2nd SOLVAY~COPE

SYMPOSIUM ON ORGANIC ELECTRONICS

Atlanta, GA
May 6, 2008

In collaboration with the College of Sciences

and the College of Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technology

Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics

School of Chemistry & Biochemistry

Molecular Science & Engineering Building
901 Atlantic Drive
Atlanta, GA 30332-0400 Cherry Logan Emerson Lecture Hall G-011
Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
www.cope.gatech.edu
 Morning Agenda

8:00 Registration
8:30 - 8:45 Opening / Welcome Remarks
Mark Allen
Senior Vice Provost for Research and Innovation,
Georgia Institute of Technology

Paul Houston
Dean of College of Sciences, Georgia Institute of Techology

Léopold Demiddeleer
Director, Future Businesses, Solvay

Seth Marder
Director of COPE, Georgia Institute of Technology

Chair: Jean-Luc Bredas
Georgia Institute of Technology

8:45 - 9:35 Ching Tang, University of Rochester

Organic Electronics – Opportunities and
Challenges
9:35 - 10:05 Joseph Perry, Georgia Institute of Technology
Barium Titanate/Polymer High Dielectric
Nanocomposites for Energy Storage and
Organic Electronics
10:05 - 10:30 Coffee Break
Chair: Bernard Kippelen
Georgia Institute of Technology

10:30 - 11:00 James Durrant, Imperial College

Charge Photogeneration in Organic Solar Cells
11:00 - 11:30 Walt de Heer, Georgia Institute of Technology
Epitaxial Graphene: Designing the
Electronics Material of the Future
11:30 - 12:00 Yongfang Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Materials
12:00 - 1:30 Lunch

1
Ching Tang
Keynote Speaker
Ching W. Tang obtained his B.Sc. degree
in Chemistry from the University of British
Columbia in 1970 and his Ph.D. from Cornell
University in 1975. He began his research
career at the Kodak Research Laboratories
after graduating from Cornell and was engaged
primarily in the research and development of
Department of organic opto-electronic devices throughout
Chemical Engineering his 31-year tenure, earning the rank of
Distinguished Research Fellow before his
University of Rochester
retirement. In 2006, he joined the University of
Rochester, NY 14627 Rochester and was appointed the Doris Johns
Cherry Professor of Chemical Engineering,
chtang@che.rochester.edu
Chemistry and Physics.
Dr. Tang is best known for his work on heterojunction organic
photovoltaic cells and organic light emitting diodes, which is often
cited as the basis of modern organic electronics. His major invention,
the organic light emitting diode, has led to the commercialization of
the highly acclaimed OLED displays. He holds over 70 U.S. patents and
has published over 70 papers, including several highly cited papers.
He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Society for
Information Display, and was elected a member of the National Academy
of Engineering in 2006. Dr. Tang has received numerous awards,
including the Eastman Innovation Award from the Eastman Kodak
Company, the Carothers Award and the Team Achievement Award
from the American Chemical Society, the Jan Rajchman Award from the
Society for Information Display, the Humboldt Research Award from
the Humboldt Foundation, and the Daniel E. Noble Award from IEEE.
Organic Electronics –
Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract: Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic
cells (OPVs) and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) have emerged
as viable alternatives for applications in displays and lighting, solar
energy conversion, and integrated circuitry. Compared to conventional
inorganic semiconductor devices, these organic semiconductor devices
are attractive because they typically use less materials and can be
processed at a low temperature and potentially at a lower cost.
Being the most mature, OLEDs have been commercialized for various
display applications, including the active-matrix OLED TVs. The
superior image quality and low power consumption of the OLED
displays can be directly attributed to the use of highly efficient emissive
organic materials in a device structure optimized for light generation
and extraction. With an efficacy of more than 50 lumen/watt, it is
plausible that OLEDs can be utilized for specialty lighting applications.
Intensive development efforts are on-going in OPVs and OTFTs, driven
by the prospects of low-cost solar cells and printable electronics,
respectively.
However, serious technical hurdles remain to be resolved before they
can be considered for practical applications. For OPV, insufficient
absorption of solar radiation, short exciton diffusion length, and low
carrier mobility are critical issues related to the use of narrow bandwidth
organic materials as the light absorbers. For OTFTs, in addition to low
carrier mobility, instability of organic/dielectric interfaces and large
threshold voltage shifts with operation are current problems limiting
OTFT applications. This presentation will provide an overview of the
progress, opportunities and challenges in developing organic electronic
devices.
2
Joseph Perry
Georgia Tech Speaker
Joseph W. Perry is a Professor in the School of
Chemistry and Biochemistry at Georgia Tech.
He obtained his B.S. from the University of South
Florida in 1977 and received his Ph.D. in 1984
from the California Institute of Technology
while studying with Prof. Ahmed H. Zewail
(Recipient of 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry).
School of Chemistry &
Biochemistry His research interests include organic
photonic and electronic materials, two-
Georgia Institute of photon 3D micro- and nano-fabrication,
Technology
nonlinear optical imaging and sensing, organic
photonic microdevices, and nanocomposite
Atlanta, GA 30332
optical and dielectric materials. He is the
joe.perry@chemistry. Director of the DARPA MORPH program and
gatech.edu Associate Director of the Center for Organic
Photonics and Electronics at Georgia Tech.
Dr. Perry has received several awards including a NASA Medal for
Exceptional Scientific Achievement in 1992 and was elected Fellow of
the Optical Society of America in 2006. He is a Topical Editor for the
Journal of the Optical Society of America, B. He has published over 200
scientific papers and has six patents issued. He is a member of the
American Chemical Society, Materials Research Society, Optical Society
of America, American Physical Society, SPIE-The Society for Optical
Engineering and the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. Dr. Perry is also a co-founder of several high tech start-up
companies.
Barium Titanate/Polymer High Dielectric
Nanocomposites for Energy Storage and
Organic Electronics
Abstract: Processable materials with high dielectric permittivity are
of great interest for a wide range of applications including electronic
components, consumer electronics, and energy storage. Metal oxide/
polymer nanocomposites offer an approach to combine the high
dielectric permittivity of certain metal oxides with the high dielectric
strength and processability of polymers. To obtain high permittivity,
high volume fractions (>30 %) of nanoparticles are needed, but the
processing, quality and performance of such nanocomposites are
limited by aggregation of the nanoparticles.
We have developed an approach to the surface modification of barium
titanate nanoparticles with organophosphonic acids that allows us to
control the chemical nature of the particle surface to reduce aggregation
and dramatically improve the dispersion of the nanoparticles in
polymer hosts. With this approach, we have developed solution
processable nanocomposites that show a remarkable combination of
high permittivity (k ~ 40-100) and breakdown strength (2MV/cm) as
needed for high energy density storage. The use of high dielectric
nanocomposites, that incorporate surface-modified metal oxide
nanoparticles, in capacitors and in organic field-effect transistors will
be presented.
3
James Durrant
Solvay Global Speaker
James Durrant is Professor of Photochemistry
in the Department of Chemistry, Imperial
College London. His group’s primary research
interest is the development of new chemical
approaches to solar energy conversion –
harnessing solar energy either to produce
electricity (photovoltaics) or molecular
fuels (e.g. hydrogen). His research is based
Department of
Chemistry around using transient laser spectroscopies
to undertake photochemical studies of
Imperial College light driven electron and energy transfer
London reactions. Such studies are undertaken
Exhibition Road in parallel with device development and
London SW7 2AZ, U.K. functional characterisation, employing a wide
range of molecular, polymeric and inorganic
j.durrant@imperial.ac.uk
materials.
Charge Photogeneration in Organic Solar Cells
Abstract: This talk considers the parameters determining the efficiency
of charge photogeneration in polymer / small molecule blend films,
and their impact upon the performance of organic solar cells. Transient
absorption studies on the nanosecond – millisecond timescales are
employed to determine polaron yields and lifetimes; these observations
are correlated with molecular properties (structure, electron affinity,
mobility, crystallinity, etc.) and with device photocurrent generation
efficiency.
Topics addressed include the role of interfacial bound radical states,
the LUMO level offset required for charge dissociation, monomolecular
versus bimolecular recombination and the role of film annealing.
These results are discussed in the broader context of charge
photogeneration at nanostructured interfaces, and in particular
contrasted with data obtained for molecular donor / acceptor dyads
and dye sensitized organic/inorganic heterojunctions.
4
Walt de Heer
Epitaxial Graphene: Designing the Electronics
Georgia Tech Speaker Material of the Future

Walt de Heer is a Dutch national. After Abstract: The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
receiving his Ph.D. degree in Physics from the recognizes that the era of relentless exponential growth of silicon-based
University of California, Berkeley in 1984 he electronics (“Moores law”) is approaching its end. Since the limitations
accepted a position at the Swiss Institute of are imposed by silicon itself there is no technological solution. In 2001,
Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, where researchers at Georgia Tech initiated research into graphite-based
he stayed until 1997. In 1997, he accepted electronics, where the graphene (a single or several graphite layers) is
his current position as Professor of Physics epitaxially grown on single crystal silicon carbide. This event marked
at the Georgia Institute of Technology. the birth of epitaxial graphene electronics.
School of Physics
Dr. De Heer’s interests are primarily in two
Georgia Institute of Epitaxial graphene is currently receiving worldwide attention and is
fields. He completed his graduate work
Technology considered by experts to be a viable candidate successor to silicon.
on the electronic properties of small alkali
Epitaxial graphene has the advantageous electronics properties of
Atlanta, GA clusters in a molecular beam, where he
carbon nanotubes, but in contrast to nanotubes, it can be patterned
contributed to seminal discoveries including
deheer@electra. using standard electronics processing methods and it is perfectly
the electronic shell structure in metal
physics.gatech.edu suited for nanoelectronic applications. Epitaxial graphene combines
clusters. In Lausanne Dr. de Heer worked
organic chemistry and physics with electronics, and it provides a natural
on the properties of ferromagnetic clusters
platform for molecular electronics.
in a molecular beam, which produced several important discoveries
in this field. He also initiated investigation in carbon nanotubes.
Not only has Georgia Tech initiated this revolution in electronics, it also
The nanotube work cumulated in the discovery of the field emission
owns key intellectual property rights and is committed to developing
properties of carbon nantoubes, which has sparked worldwide interest
the science and technology on all fronts.
for its applications potential.

After moving to Atlanta, Dr. de Heer continued his work in clusters

and in nanotubes. In 1998, he discovered room temperature ballistic
conduction in carbon nanotubes, indicating their electronics applications.
In 2001, he pioneered graphene electronics. He discovered methods
to produce and pattern high quality epitaxial graphene. These efforts
have cumulated in worldwide attention, which is driven primarily by
the promise of a new electronics material that may ultimately replace
silicon.

5
Yongfang Li
Solvay Global Speaker
Yongfang Li obtained his Ph.D. degree in
1986 from Fudan University. From 1986 to
1988 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences (ICCAS) where he performed research
work on the electrochemistry of conducting
polymers. Beginning in 1988, he served as a
staff member at ICCAS and since 1993 he has
Key Laboratory of
served as a Professor. From 1988 to 1991,
Organic Solids
Institute of Chemistry he was a visiting Scholar at the Institute for
Molecular Science (IMS), Okazaki, Japan. At IMS
Chinese Academy of
he performed research on organic conductors
Sciences
and organic semiconductors. From 1997
Beijing 100080, China to 1998, he was a visiting Scientist at the
Institute for Polymers and Organic Solids, at
liyf@iccas.ac.cn the University of California at Santa Barbara
(UCSB), where he performed research on
polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells
with Prfessor Alan J. Heeger’s group.
Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Materials
Abstract: Polymer solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention
recently because of easy fabrication, light weight, low cost processing, and
the possibility to make flexible devices. At present, the power conversion
efficiency of the PSCs is low in comparison with silicon-based solar cells,
due to the lower charge carrier mobility of the conjugated polymers
and the mismatch of their absorption spectra with the solar spectrum.
In order to improve the photovoltaic properties of the conjugated
polymers, lower bandgap conjugated polymers with red-shifted
absorption spectra have been synthesized, but the absorption spectrum
of the conjugated polymers reported are still not wide enough.
We synthesized a series of polythiophene (PT) and poly(thienylene
vinylene) (PTV) derivatives with conjugated side chains and cross-linking
PT derivatives with conjugated bridges. The UV-vis absorption spectra
of the side-chain conjugated polymers red-shifted and broadened,
and the hole mobility of the polymers improved.
The polymers show two absorption peaks in the UV and visible regions
respectively and a lower bandgap than poly(3-alkyl-thiophene)s. For
the films of thienylene-vinyl substituted PTV, the absorption edge
was extended to the wavelength of 750 nm and their absorption
band covers the whole visible region from 380 nm to 750 nm. The
results indicate that the matchment of the absorption spectra with
the solar spectrum is greatly improved. The side chain conjugated
PTs measured by SCLC method. The field effect hole mobility of the
polymer reached 6.8 × 10-3 cm2·V-1s-1 with an on/off ratio of 2.5 × 104.
By using the polymers as electron donor and the C60 derivative
PCBM as electron acceptor, polymer solar cells were fabricated and
characterized. The results of IPCE indicate that the photosensitivity of
the PSCs based on the blend of the side-chain conjugated polymers/
PCBM (weight ratio: 1:1) is corresponding to their broad absorption
spectra. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.18% was reached
for the PSC based on the blend of a side-chain conjugated PT and
PCBM, under the illumination of AM1.5, 100 mW/cm2.
6
 Afternoon Agenda
Notes

Chair: Seth Marder
Georgia Institute of Technology

1:30 - 2:20 Junji Kido, Yamagata University

Design and Fabrication of High
Performance OLEDs for Lighting
Applications
2:20 – 2:50 Zhigang Shuai, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Toward Theoretical Estimation of Carrier
Mobility in Organic Semiconductors
2:50 – 3:15 Coffee break
Chair: Roland Martin
Solvay

3:15 – 3:45 Uwe Bunz, Georgia Institute of Technology

The Larger N-Heteroacenes and Their
Properties
3:45 – 4:15 Thomas Anthopoulos, Imperial College
Light-Sensing Ambipolar Organic
Transistors for Optoelectronic Applications

4:15 – 4:30 Concluding Remarks

4:30 – 6:00 Reception & Poster Session

6:30 Dinner

7
Junji Kido
Keynote Speaker
Junji Kido received his B.S. degree in Applied
Chemistry from Waseda University, Tokyo,
Japan, in 1984 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
in Polymer Chemistry from Polytechnic
University, New York, in 1987 and 1989,
respectively.
In 1989, he joined the Department of Polymer
Department of Organic Chemistry in Yamagata University in Japan
Device Engineering as an Assistant Professor and was promoted
to an Associate Professor in 1995, and to
Yamagata University
Full Professor in 2002. He has been the
Yonezawa, Yamagata General Director for Research Institute for
992-8510 Organic Electronics founded by the Yamagata
prefectural government since 2003. From
kid@yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp
1990 to 1992, he was associated as a Research
Scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
His work has been recognized by awards from the Society of Polymer
Science, Japan, and Society for Information Display, U.S.A. (2002).
He recently received the Herman F. Mark Technology Medal from
Polytechnic University (2007). He served as a Project Leader for the
Japanese national projects on “Advanced Organic Semiconductor
Devices” from 2002 to 2007 and “Organic Ligting” since 2004 both
sponsored by METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry).
Design and Fabrication of High Performance
OLEDs for Lighting Applications
Abstract: The performance of white-light-emitting OLEDs has been
steadily improved and, today, they are considered to be the light source
of the next generation. In this talk, the recent development of high
performance OLEDs will be discussed.
Approaches towards the high efficiency and long operating lifetime
are introduced. High quantum efficiencies can be obtained by using
phosphorescent emitters such as iridium complexes. It is important
to use wide-energy-gap materials as the host and carrier transport
materials to confine the triplet excited energy of the phosphorescent
emitter. We synthesized a variety of wide gap materials and succeeded
by fabricating extremely high efficiency OLEDs. External quantum
efficiency (QE) of 25—30% was achieved for blue, green and red OLEDs,
which correspond to the internal QE of nearly 100%. By using carrier
transport materials with high carrier drift mobility, power efficiencies of
over 50 lm/W for sky blue, and 130 lm/W for green can be obtained.
Device lifetime was significantly improved by using tandem structures,
called multiphoton structures, due to the reduced drive voltages. For
a fluorescent multiphoton OLED, lifetime of over 1 million hours,
which is more than 100 years, with the initial luminance of 100 cd/
m2 was achieved. Internal QE of over 140% was reached by combining
phosphorescent emitters and the multiphoton devices.
Regarding the long-life OLEDs, we recently developed a simple method
to fabricate OLEDs having graded organic/organic interfaces to improve
lifetime. The newly developed method employs the in-line vacuum
evaporator, which was developed in our laboratory. Operating lifetime
for the device with the graded structure appears to be longer than that
of the conventional hetero-junction structure. By combining the above
techniques, it is suggested that OLEDs can be extremely efficient and
possess extremely long lifetime.
8
Zhigang Shuai Toward Theoretical Estimation of Carrier
Solvay Global Speaker Mobility in Organic Semiconductors

Zhigang Shuai received his Ph.D. (condensed
matter theory) in 1989 from the Department
of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai. From
1990 to 2001, he worked in the University
of Mons-Hainaut, Belgium, as a Research
Scientist with Professor Jean-Luc Brédas.
Since 2002, he has been a Full Research
Professor at the Key Laboratory of Organic
Key Laboratory of
Solids the Institute of Chemistry at the Chinese
Organic Solids
Institute of Chemistry Academy of Sciences. He was the recipient
of the prestigious “Outstanding Young
Chinese Academy of Scientist Award” from the National Science
Sciences Foundation of China in 2004. He is one of
Beijing 100190, China
the Chair scientists for the Ministry of Science
and Technology of China’s national key basic
zgshuai@iccas.ac.cn research program (alias 973 program). He
also serves as Deputy Secretary General of the
Chinese Chemical Society.
Abstract: Charge mobility in organic semiconductors is the
central issue for organic electronics. It has been debated for a long
time whether the charge transport should be described as “band-like”
or as a thermally activated hopping process.
We have employed the first-principles of DFT mapping to Holstein-
Peierls model to calculate the temperature and pressure-dependent
charge mobility for Naphthalene single crystals. At the molecular
level, by employing the Marcus electron transfer theory within the
hopping regime, we found that the predicted mobility can justify
molecular design strategies in several cases. We pointed out that both
the molecular sizes and crytstal packings have strong influences on
the charge mobility. The quantum nuclear tunneling effects of the
intra-molecular vibration, which strongly couples the charge transfer
excitation, can apparently clarify such controversy.

The major research interest in his group is theoretical modeling of

organic functional opto-electronic materials and devices, including
theory and computations on the light-emitting materials, transport
materials, organic photonics materials, electronic devices at molecular
scale, as well as nanostructure simulations. The fundamental problems
his group is addressing include molecular excited state structure and
dynamics; charge, spin and energy transports through organic materials
and molecular devices, multiphoton absorption, and organic device
physics. He has published more than 170 research articles.

9
Uwe Bunz Larger N-Heteroacenes and Their Properties
Georgia Tech Speaker

Uwe Bunz received his Dipl. Chem. in Abstract: We report herein the synthesis and property evaluation of
Chemistry and his Dr. Rer. Nat. (summa cum two new classes of large condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
laude) from LMU Munich in 1987 and 1990 i.e. the larger benzothiadiazoles and the larger dialkynylated
respectively. From 1991 to 1992, he was a N-heteroacenes. The obtained materials were investigated by optical
Postdoctoral Fellow at UC Berkeley working spectroscopy and electrochemistry, their structures and solid state
with Professor K. Peter C. Vollhardt. From packing ascertained by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
1992 to 1997, he was a Research Associate
at MPI Mainz and performed his habilitation These materials are of interest for photovoltaic applications and as
School of Chemistry &
Biochemistry at the Gutenberg Universitaet Mainz in 1997. potential n-semiconductors in thin film transistors.
After a short stint as a Heisenberg Fellow, in
Georgia Institute of 1997, he moved to the University of South
Technology Carolina as an Associate Professor from 1997
Atlanta, GA 30332 to 2001. He was promoted to Professor in
2001. Since 2003, he has been a Professor
uwe.bunz@chemistry. in the School of Chemistry & Biochemistry at
gatech.edu
Georgia Tech.

His research is concentrated on conjugated

molecules, covering all aspects of unsaturated,
carbon-rich compounds.

10
Thomas D. Anthopoulos
Solvay Global Speaker
Thomas Anthopoulos obtained his BEng
(Hons) in Medical Engineering in 1998 and
his Ph.D. in Physical Electronics in 2001
from Staffordshire University (UK). In 2001,
he moved to University of St. Andrews (UK)
to work on high performance dendrimer-
based organic light-emitting diodes
(OLEDs). In August 2003, he joined Philips
Department of Physics
Blackett Laboratory Research Laboratories (Netherlands) to
work on ambipolar organic transistors and
Imperial College
complementary-like organic circuits. In June
London 2005, he was awarded an EPSRC Advanced
London SW7 2BW Fellowship hosted in the Department of Physics
United Kingdom
at Imperial College London. In September
2007, he was appointed as an RCUK fellow/
thomas.anthopoulos@
imperial.ac.uk lecturer in the same Department. His current
research interest is focused on the physics
of organic and solution processible oxide
semiconductors and devices.
Light-Sensing Ambipolar Organic Transistors
for Optoelectronic Applications
Abstract: Since their invention, the use of organic field-effect
transistors (OFETs) has been restricted to applications that explore their
unifunctional, i.e. current switching, characteristics. Recently, however,
OFETs with additional functionalities have been demonstrated with
most notable examples the light-emitting (LE-OFET) and light-sensing
(LS-OFET) transistors. These devices are of particular significance since
design and fabrication of a new breed of organic electro-optical circuits
can now be envisioned.
In this talk, our recent work on electro-optical circuits based on
ambipolar LS-OFETs and unipolar OFETs is presented. By carefully
tuning the ambipolar transport of LS-OFETs their photosensitivity can
be controlled and optimised. By going a step further and integrating
LS-OFETs with unipolar n-channel OFETs we are able to demonstrate
various optoelectronic circuits including electro-optical switches and
logic gates such as NOT and OR. A unique characteristic of these gates
is that their input signal(s) can be designed to be either all-optical or
electro-optical. An additional advantage of the technology is that LS-
OFETs can be integrated with the driving electronics using the same
number of processing steps, hence eliminating the need of additional
fabrication costs.
This is one of the very few demonstrations of organic circuits where
signal processing involves the use of both optical and electrical input
signals. Such optoelectronic devices/circuits could one day be explored
in various applications including electro-optical transceivers and optical
sensor arrays.
11
 2nd SOLVAY~COPE
SYMPOSIUM ON ORGANIC ELECTRONICS
Atlanta, GA
May 6, 2008

In collaboration with the College of Enginering

and the College of Sciences

Georgia Institute of Technology

Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics
School of Chemistry & Biochemistry
901 Atlantic Drive Molecular Science & Engineering Building
Atlanta, GA 30332-0400 Cherry Logan Emerson Lecture Hall G-011
Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400
www.cope.gatech.edu