ;+-,. i:cc solvc:t owc: ialls oii wit| t|c :ccuctio: oi
au|ic:t tcuc:atu:cs, u:cc:solvatio: a:c ossi|l, ilocculatio: ua, occu: ii o:ga:osols a:c sto:cc
outsicc io: lo:g c:iocs cu:i:g t|c wi:tc: i: colc a:cas. :cvc: |cat u cisc:sio: coati:gs :aicl,
wit| ccviccs suc| as iuuc:sio: |catc:s o: |, ovc:solvatio: |ccausc gclatio: ca: occu:.
Method of application
Disc:sio: :csi:s ca: |c alicc |, a va:ict, oi uct|ocs i:cluci:g s:a,i:g, |:iii:g, :olli:g wit|
a :ollc:, cii:g, a:c cxt:usio:. W|ilc s:a,i:g tcc|:iqucs a:c uostl, :csc:vcc io: o:ga:osols a:c
cxt:usio: :occcu:cs io: lastisols, t|c ot|c: uct|ocs a:c couuo: to |ot| t,cs oi s,stcu. I|c
c|oicc oi uct|oc oi alicatio: o: cisc:sio: s,stcu ;o:ga:osol o: lastisol, is cictatcc |, iilu
t|ic|:css :cqui:cuc:ts, availa|lc alicatio: tcc|:iqucs ;s:a,, cxt:usio:, a:c :occssi:g cqui
uc:t ;s|ca: uixc:s o: :ollc: uills,, su|st:atcs, a:c :ocuct c:io:ua:cc. lt is i:tc:csti:g to :otc
t|at, cuc to t|c uii, o: t|ixot:oic :atu:c oi cisc:sio: coati:gs, t|csc uatc:ials ca: |c alicc
at uuc| |ig|c: t|a: :o:ual viscositics. I|c s|ca: io:ccs cxc:tcc cu:i:g :cci:culatio: a:c |, t|c
:a oi t|c :ollc: coatc:, o: cu:i:g s:a,i:g o: cxt:usio:, a:c ciicctivc i: :ccuci:g t|c actual coati:g
viscosit, oi t|csc uatc:ials. l: accitio:, t|c :o:ual coalcscc:cc o: iusio: oi t|c :csi: a:ticlcs i:
t|c |a|i:g ovc: assists ilow.
I|ixot:o, is a :oc:t, oi a lastic t|at is a gcl at :cst |ut liquciics uo: agitatio: a:c loscs
viscosit, u:cc: st:css. liquics co:tai:i:g susc:ccc solics a:c li|cl, to |c t|ixot:oic. I|c, |avc
|ot| |ig| static s|ca: st:c:gt| a:c low c,:auic s|ca: st:c:gt|. lo: cxaulc, t|csc uatc:ials |avc
t|c caa|ilit, to |c alicc o: a vc:tical wall a:c t|:oug| quic| cu:i:g actio: :cuai: i: ositio:
cu:i:g cu:i:g.
All cisc:sio: coati:gs uust |c :oc:l, |a|cc o: iuscc i: o:cc: to coalcscc t|c ti:, cisc:scc
:csi: a:ticlcs i:to a co:ti:uous, toug|, a:c ilcxi|lc iilu. Dcc:ci:g o: io:uulatio: a:c cwcll
tiuc, t|c :cqui:cc iusi:g tcuc:atu:cs ;|ascc o: actual uctal tcuc:atu:cs, va:, i:ou !00l to
.!.l ;1+- to !.,. I|c :cic::cc c,clc io: s|cct |a|cs is 10 ui:utcs i: t|c !.0l to .!.l
;1 to !., :a:gc. l: uovi:g wc| alicatio: ;coil o: st:i coati:g,, a cu:c c,clc oi o0
scco:cs o: lcss at a|out .!.l ,iclcs gooc :csults. I|csc citcc cxaulcs, oi cou:sc, a:c io: vi:,l
c|lo:icc cisc:sio: s,stcus. lluo:i:atcc cisc:sio: coati:gs :cqui:c su|sta:tiall, |ig|c: tcuc:a
tu:cs ;a:oxiuatcl, ..0l to o00l ! to !1o, io: :oc: iilu io:uatio:.
i:cc iusio: oi t|c cisc:scc a:ticlcs is t|c ua|o: o||cctivc i: t|c cu:i:g :occcu:c, t|c
|a|i:g c,clc io: a givc: alicatio: ccc:cs o: |ow quic|l, t|c wct iilu :cac|cs iusi:g tcu
c:atu:c. W|c: t|is c:itical tcuc:atu:c is :cac|cc, t|c ti:,, a:tiall, solvatcc a:ticlcs quic|l,
coalcscc i:to a |ouogc:cous coati:g. l:o|lcus oi t|c:ual ccg:acatio: will occu: ii t|c coati:g
is su||cctcc to tcuc:atu:cs i: cxccss oi .00l ;!o0, io: vi:,l c|lo:icc cisc:sio:, ccg:a
catio: will occu: at tcuc:atu:cs i: cxccss oi o00l ;!1o, io: vi:,l o: vi:,licc:c iluo:icc
cisc:sio:s io: :olo:gcc c:iocs.
l: t|c i:sta:ccs oi vi:,l c|lo:icc cisc:sio:, t|c :atc oi t|c:ual cccouositio: is accclc:atcc
i: t|c :csc:cc oi i:o:, suc| situatio:s occu:, io: cxaulc, w|c: uic:oscoicall, cxoscc ti: latc
is su||cctcc to cxt:cuc tcuc:atu:cs io: o:l, a icw scco:cs. I|c :csulti:g iilu is ciscolo:cc |lac|.
Discolo:atio: oi t|is t,c ca: also uca: t|at t|c ovc: |as |cc: sct too |ig| o: |as ccvclocc a |ot
sot o: a:ot|c: siuila: :o|lcu. Io :ccucc t|csc t|c:ual ciiccts, 0.. to 1. a:ts c: |u:c:cc ;|,
oi a sta|ilizc: is uixcc i: t|c cisc:sio: couositio:. liicctivc sta|ilizc:s i:clucc uctallic soas,
o:ga:ic ti: a:c cacuiuu salts, a:c coxicc :csi:s.
Vi:,l a:c vi:,licc:c iluo:icc s,stcus, alt|oug| uo:c t|c:uall, sta|lc t|a: t|ci: vi:,l c|lo:icc cous
i:s, u:cc:go t|c:ual cccouositio: at :clativcl, |ig| tcuc:atu:cs ;~o00l,. I|c :occss is g:catl,
accclc:atcc i: t|c :csc:cc oi glass o: silica a:c t|csc uatc:ials a:c to |c avoiccc i: io:uulati:g t|csc s,s
tcus. oc:, aluui:uu, a:c i:o: s|ow :o catal,tic ccg:acatio: ciiccts, alt|oug|, su::isi:gl,, tita:iuu
cioxicc s|ows a tc:cc:c, to ciscolo: t|c vi:,licc:c iluo:icc s,stcus a:c ciscolo:atio: |ccoucs uo:c
:o:ou:ccc wit| i:c:casi:g iguc:t co:cc:t:atio:s. liicctivc sta|ilizc: :ocucts io: t|csc cisc:sio:
:csi:s a:c calciuu zi:c coulcxcs o: c:tac:,t|:itol i: cou|i:atio: wit| a: a:tioxica:t.
lt |as |cc: iou:c t|at iilu i:tcg:it,, gloss, ilcxi|ilit,, a:c :occss o: |ot watc: :csista:cc
a:c uatc:iall, aiicctcc |, t|c |a|i:g c,clcs uscc. l: :acticc, t|c iusi:g c,clc uust |c cscciall,
csta|lis|cc io: cac| alicatio:. l: gc:c:al, otiuuu :csults a:c o|tai:cc w|c: t|c coatcc uctal
is cxoscc to :clativcl, |ig| tcuc:atu:cs i: t|c ii:st ovc: zo:c. As a :csult, t|c solvc:ts i: t|c
Coating 33
cisc:sio: couositio: |avc a: oo:tu:it, to |cl solvatc t|c cisc:sio: :csi: |cio:c t|c, cvao
:atc. i cou:sc, ca:c uust |c ta|c: to ac|ust t|c tcuc:atu:cs i: t|c ii:st ovc: zo:cs so t|at :o
|listc:i:g o: i:|olcs occu:. lascc o: :actical a:c t|co:ctical co:sicc:atio: wit| lV cisc:
sio: coati:gs, it was cctc:ui:cc t|at !!.l ;1o-, is t|c ui:iuuu uctal tcuc:atu:c at w|ic|
t|c lV cisc:sio: s|oulc |c iuscc io: gooc :csults. A :ccouuc:ccc s|cct coati:g sc|cculc, io:
cxaulc, woulc |c !+0 to !o.l ;11 to 1., io: o to 10 ui:utcs. A :c:csc:tativc coil |a|c
woulc |c o0 scco:cs at .00l ;!o0, io: 0.o uil iilu. l:oc:l, cu:cc iilus t|us |a|cc ac|icvc
tc:silc st:c:gt|s oi 000 to 10000 si ;.. to o- \la,. llo:gatio: is a:oxiuatcl, !00. iuila:
cu:i:g co:sicc:atio:s al, to t|c iluo:ool,uc:s. lowcvc:, t|csc coati:gs :cqui:c co:sicc:a|l,
uo:c c:c:g, to :oc:l, coalcscc t|c iilu. \ctal tcuc:atu:cs oi +.l ;!+.,, a:oxiuatcl,
100l ;!, a|ovc t|osc uscc io: t|c vi:,l c|lo:icc s,stcus, a:c :cqui:cc. A :c:csc:tativc coil
|a|c io: t|csc :csi:s, io: cxaulc, woulc |c +!. to +.l io: !0 to +. scco:cs.
Nonfoam strippable vinyl
A:ot|c: g:ou oi c|cuical coati:gs, t|c uscs oi w|ic| |avc s|ow: co:ti:ucc ua:|cc cxa:sio:,
a:c t|c :o:ioau st:ia|lc vi:,ls. W|ilc t|csc uatc:ials |avc |cc: oiic:cc io: souc tiuc, t|c,
wc:c io:uulatcc io: s:a, alicatio: to :ocucts aitc: ia|:icatio:. I|c uo:c :ccc:t t,cs, li|c t|c
:oll coat ii:is|cs, a:c ccsig:cc io: alicatio: |, :cvc:sc :ollc: coati:g to coilcc uctal |cio:c t|c
:ocuct is ua:uiactu:cc. I|c:cio:c, t|c, oiic: su:iacc :otcctio: all t|c wa, t|:oug| uctalwo:|
i:g oc:atio:s, cu:i:g asscu|l,, a:c ua:, tiucs aitc:wa:c as :cliui:a:, ac|agi:g.
I|csc t,cs gc:c:all, co:sist oi vi:,l lastisols alicc i: liquic io:u a:c |cat co:vc:tcc i:to a
co:ti:uous iilu, gc:c:all, at a ui:iuuu oi a|out ! uils c:,. lc:c agai: iu:ovcc :csi:s |avc la,cc a:
iuo:ta:t a:t i: t|c suc:io: c:io:ua:cc oi t|csc uatc:ials |, :ovici:g t|c uatc:ials wit| cxccllc:t
toug|:css as wcll as tc:silc a:c tca: st:c:gt| to wit|sta:c slitti:g, staui:g, io:ui:g, a:c |c:ci:g.
lo:uulatcc wit| |ust t|c :ig|t ccg:cc oi co|csivc :oc:tics to ac|c:c u:til :o lo:gc: ccsi:cc,
t|csc st:ia|lcs ca: |c uscc ovc: a va:ict, oi su|st:atcs i:cluci:g olis|cc o: stai:lcss stccl, a:oc
izcc aluui:uu, o: :cii:is|cc uctal t|at |as |cc: coatcc wit| I ii:is|cs.
o:vc:tc:s :co:t ciiic:c:t alicatio:s oi t|ci: lastisol st:ia|lc vi:,l i: w|ic| usc:s
:ccuccc uatc:ial a:c la|o: costs .0 |, acoti:g t|is co:cct. I|c ii:us usc t|c st:ia|lc vi:,l
o: a:ocizcc aluui:uu coil t|at is su|scquc:tl, ua:uiactu:cc i:to :ocucts suc| as |cati:g |oocs.
lo: t|is alicatio: t|c st:ia|lc vi:,l :cuai:s i:tact |cio:c, cu:i:g, a:c aitc: ia|:icatio:, acts as
:cliui:a:, ac|agi:g a:c :otcctio: agai:st sc:atc|i:g i:ou t|c ii:al co::ugatcc co:tai:c:, a:c
sta,s o: u:til t|c |ooc is i:stallcc to :otcct it i:ou i:stallatio: |a:cli:g.
l:io: to usi:g t|c lastisol st:ia|lc, coua:ics t|at :ocucc |cati:g |oocs culo,cc :cssu:c
sc:sitivc ac:. I|is uatc:ial was aluost twicc t|c cost c: squa:c ioot oi lastisol st:ia|lcs a:c
|ac to |c :cuovcc |cio:c t|c |ooc was s|icc, t|us accitio:al ac|agi:g |ac to |c uscc.
A:c|itcctu:al ii:us also usc st:ia|lc lastisol coati:gs o: stai:lcss stccl |uilci:g a:cls. lc:c
t|c, oiic: su:iacc :otcctio: i:ou, |cio:c, a:c cu:i:g ia|:icatio: oi t|c a:cls, u to t|c tiuc at
w|ic| t|c, a:c c:cctcc.
Foam- vinyl strippable
I|c ioau vi:,l st:ia|lcs a:c vc:, usciul io: ac|agi:g uctal a:ts a:c ot|c: siuila: :ocucts.
lascc o: lV cisc:sio: :csi:s, ioau vi:,l st:ia|lcs a:c alicc i: liquic io:u to t|c coulctcc
:ocuct. loaui:g ta|cs lacc cu:i:g t|ci: cu:c c,clc to :ocucc a |ig|l, :csilic:t, so:g, iilu.
I|c:cio:c, t|csc st:ia|lcs also oiic: :otcctio: agai:st cc:ti:g a:c sc:atc|i:g, a:c |avc ta|c: t|c
lacc oi ac: a:c co::ugatcc w:ai:gs at su|sta:tial savi:gs.
Wit|i: t|c ast icw cccaccs, t,cs oi st:ia|lcs t|at ca: cxa:c u to !00 |avc |cc: uacc
availa|lc. I|csc t,cs ca: ,iclc uaxiuuu iilus oi a|out i:, alt|oug| iilus oi i: a:c uo:c
couuo:l, uscc. I|csc uatc:ials aiio:c ua:, acva:tagcs. lo: i:sta:cc, t|c, :cta:c co::osio: |,
io:ui:g a tig|t s|i: a:ou:c t|c o||cct, w|ic| i:|i|its t|c c:t:a:cc oi uoistu:c. I|c, also |cl to
savc sacc si:cc t|is tig|t iit allows uo:c u:its to |c stac|cc c: cu|ic ioot t|a: ii |ul|, co:tai:c:s
wc:c uscc. l: accitio:, |ccausc o:c t,c oi st:ia|lc ca: accouuocatc :ocucts oi all sizcs a:c
s|acs, t|c:c is :o :ccc to uai:tai: a la:gc i:vc:to:, oi ciiic:c:t sizcc ac|agi:g uatc:ials. W|ilc
auto a:ts ac|agi:g is o:c oi t|ci: uost couuo: uscs, ioau vi:,l st:ia|lcs a:c also uscc i: ot|c:
i:cust:ics i: w|ic| uctal a:ts s|iuc:t :cvails.
Plasticizer, PVC
I|is :cvicw oi lasticizc:s is :cqui:cc |ccausc t|c, la, a: iuo:ta:t a:t i: t|c c:vi:o:uc:tal
c:io:ua:cc oi vi:,l. llasticizc:s sc:vc t|:cc |asic iu:ctio:s. to lowc: t|c :occssi:g tcuc:atu:c
oi t|c ol,uc: |clow t|c cccouositio: tcuc:atu:c, to uocii, t|c :oc:tics oi t|c ii:is|cc
:ocuct, a:c to uocii, t|c :occssi:g :oc:tics ;c|atc: 1,. llastics ca: |c uacc soitc: o: ilcx
i|lc, t|ci: :atu:al :oc:tics ca: |c cxtc:ccc o: uociiicc, a:c t|ci: viscositics ca: |c :ccuccc to
ua|c t|cu casic: to s|ac a:c io:u at |ig| tcuc:atu:cs a:c :cssu:cs.
I|c ucc|a:isu |, w|ic| i:clusio: oi lasticizc:s i: lV :csults i: i:c:cascc ilcxi|ilit, is
att:i|utcc to a :ccuctio: oi t|c i:tc:uolccula: io:ccs. l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c lasticizc: acts as a
lu|:icati:g agc:t to allow t|c uac:ouolcculcs to slicc ovc: o:c a:ot|c: i:ccl,, o: |, t|c solvatio:
oi t|c ol,uc:. u:lasticizcc lV is a t|:cc ciuc:sio:al gcl io:ucc |, t|c attac|uc:ts |ctwcc:
uolcculcs at activc cc:tc:s. llasticizatio: is a :ccuctio: oi ol,uc: ol,uc: u:io:s |, c:cati:g
ol,uc: lasticizc: u:io:s i: t|ci: lacc.
llasticizc:s io: lV a:c gc:c:all, civiccc i:to two catcgo:ics. t:uc lasticizc:s ;:iua:, a:c
scco:ca:,, a:c cxtc:cc:s. I|c :iua:, t,cs a:c uatc:ials t|at cx|i|it gooc couati|ilit, wit|
lV. I|c scco:ca:, t,cs usuall, cx|i|it iai: to gooc couati|ilit, a:c a:c :o:uall, uscc i: co:
|u:ctio: wit| t|c :iua:, lasticizc:s. :c |ig|l, ccsi:a|lc :oc:t, oi a lasticizc: is its caacit,
to iua:t a:c uai:tai: t|c c|a:actc:istics oi a: clastouc: to t|c ol,uc: ovc: t|c wiccst ossi|lc
tcuc:atu:c :a:gc. u:io:tu:atcl,, :o si:glc lasticizc: cu|ocics all t|c ccsi:cc cou|i:atio:s oi
:oc:tics. I|c:cio:c, io: a:, scciiic alicatio:, it is :cccssa:, to c|oosc t|c co::cct lasticizc:
cou|i:atio:.
Coating 35
Fluorine- Containing Resin
I|c |ig| t|c:ual sta|ilit, oi t|c ca:|o: iluo:i:c |o:c |as lcc to co:sicc:a|lc i:tc:cst i: iluo:i:c
co:tai:i:g ol,uc:s as |cat :csista:t lastic a:c :u||c:s suc| as ol,tct:ailuo:oct|,lc:c ;lIll,.
lIll is a uatc:ial t|at also :oviccs cxcctio:al c|cuical :csista:cc. lt is coulctcl, i:c:t to |alo
gc:s, iuui:g ui:c:al acics, st:o:g al|alis, a:c oxicizi:g agc:ts. lt also |as t|c acva:tagc oi |ci:g
:o:ilauua|lc. lowcvc:, it is attac|cc |, uoltc: al|ali uctals. lts i:solu|ilit, i: o:ga:ic solvc:ts
ua|cs it iuossi|lc io: usc i: lacquc:s. Wit| its |ig| c:,stalli:c uclti:g oi:t oi !!0l ;1oo,,
it ca::ot |c uscc i: o:ga:osols a:c lastisols. t|c: iluo:i:c co:tai:i:g lastics |avc |cc: ccvcl
occ, |ut i: aluost all cascs t|c, a:c :ot availa|lc io: usc i: t|c coati:g i:cust:,.
Acrylic Resin
Ac:,lic :csi:s a:c Il ol,uc:s :a:gi:g i:ou vc:, |a:c a:c toug| to cxt:cucl, ilcxi|lc watc: w|itc
uatc:ials. I|c, a:c :csista:t to oxicatio:, ult:aviolct ccg:acatio:, a:c ua:, c|cuicals. lowcvc:,
cc:tai: solvc:ts soitc: t|cu.
I|c, |avc |cc: uscc io: ua:, ,ca:s i: sccialt, coati:gs. Ac:,lic :csi:s |avc csta|lis|cc a :cu
tatio: io: cxccllc:t cu:a|ilit, i: autouotivc lacquc:s. I|c, ca: |c uscc wit| lasticizc:s as t|c iilu
io:uc: o: i: cou|i:atio: wit| :it:occllulosc. I|c cou|i:atio: is soucw|at |a:cc: a:c |as |cttc:
:csista:cc to solvc:ts suc| as gasoli:c.
I|c vc:, ilcxi|lc t,cs oi ac:,lic :csi: |avc |cc: uscc as coati:gs io: clastic uatc:ials, suc|
as :u||c:, a:c io: tcxtilc o: lcat|c: coati:gs. Ac:,lic :csi:s a:c couati|lc wit| ua:, ot|c: iilu
io:uc:s a:c a:c oitc: uscc i: |lc:cs. Ac:,lic cuulsio:s a:c uscc as |i:cc:s i: latcx ai:ts, t|c latcx
ai:ts |avc stcacil, i:c:cascc i: usc as a:c|itcctu:al coati:gs. Alicatio:s i:clucc i:tc:io: lastc:
a:c cxtc:io: stucco, co:c:ctc, a:c uaso::, su:iaccs.
I|c cisacva:tagcs t|at stcu i:ou t|c Il :atu:c oi t|c o:ci:a:, ac:,lic :csi:s ;solvc:t sc:sitiv
it, a:c tcuc:atu:c sc:sitivit,, |avc |cc: ovc:couc |, t|c i:t:ocuctio: oi t|c:uosctti:g ac:,lic
:csi:s. I|c, a:c c:oss li:|cc |, stovi:g :occsscs, vc:, siuila: to t|osc uscc io: t|c al|,c uclaui:c
t,cs. Watc: solu|lc o: cuulsio: t,cs, as wcll as t|osc solu|lc i: o:ga:ic solvc:ts, a:c all availa|lc.
Cellulosic Resin
:it:occllulosc was t|c ii:st s,:t|ctic |ig| ol,uc: uscc i: coati:gs. lts lacquc:s a:c still co:sicc:cc
to |c t|c iastcst ai: c:,i:g uatc:ials. I|is is cuc la:gcl, to its |ig| soitc:i:g oi:t a:c gooc solvc:t
:clcasc. lt is couati|lc wit| ua:, ot|c: :csi:s a:c lasticizi:g uatc:ials.
lt :oviccs |a:c iu::itu:c ii:is|cs, ilcxi|lc coati:gs io: ac: a:c ia|:ics, a:c cu:a|lc ii:is|cs
io: autouo|ilcs. I|c :i:cial liuitatio:s oi suc| lacquc:s a:c t|ci: :clativcl, |ig| cost solvc:ts a:c
:clativcl, low solics at s:a,i:g co:sistc:c,, t|ci: sc:sitivit, to |cat a:c ult:aviolct :aciatio:, a:c
t|ci: |ig| ccg:cc oi ilauua|ilit,.
lt|,l ccllulosc is soitc: a:c uo:c ilcxi|lc t|a: :it:occllulosc. lt is :ot as |ig|l, ilauua|lc as
:it:occllulosc a:c |as a cc:tai: ccg:cc oi :csista:cc to ccg:acatio: |, |cat. |cuical :csista:cc is
iu:ovcc. I|c, :ovicc toug|:css i: |lc:cs wit| |a:c :csi:s a:c waxcs io: |ot uclt coati:gs.
cllulosc acctatc is uscc c|icil, i: lastics a:c s|ccti:g. lt |as o:l, a icw sccialt, alicatio:s
i: coati:gs. lowcvc:, t|c acctatc |ut,:atc |as i:c:casi:g uscs. lts :oc:tics va:, wit| t|c :atio oi
acct,l a:c |ut,:al g:ous. lt is slig|tl, soitc: t|a: ct|,l ccllulosc |ut |as |cttc: :csista:cc to uois
tu:c a|so:tio:.
Copolymer Resin
\a:, ciiic:c:t cool,uc:s a:c uscc as |i:cc:s i: su:iacc coati:gs. A icw oi t|csc t,cs |avc |cc:
:cvicwcc i: t|is c|atc: ;c|atc: !,. I|c st,:c:c |utacic:c cool,uc:s a:c vc:, oula:. \a:,
ciiic:c:t vi:,l cool,uc:s suc| as vi:,l c|lo:icc, vi:,l iso|ut,l ct|c:, vi:,licc:c c|lo:icc, vi:,l
ac:,lo:it:ilc, a:c so o: a:c also uscc.
Coumarone- lndene Resin
I|c couua:o:c :csi:s a:c uatc:ials oi low \W. I|c, a:c solu|lc i: ali|atic, a:ouatic |,c:oca:
|o:s a:c i: oils. I|c, a:c Ils, a:c |ccausc oi t|ci: |,c:oca:|o: c|a:actc: t|c, a:c :csista:t to acic
a:c al|alis.
I|c, s|ow a ua:|cc tc:cc:c, to ,cllow w|c: cxoscc to lig|t, a:c t|ci: cu:a|ilit, is oo:.
lccausc oi t|csc i:|c:c:t :cst:ictio:s, t|c, |avc liuitcc alicatio:s i: coati:gs. I|ci: uai: iiclc oi
usc is i: |i:cc:s io: aluui:uu a:c |:o:zc lacquc:s, w|c:c t|ci: low acic valuc lcacs to sta|ilit, i:
t|c :cac, uixcc ii:is|. As t|c, a:c :otcctcc i:ou t|c atuos|c:c |, t|c la,c:s oi |:o:zc iguc:t,
t|c cu:a|ilit, oi suc| ii:is|cs is su::isi:gl, gooc. lu:ovcuc:ts occu: |, acci:g tu:g oil. W|c:
acccc i: as|alt lacquc:s, iu:ovcc gloss a:c al|ali :csista:cc occu:s.
Parylene
I|is lastic c:uits i:|olc i:cc coati:gs wit| t|c cxcctio:al caa|ilit, oi :ocuci:g outsta:c
i:g co:io:uit, a:c t|ic|:css u:iio:uit,. ult:at|i: ;!. to !000 :u, a:,lc:c iilus a:c :ocuccc
callcc clliclcs a:c :ocuccc. I|csc coati:gs a:c uscc to :otcct u:its i:ou ai:|o::c co:taui:a:ts,
uoistu:c, salt s:a,, a:c co::osivc vao:s w|ilc uai:tai:i:g cxccllc:t i:sulato: :otcctio:. I|c
coati:gs a:c also cxtc:sivcl, uscc i: t|c :otcctio: oi |,|:ic ci:cuits. uc| coati:gs co :ot aiicct
a:t ciuc:sio:s, s|acs, o: uag:ctic :oc:tics.
I|csc t:a:sa:c:t Ils a:c gc:c:all, i:solu|lc u to !0!l ;1.0,. At .1l ;!0, t|c,
will cissolvc i: c|lo:i:atcc |i|c:,ls, |ut t|c solutio: gcls uo: cooli:g |clow !!0l ;1o0,.
I|ci: wcat|c: :csista:cc is oo:. lu|:ittlcuc:t is t|c :iua:, co:scquc:cc oi t|ci: cxosu:c to
ult:aviolct :aciatio:.
la:,lc:c |as a u:iquc coati:g s,stcu. Also u:iquc is t|c c|cuist:, oi t|c x,lc:c uo:ouc:,
i: w|ic| a su|st:atc is cxoscc to a co:t:ollcc atuos|c:c oi u:c gascous uo:ouc:, S x,l,lc:c
Coating 37
;lX,. I|c coati:g :occss is |cst ccsc:i|cc as a vao: ccositio: ol,uc:izatio: ;VDl,. I|c uo:o
uc: itscli is t|c:uall, sta|lc |ut |i:cticall, u:sta|lc. Alt|oug| it is sta|lc as a gas at low :cssu:c,
uo: co:cc:satio: it so:ta:cousl, ol,uc:izcs to :ocucc a coati:g oi a |ig| uolccula: wcig|t,
li:ca: ol, ;S x,l,lc:c, llX,.
I|c S x,l,lc:c ol,uc:s ;llX, io:ucc |, t|c Go:|au :occss a:c gc:c:icall, |:ow: as t|c
a:,lc:cs. I|c tc:us la:,lc:c :, la:,lc:c , la:,lc:c D, o: la:,lc:c lI :cic: scciiicall, to coati:gs
:ocuccc i:ou t|c o:igi:al atc:ts i:ou u:io: a:|icc o:o:atio:`s ciuc:s. I|c ol,uc:izatio:
:occss ta|cs lacc i: two stagcs t|at uust |c |,sicall, sca:atc |ut tcuo:all, ac|acc:t.
I|c:c a:c iou: :iua:, va:ia:ts oi t|c ol,uc:. la:,lc:cs :, , D, a:c lI. Alt|oug| t|c, all
|avc t|c sauc cssc:tial coati:g :oc:tics a:c a:c alicc i: t|c sauc ua::c:, cac| |as a u:iquc
uolccula: io:u t|at :csults i: sccializcc c:io:ua:cc c|a:actc:istics. la:,lc:cs : a:c a:c t|c
uost couuo:l, uscc va:ia:ts, t|c, a:c uscc i: uccical coati:g alicatio:s. Ia|lc 10.1+ ccsc:i|cs
t|c |c, :oc:tics oi t|csc a:,lc:cs ;+,.
i all t|c va:ia:ts, la:,lc:c : oiic:s t|c |ig|cst c:ct:ati:g owc:. lccausc oi its g:catc:
uolccula: activit, i: t|c uo:ouc: |asc, it ca: |c uscc to coat :clativcl, ccc :cccsscs a:c |li:c
|olcs. I|is io:u oi a:,lc:c also :oviccs slig|tl, |ig|c: ciclcct:ic st:c:gt| t|a: la:,lc:c a:c a
ciclcct:ic co:sta:t t|at is i:ccc:cc:t oi i:cquc:c,. I|c lowc: cissiatio: iacto: a:c ciclcct:ic co:
sta:t oi t|is a:,lc:c io:u c:a|lc it to |c uscc io: :otccti:g |ig| i:cquc:c, su|st:atcs i: w|ic|
t|c coati:g is i: t|c ci:cct clcct:ouag:ctic iiclc.
la:,lc:c ciiic:s i:ou la:,lc:c : i: t|at it |as a c|lo:i:c atou o: t|c |c:zc:c :i:g, :ovic
i:g a usciul cou|i:atio: oi clcct:ical a:c |,sical :oc:tics. Auo:g t|csc :oc:tics is a vc:, low
c:uca|ilit, to uoistu:c a:c co::osivc gascs. oua:cc to la:,lc:c :, la:,lc:c cisla,s wca|c:
c:cvicc c:ct:ati:g a|ilit,.
I|c a:,lc:c :occss |as cc:tai: siuila:itics to vacuuu uctallizi:g. I|c :i:cial cisti:ctio:
is t|at t:ul, co:io:ual a:,lc:c coati:gs a:c ccositcc cvc: o: coulcx, ! D su|st:atcs, i:cluci:g
o: s|a: oi:ts a:c i:to |iccc: o: :cccsscc a:cas. Vacuuu uctallizi:g, o: t|c ot|c: |a:c, is a li:c
oi sig|t coati:g tcc|:olog,. A:cas oi t|c su|st:atc t|at ca::ot |c scc: |, t|c cvao:atio: sou:cc a:c
s|acowcc a:c :cuai: u:coatcc.
la:,lc:cs |avc |cc: uscc as |cau slittc:s i: otical i:st:uuc:ts, wi:cows io: :uclca: :aciatio:
ucasu:i:g ccviccs, ciclcct:ic suo:ts io: la:a: caacito:s, ciclcct:ic iilu i: |ig| c:io:ua:cc
:ccisio: clcct:ical caacito:s, ci:cuit |oa:cs, a:c clcct:o:ic uoculc coati:gs. I|c, |avc also |cc:
uscc io: cxt:cucl, iast :cso:ci:g, low uass t|c:uisto:s a:c t|c:uocoulcs, a:c uccical ccviccs.
la:,lc:c |as |cc: uscc i: a wicc :a:gc oi uccical alicatio:s si:cc t|c 1-0s. I|csc i:clucc cat|
ctc:s a:c ua:c:cls, stc:ts, :ccclcs, ca::ulac, ca:ciac assist ccviccs, :ost|ctics, a:c ci:cuit:,. c:tai:
ccviccs :cqui:c a :otcctivc coati:g to isolatc t|cu i:ou co:tact wit| uoistu:c, gascs, co::osivc
|ioiluics, o: c|cuicals. I|c ciiic:c:t a:,lc:cs :cso:c to stc:ilizatio: i: ciiic:c:t wa,s, as s|ow: i:
Ia|lc 10.1.. oati:gs a:c also uscc to :otcct atic:ts i:ou co:tact wit| su:gical itcus o: iula:tcc
ccviccs t|at ua, :ot |c |iocouati|lc. Vacuuu ccositcc a:,lc:c is oitc: t|c :otcctivc uccical
coati:g oi c|oicc. Accitio:all,, a:,lc:c ua, |c uscc to cclivc: ot|c: iu:ctio:al :oc:tics, suc| as
clcct:ical i:sulatio:, a:ticulatc tic cow:, o: i:c:cascc lu|:icit, ;+,.
TabIe 10.14 Examples of propertIes for Parylenes N and C
TabIe 10.15 Effect of varIous sterIlIzatIon methods for Parylenes N and C
Coating 39
Al,i:g a:,lc:c :cqui:cs sccial, t|oug| :ot coulcx o: |ul|,, cquiuc:t. a vao:izc:, a ,:ol
,sis u:it, a:c a ccositio: c|au|c:. I|c o||ccts to |c coatcc a:c laccc i: t|c ccositio: c|au|c:,
w|c:c t|c vao: coats t|cu wit| a ol,uc:. A co:cc:satio: coati:g li|c t|is cocs :ot :u: oii o: sag
as i: co:vc:tio:al coati:g uct|ocs, :o: is it li:c oi sig|t tcc|:olog,, as i: vacuuu uctallizi:g. l:
co:cc:satio: coati:g, t|c vao: cvc:l, coats ccgcs, oi:ts, a:c i:tc::al a:cas. Alt|oug| t|c vao: is
all c:vasivc, |olcs ca: still |c coatcc wit|out |:icgi:g. \as|i:g ca: casil, :cvc:t c|osc: a:cas i:ou
|ci:g coatcc. I|c o||ccts to |c coatcc ca: also :cuai: at o: :ca: :oou tcuc:atu:c, t|us :cvc:ti:g
ossi|lc t|c:ual cauagc. I|c qua:titativc :atu:c oi t|is :cactio: allows t|c coati:g t|ic|:css to |c
accu:atcl, a:c siul, co:t:ollcc |, ua:iulati:g t|c ol,uc: couositio: c|a:gcc to t|c vao:izc:.
Process
I|c coati:g :occss tcc|:olog, oi al,i:g a:,lc:c iilu to a su|st:atc i:volvcs a vacuuu c|au|c:
|, uca:s oi VDl. A c:,, owcc:cc :ccu:so: |:ow: as a ciuc: is co:vc:tcc |, |cat i: t|c coati:g
s,stcu to io:u a ciuc:ic gas, a:c |catcc iu:t|c: to gc:c:atc a uo:ouc: gas t|at is asscc to a
ccositio: c|au|c:.
Wit|i: t|c c|au|c:, it ol,uc:izcs at :oou tcuc:atu:c as a co:io:ual iilu o: all cxoscc
su|st:atc su:iaccs. la:,lc:c ccositio: |as :o liquic |asc, uscs :o solvc:t o: catal,st, a:c gc:c:
atcs :o gascous |, :ocucts. I|c:c a:c :o cu:c :clatcc |,c:aulic o: liquic su:iacc tc:sio: io:ccs i:
t|c coati:g c,clc, a:c coatcc :ocucts :cuai: i:cc oi ucc|a:ical st:css.
I|is iilu |ccoucs a li:ca:, c:,stalli:c ol,uc: wit| a: all ca:|o: |ac||o:c a:c a |ig| \W.
Wit| t|c a|sc:cc oi ola: c:titics, a:c su|sta:tial c:,stalli:it,, t|c iilu is sta|lc a:c |ig|l, :csista:t
to c|cuical attac|. I|c static a:c c,:auic cociiicic:ts oi i:ictio: io: a:,lc:cs a:c i: t|c :a:gc oi
0.!. to 0.!!. I|is c:, iilu lu|:icit, is a: iuo:ta:t c|a:actc:istic io: cc:tai: alicatio:s, suc| as
uccical cat|ctc: a:c guicc wi:c coati:gs.
APPLICATION
oatcc :ocucts a:c all a:ou:c us wo:lcwicc. I|is la:gc i:cust:, :ocuccs two |:oac catcgo:ics
oi coati:gs, :aucl,, t|c t:acc salcs a:c t|c i:cust:ial ii:is|cs. I:acc salcs, o: s|cli goocs, i:clucc
:ocucts solc ci:cctl, to co:suuc:s, co:t:acto:s, a:c :oicssio:al ai:tc:s io: usc i: co:st:uctio:
o: ai:ti:g, :cii:is|i:g, a:c gc:c:al uai:tc:a:cc. I|csc coati:gs a:c uscc c|icil, o: |ouscs a:c
|uilci:gs, alt|oug| a sizca|lc o:tio: is uscc io: :cii:is|i:g autouo|ilcs a:c uac|i:c:,.
l:cust:ial ii:is|cs, o: c|cuical coati:gs, c:couass u,:iac :ocucts io: alicatio: |, ua:u
iactu:c:s i: iacto:ics o: io: i:cust:ial uai:tc:a:cc a:c :otcctio:. I|c, a:c custou uacc :ocucts
solc to ot|c: ua:uiactu:c:s io: suc| itcus as autouo|ilcs, alia:ccs, iu::itu:c, s|is a:c |oats,
uctal co:tai:c:s, st:ccts a:c |ig|wa,s, a:c govc::uc:t iacilitics.
Diiic:c:t alicatio:s a:c :cvicwcc i: t|is c|atc:. I|c iollowi:g |ust :ovicc accitio:al ali
catio:s. Ia|lc 10.1o :ovicc a guicc o: ai:ti:g lastics, w|c:c k ~ :ccouuc:ccc a:c :k ~ :ot
:ccouuc:ccc. Io iu:ovc o: :ovicc |o:ci:g caa|ilitics to :k su|sta:ccs, ciiic:c:t :iuc:s o:
su:iacc t:catuc:ts o: |ot| a:c uscc suc| as iluo:i:atio: ;Ia|lc 10.1, c|atc: o,.
Coil Coating
I|is scctio: :cvicws coil coati:g a:c |ig|lig|ts a t,ical ua|o: alicatio: oi coil coati:g. oil
coati:g wit| lastics co:ti:ucs to |c a vc:, |ig |usi:css wo:lcwicc ;Ia|lcs 10.1 a:c 10.1-,.
Ia|lc 10.!0 :cvicws t|c :oc:tics oi coil coati:g lastics. l: t|c uca:tiuc, t|c coil coati:g i:cus
t:, |as |cc: u:cc: :cssu:c to cliui:atc t|c usc oi solvc:ts. lo: cxaulc, i: t|c ast, Il ol,cstc:
TabIe 10.17 Surface energy of plastIcs as a result of uorInatIon
TabIe 10.16 CuIde for applyIng paInt coatIngs to plastIc substrates
Coating 41
TabIe 10.18 TypIcal plastIcs used In coIl coatIngs
coil coati:gs co:tai:cc u to +0 oi solvc:ts suc| as gl,col cstc:s, a:ouatic |,c:oca:|o:s, alco|ols,
|cto:cs, a:c |ut,l gl,col. lt |as |cc: :ccictcc t|at t|c solvc:t |ascc tcc|:olog, will :ot c|a:gc
cu:i:g t|c :cxt cccacc |ccausc t|c i:cust:, |cavil, i:vcstcc i: cquiuc:t to |a:clc solvc:ts ;!+,.
uc| c|a:gcs i: tcc|:olog, :cqui:c lo:g tcsti:g |cio:c t|c, ca: |c iulcuc:tcc. I|c coil coat
i:g i:cust:, :o:uall, :ccovc:s c:c:g, i:ou cvao:atcc solvc:ts cit|c: |, at sou:cc i:ci:c:atio:
o: |, a :cc,cli:g :occss t|at lowc:s cuissio:s. lccausc oi t|c la:gc auou:t oi solvc:ts uscc, t|c
usc oi lV a:c iluo:ool,uc:s i: souc io:uulatio:s, a:c t|c usc oi c|:ouatcs i: :ct:catuc:ts,
:cssu:c :cuai:s o: t|c i:cust:, to ua|c iu:ovcuc:ts. I|c coil coati:g i:cust:, is cstiuatcc
co:suuc a|out .0000 to:s oi solvc:ts |ot| i: lu:oc a:c i: t|c u:itcc tatcs. A|out |ali oi t|csc
solvc:ts a:c |,c:oca:|o:s.
Acco:ci:g to t|c u|lis|cc stucics, ciio:ts to c|a:gc t|is situatio: sta:tcc i: t|c ca:l, 1--0s. l,
t|c uic :i:ctics :csca:c| cata wc:c availa|lc to s|ow t|at t|c tcc|:olog, ca: |c c|a:gcc. Iwo ci:cc
tio:s t|at will uost li|cl, c|allc:gc t|c cu::c:t tcc|:olog, a:c :aciatio: cu:i:g a:c owcc: coati:g.
oil coats a:c t|i: ;a|out !0 u wct t|ic|:css, |ut co:tai: a |ig| iguc:t loaci:g. o:scquc:tl,,
ult:aviolct cu:i:g is lcss suita|lc t|a: clcct:o: |cau cu:i:g. I|c alicatio: oi t|is tcc|:olog, :cqui:cs
a c|a:gc to t|c lastic s,stcu, a:c ac:,lic oligouc:s a:c t|c uost suita|lc io: t|is alicatio:. I|csc
s,stcus ca: |c :occsscc wit|out solvc:ts. li a :ccuctio: i: viscosit, is :cqui:cc, it ca: |c accou
lis|cc wit| lasticizc:s ;t|c |cst ca:cicatcs to catc a:c |:a:c|cc |t|alatcs a:c li:ca: aciatcs, o:
:cactivc ciluc:ts, suc| as uultiiu:ctio:al uo:ouc:s, o: |ot|. kcsults s|ow t|at t|c ult:aviolct sta|il
it, oi t|c s,stcu :cccs to |c iu:ovcc |, usi:g a ol,cstc: tocoat o: iluo:olastic.
TabIe 10.1 CoIl coatIng plastIc characterIstIcs and applIcatIons
Coating 43
Wit| a tocoat, t|c uatc:ials c:io:u vc:, wcll, as o|sc:vcc i: la|o:ato:, cxc:iuc:ts a:c i:
i:cust:ial c:vi:o:uc:ts. At t|c tiuc oi t|c stuc,, w|ic| too| lacc i: t|c uic :i:ctics, t|c :occss
oi coati:g was lcss ciiicic:t t|a: solvc:t |ascc s,stcus |ccausc :ocuctio: sccc was a|out six
tiucs slowc: t|a: t|c |ig|cst :ocuctio: :atcs i: t|c i:cust:, ;1!0 uui:,. At t|c sauc tiuc, it
is |:ow: t|at t|c qualit, oi solvc:t |ascc coati:gs suiic:s i:ou cxccssivc :ocuctio: :atcs. kacia
tio: cu:i:g |as a cisacva:tagc |ccausc oi its |ig| caital i:vcstuc:t, |ut it cocs |avc a: cco:ouics
acva:tagc |ccausc t|c :occss is vc:, c:c:g, ciiicic:t. kaciatio: cu:i:g tcc|:olog, |as |cc: suc
ccssiull, iulcuc:tcc i: scvc:al i:cust:ics, suc| as ac:, lastic :occssi:g, a:c wooc coati:g,
w|c:c lo:g tc:u cco:ouic gai:s uacc t|c cost via|lc.
oua:iso:s oi solvc:t |ascc iluo:olastic owcc: coati:g ccvclocc i: aa: s|ow t|at
t|c cliui:atio: oi solvc:t is :ot o:l, gooc io: t|c c:vi:o:uc:t |ut also iu:ovcs c:io:ua:cc
;ult:aviolct sta|ilit, cscciall, is iu:ovcc,. I|c stuc, was ca::icc out wit| a vc:, wcll ccsig:cc
tcsti:g :og:au to cvaluatc t|c wcat|c:i:g c:io:ua:cc oi t|c uatc:ial.
TabIe 10.20 PlastIc propertIes of coIl coatIngs
I|csc two tcc|:ologics s|ow t|at t|c:c is cxtc:sivc activit, to iu:ovc coil coati:gs wit|
siuulta:cous cliui:atio: oi solvc:ts. Iwo :ccc:t atc:ts co:t:i|utc uo:c i:io:uatio: o: t|c
ccvclouc:ts i: t|c coil coati:g i:cust:,. :c :o|lcu i: t|c i:cust:, is t|c oo: ac|csio: oi t|c
coati:g to stccl. I|c:c is a :iuc: t|at co:tai:s ci:o,lc:c gl,col uct|,l ct|c: a:c l\ acctatc t|at
allows t|c ccositio: oi :clativcl, t|ic| la,c:s ;!0 to +0 u, wit|out |listc:i:g a:c at suita|lc :atc
oi :occssi:g. lowcvc:, t|c :iuc: |as a low solics co:tc:t ;!0 to +.,. A :cw :ct:o:cilcctivc
coati:g t|at is |ascc o: ct|,l ac:,latc st,:c:c cool,uc: was ccvclocc, w|ic| co:tai:s a uixtu:c
oi x,lc:c wit| a:ot|c: a:ouatic |,c:oca:|o: at :clativcl, low co:cc:t:atio: ;11 to 1!,.
Strippable Coating
I|c:c a:c ciiic:c:t lastic t,cs oi st:ia|lc coati:gs to ucct ciiic:c:t :cqui:cuc:ts. A oula:
t,c uscs vi:,ls t|at a:c io: :otccti:g uctal a:ts |ci:g ac|agcc io: s|iuc:t. lV cisc:sio:
lastic is alicc i: liquic io:u to t|c :ocuct. loaui:g ta|cs lacc cu:i:g t|ci: cu:c c,clc to
:ocucc a |ig|l, :csilic:t, so:g, iilu. I|c:cio:c, t|csc st:ia|lcs also oiic: :otcctio: agai:st
cc:ti:g a:c sc:atc|i:g, a:c |avc ta|i:g t|c lacc oi ac: a:c co::ugatcc w:ai:gs at su|sta:tial
savi:gs. I,cs t|at ca: cxa:c u to !00 |avc |cc: uacc availa|lc. I|csc t,cs ca: ,iclc uaxi
uuu iilus oi a|out i:, alt|oug| i: is uo:c couuo:l, uscc.
:a,i:g, cii:g, ilow a:c cu:tai: coati:g ca: al, ioau vi:,l st:ia|lcs ovc: t|c sauc
su|st:atcs as t|c :o:ioau t,cs ;lig. 10.!,. I|ci: :iua:, usc is o: c|:ouc latcc autouotivc
:claccuc:t a:ts, suc| as |uuc:s, |caclig|t |czcls, a:c ccco:ativc t:iu. t:ia|lcs usuall,
FIgure 10.3 Temperature dIstrIbutIon In strIppable vInyl foam.
Coating 45
|oost :ocuctio: oi w:acc a:ts co:sicc:a|l,, as wcll as lowc:i:g t|c :c|cct :atc. utut oi
w:acc |uuc:s, io: cxaulc, was i:c:cascc |, t|:cc tiucs.
Germ- Free Coating
last attcuts to c:catc su:iaccs wit| i:|c:c:t |actc:icical :oc:tics caa|lc oi :c:cc:i:g t|cu i:cc
oi gc:us |avc |cc: u:succcssiul. kcsca:c|c:s at :o:t|castc:: u:ivc:sit,, wo:|i:g wit| collcagucs
at t|c \assac|usctts l:stitutc oi Icc|:olog, a:c Iuits u:ivc:sit, ;all i: t|c losto: a:ca,, |clicvc t|c,
ua, |avc ccvclocc a uct|oc io: c:cati:g c:ua:c:tl, gc:u i:cc c:, su:iaccs ;+-,. I|c, scculatc
t|at :cvious ciio:ts to ccsig: c:, |actc:icical su:iaccs iailcc |ccausc t|c ol,uc: c|ai:s t|at uacc u
t|c uatc:ial wc:c :ot suiiicic:tl, lo:g a:c ilcxi|lc c:oug| to c:ct:atc |actc:ial ccll walls.
I|ci: :csca:c| |as ccuo:st:atcc t|at covalc:t attac|uc:t oi : al|,latcc ol,;+ vi:,l,:ici:c,
lVl, to glass ca: ua|c su:iaccs c:ua:c:tl, lct|al to scvc:al t,cs oi |actc:ia o: co:tact. I|c
g:ou iou:c a :a::ow :a:gc oi : al|,latcc lVl couositio:s t|at c:a|lc t|c ol,uc: to :ctai: its
|actc:ia |illi:g a|ilit, w|c: coatcc o: c:, su:iaccs. lt is |clicvcc t|at t|csc a:c t|c ii:st c:gi:cc:cc
su:iaccs :ovc: to |ill ai:|o::c uic:o|cs i: t|c a|sc:cc oi a liquic ucciuu.
Wo:| :cviousl, co:cuctcc o: ciiic:c:t couositio:s |ac liuitatio:s. I|ci: ol,uc: c|ai:s
|ac i:suiiicic:t lc:gt| a:c ilcxi|ilit,. I|ci: ol,uc: i:cluccs a lo:g li:|c: t|at c:a|lcs t|c toxic
: al|,latcc ,:ici:c g:ous to c:oss t|c |actc:ial c:vcloc.
Acco:ci:g to t|c losto: a:ca :csca:c|c:s citcc :cviousl,, c:, su:iacc |o:ccc lVl wit| :o
: al|,l c|ai:s o: lo:g : al|,l c|ai:s, i:cluci:g tc: o: uo:c ca:|o: u:its, is :ot |actc:icical. I|c,
:co:tcc t|at t|:cc to cig|t u:it lVl c|ai:s cc:ivc a suiiicic:t ositivc c|a:gc i:ou t|c catio:ic
,:ici:c :it:ogc: to :ccl cac| ot|c: a:c sta, ilcxi|lc a:c suiiicic:tl, |,c:o|o|ic to c:ct:atc
|actc:ial ccll walls. lt |as |cc: i:cicatcc t|at su:iaccs ia|:icatcc i: t|is wa, |ill -+ to -- oi
|actc:ia s:a,cc o: t|cu. lccausc t|c coati:g is c|cuicall, |o:ccc to t|c su:iacc, it will :ot |c
aiicctcc |, |ci:g touc|cc o: was|cc.
EVALUATION METHOD
cvc:c :ca: iutu:c :cqui:cuc:ts io: :csi: :otcctivc coati:gs ccua:c t|c usc oi all availa|lc
uct|ocs oi c|a:actc:izi:g ca:cicatc uatc:ials. lxaulcs i:clucc t|c:ual, otical, a:c clcct:ical
uct|ocs. I|c two uai: t|c:ual uct|ocs to co:sicc: a:c t|c:uog:aviuct:ic a:al,sis ;IGA, a:c
ciiic:c:tial t|c:ual a:al,sis ;DIA, c|atc: !!,. lot| ua, |c uscc to c|a:actc:izc otc:tial coati:g
uatc:ials u:cc: co:citio:s t|at woulc :ovicc i:io:uatio: io: t|c |cst sclcctio:, io:uulatio:, a:c
alicatio: oi t|csc uatc:ials |, i:vcstigati:g t|ci: t|c:ual ccg:acatio: attc::s a:c ucc|a:isus.
I|c otical uct|ocs oi i:tc:cst a:c scct:o|otouct:ic a:c |otouic:og:a|ic. cct:o|o
touct:, is uscc to i:vcstigatc t|c c|a:gcs i: otical :oc:tics oi coati:gs t|at |avc |cc: su||cctcc
to va:ious c:vi:o:uc:tal co:citio:s. l|otouic:og:a|, ca: |c uscc to cit|c: cxaui:c o: cctc:ui:c
t|c uctal coati:g i:tc:iacc. lt ca: also |c uscc to cctc:ui:c ii a coati:g is c:,stalli:c, auo:|ous,
co:ti:uous, o: lac|i:g i: i:tcg:it,.
A: iuo:ta:t clcct:ical uct|oc is t|c ucasu:cuc:t oi t|c ciclcct:ic |:ca|cow: oi:t oi a
coati:g. I|c i:st:uuc:ts t|at a:c uscc io: t|is u:osc ca: also |c uscc to cctc:ui:c t|c o:osit,
a:c u:iio:uit, oi a coati:g ;c|atc: !!,.
PROCESS
Overview
lot| Ils a:c I lastics ua, |c uscc as coati:gs. I|c uatc:ials to |c coatcc ua, |c lastic, uctal,
wooc, ac:, ia|:ic, lcat|c:, glass, co:c:ctc, cc:auics, a:c so o:. \ct|ocs oi coati:g a:c va:icc, as
s|ow: i: Ia|lc 10.!1.
TabIe 10.21 CoatIng methods related to performances

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Chapter 10

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