Abigail Raines 14 March 2013 ENC 1102 Annotated Bibliography Professor Wolcott The who, what, where and

why of speech therapy. This bibliography attempts to show the effectiveness, the demographics and the importance of speech therapy while analyzing the major questions or who, what where and why of the therapy. This is intended to only give an overview of the importance of therapy as well as a brief look into who receives the therapy. It attempts to show the conversation of why therapy is important in mainly two age groups, children and the elderly. This bibliography only consists of academic journals, some of which are peer reviewed. Most articles have some sort of graph to visually display the demographics and statics of the information gathered to support the claims of each article. Most of the articles were written in the UK and that is where most of the studies occurred. The UK seems to be ahead in the studying of the importance and effectiveness in speech therapy but despite the country, the therapy and administering of the therapy is the same as it would be in the United States. The demographics and statistics of the who receives therapy is obviously different from which would be in the United States, but age statics are applicable to research in America. All publications are cited in American English and the studies were conducted from the past two decades. Broomfield, Jan, and Barbara Dodd. "Is Speech And Language Therapy Effective For Children With Primary Speech And Language Impairment? Report Of A Randomized Control Trial." International Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders 46.6 (2011):

This article is an academic journal written by Jan Broomfield, a therapist at Speech Therapy 4 Kids Herrington Village County Durham UK and Barbara Dodd who is a therapist and professor at City University in London. The main goal of this study is to determine the outcomes of treatment versus no treatment in the speech therapy in children. 730 children were given therapy for 6 months. After being tested against a speech therapy test measurement before and after the 6 months, it was determined that with just as few as 6 hours of therapy over 6 months show significant improvements in children with speech impediments. This is important and pertinent to my research because I am focusing on and looking at the importance and effectiveness of speech therapy. This article proves that even a minimal amount of speech therapy is effective.

Fourie, Robert, NIamb Crowley, and Ana Oliviera. "A Qualitative Exploration of Therapeutic Relationships from the Perspective of Six Children Receiving Speech-Language Therapy." 628-640. Academic Search Premier. In this academic journal, author Robert Fourie, who is a professor of Speech and Hearing Sciences at the University College Cork in Ireland evaluates the role of Speech Therapists for children. Dr. Fourie conducts six semi structured interviews on children ranging from the age 5-12 about how they view their therapist and what role they play in their lives. This article is important to my research because I am focusing on who and which patients (in this instance children) receive speech therapy and their relationship and the importance of their therapist. This article directly relates to and helps argue why speech therapy is important. Louise Hickson, et al. "Conceptualising Quality Of Life For Older People With Aphasia." Aphasiology 24.3 (2010): 327-347. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.This is an academic journal written by Cruice and Hill who are professors and therapists at the

City University in the UK. The main goal of this study is to investigate what factors into and if speech therapy is a factor in the quality of life in elders suffering from aphasia. Thirty elders were interviewed and asked three questions about what contributed to their quality of life. Among other factors, the results showed that one major factor in the quality of life for these people are communication skills. Lyndsey Nickels, et al. "Speech Pathology Services For Primary Progressive Aphasia: Exploring An Emerging Area Of Practice." Aphasiology 23.2 (2009): 161-174. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.Mennen, Ineke, and Jois Stansfield. "Speech And Language Therapy Service Delivery For Bilingual Children: A Survey Of Three Cities In Great Britain." International Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders 41.6 (2006): 635-652. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.This study is from an academic journal written by four researchers and therapists. Cathleen Taylor, a therapist at War Memorial Hospital, Croot, a professor at the University of Sydney, and Nickels, a professor at the Macquire University all contributed to the study. The main goal of this study was to identify the referral rates in patients with dementia in all areas of Australia. A survey was sent out to urban and rural areas to collect the information. The results show that only a small number of people suffering from dementia are actually referred to therapists for speech therapy because of their mental state. But, although they are not referred, the Cruice study confirms that in elderly patients, including those with dementia, verbal communication is a key factor in quality of life for them.

Markham, Chris, and Taraneh Dean. "Parents' And Professionals' Perceptions Of Quality Of Life In Children With Speech And Language Difficulty." International Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders 41.2 (2006): 189-212. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14

Mar. 2013. This is an academic journal written by Markham who is a professor at the Dean School of Health Sciences at the University of Portsmouth in the UK. The main goal of this study is to examine the quality of life in children with speech and language disorders. To get this information about quality of life of children, their parents were interviewed. The results showed that children who received the therapy were more likely to be more accepting, including and understanding of others as opposed to the children who did not receive the therapy were more susceptible to bullying and exclusion. This study is especially important to consider when looking at the importance of speech language therapy. Therapy goes beyond fixing impediments, it builds confidence in the patients as well. This correlates with the study Fourie did about relationships with therapists. Patients (for the most part kids) value their time with their therapists and see them as confidants. This shows that there are many important outcomes of speech therapy.

Mennen, Ineke, and Jois Stansfield. "Speech And Language Therapy Service Delivery For Bilingual Children: A Survey Of Three Cities In Great Britain." International Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders 41.6 (2006): 635-652. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. This study conducted by Mennen ( a professor at Queen Margret University in the UK) and Stansfield (a professor at Manchester Metropolitan University) is an academic journal concerning therapy for bilingual patients. The study investigated therapy for bilingual patients making sure it is equal to the therapy that is being given to monolingual patients. After looking at a census, a questionnaire was mailed to speechlanguage therapists to acquire information. The results show that two cities in particular (only three cities were talked about in the study) appeared to be offering equal services

and all three cities seemed to be making an effort in improving their services for bilingual patients. This is important because the study shows that services are pretty much equal for bilingual patients. No matter if the patient is bilingual or monolingual, it is important, according to this study that the services are the same.

Merrills, Dariel. "Staying On The Same Wavelength: Talking About Talking In Paediatric Speech And Language Therapy Sessions." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 23.1 (2009): 70-91. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. This is an academic journal written by Dariel Merrills who is a professor at the University of Sheffield in the speechlanguage pathology program. The main goal of this article is to explore the different ways/methods (specifically three) that therapists can use in different speech therapy sessions. The three ways were explored and tested on a nine year old boy in therapy at a school. The results of this study showed that all three methods were effective when used in their proper situations. The article talks about how different methods are useful and helpful and shows that in speech therapy, is important and that in order for speech therapy to be effective, different methods must be used.

Mullen, Robert, and Tracy Schooling. "The National Outcomes Measurement System For Pediatric Speech-Language Pathology." Language, Speech & Hearing Services In Schools 41.1 (2010): 44-60. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. This is an academic journal that is written by Robert Mullen and Tracy Schooling who are a part of the American Speech Language Association. The main goal of this article is to evaluate the value of speech therapy services through proving the effectiveness of their treatments.

A form called the Functional Communication Measures (FCM) form was used to measure pre-school aged students as well as students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. They were given the FCM at the beginning of their therapy and at the conclusion of their therapy. Things such as sessions per week and length of sessions were studied. It was concluded that In all cases therapy is effective but speech therapy is most effective for K-12 students with 2, 21-30 minute sessions per week. This article shows statistics of speech therapy. It shows in which ways speech therapy is most effective. It qualifies the Broomfield and Dodd article as it reaffirms that speech therapy sessions in children are effective in speech impediments. It also goes further in research showing how long and how many sessions are most effective when treating speech impediments.

O'Callaghan, Anna M., Lindy McAllister, and Linda Wilson. "Barriers To Accessing Rural Paediatric Speech Pathology Services: Health Care Consumers Perspectives." Australian Journal Of Rural Health 13.3 (2005): 162-171. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. This academic Journal was written by OCallaghan, McAllister, and Wilson, who are all professors in the school of community health at the Charles Sturt University in Australia. The article explores the reasons why people in rural areas cannot easily receive pediatric speech therapy. A questionnaire was mailed out to 329 speech therapy patients in rural areas. The survey concluded that barriers included distance of the therapy, availability of therapists and time slots, travel costs and or lack of transportation as well as knowledge of the need of therapy. When exploring the demographics of who receives speech therapy (in pediatric patients) it is important to look at the areas that children receive therapy, not only which children (such as ages) but the areas that children live in

as a whole too. This study shows that because of rural locations, the importance of speech therapy is not always delivered to those areas. Petheram, Brian, and Pam Enderby. "Demographic And Epidemiological Analysis Of Patients Referred To Speech And Language Therapy At Eleven Centres 1987-95." International Journal Of Language & Communication Disorders 36.4 (2001): 515-525. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. This is an academic journal written by Petheram, a therapist in the research unit at the Frenchcay Hospital and Enderby who is a therapist at the Institute of General Practice and primary care at the University of Sheffield. The main goal of this study was to collect data on basic demographics of speech therapy patients. No method was stated but patients at the Frenchcay hospital were observed on age, gender and diagnosis. The results show that most of the patients were children and most of the refferals were for children under the age of five. This directly correlates and qualifies the study Priesster conducted stating that therapy is most effective in the younger years of a patients life. Priester, G.H., W.J. Post, and S.M. Goorhuis-Brouwer. "Problems In Speech Sound Production In Young Children. An Inventory Study Of The Opinions Of Speech Therapists." International Journal Of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 73.8 (2009): 1100-1104. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.This is an academic journal written by speech language therapists who are also researchers. The main goal of this study was to look at the treatment and diagnosis given by speech therapists. Observations in five different speech language difficulties were conducted to get data about the different difficulties and the therapists treatment for them. In the study it is concluded that 48,000 children participate in speech therapy in the UK every year. They are treated for primary

speech disorders. The study concludes that speech therapy is effective in most situations for primary speech disorders but the earlier the therapy is conducted, the more effective it is for quality of life for the patients. Pring, T., Flood, E., Dodd, B. and Joffe, V. (2012), The working practices and clinical experiences of paediatric speech and language therapists: a national UK survey. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47: 696708. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00177.x This is an academic journal written by Pring, Flood, Dodd and Joffe who are speech therapists and professors at the Royal College. The main goal of this study was to explore the setting of most of the sessions. The study explains how many times what happens in the therapy sessions are not often explored. A Survey Monkey survey was completed by 516 clinicians. The survey included questions about environments in therapy sessions. The results show that therapists spent more time giving direction and advice to teachers and caregivers rather than actual face-to-face instruction with the patients. The therapists expressed a want in more face-to-face instruction. This is important to know because as the Broomfield study states, face-to-face instruction is very pertinent in fixing and correcting speech impediments. This research presents the fact that therapists time with patients are small and how that may affect the correction process in patients. However, this survey was conducted through Survey Monkey which is not always considered a completely reliable survey method.