Contents

1 1.1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3

Introduction Department of Railway Railnet Introduction Organization Railnet Comprises Tools Objective Railnet General Arrangments Components Network Components Network Interface Card How Does Railnet Works IVRS Hardware Software Electronic Exchange Basic Configuration of exchange Diagram of MSE Diagram of CME

1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 8 9 12 12 14 14 15 20 20 21 22

4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6

Hardware Description Tanet No Software Microwave Communication Introduction Block Diagram of Microwave center Process of Multiplexing Block Diagram of Multiplexing Circuit Block Diagram of Amplifier Circuit Block Diagram of Radio equipment Diagram of antenna References

24 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41

INTRODUCTION

INDIAN RAILWAY whenever this name strikes in my mind, I visualize a long train, big offices, large number of workers, modern technology etc., Infact Indian railway is the biggest employer in the world, largest single undertaking in the country and second biggest electrified system in the world after Russia. Some of the highlighted points of the Indian Railways are as follows: It encompasses 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028 kilometers of route length and a track length of 111,600 km. It is one of the world's largest commercial or utility employers, with more than 1.6 million Employees. It grossed a revenue of ` 88,355 cr and bagging a net income of ` 951 cr in the financial year 2009-10. It moves 2 million tons of freight & 20 million people daily across the country with the help of 200,000 (freight) wagons. 7,000 passenger trains across the country services 20 million people to their destinations.

Railway zones
The Indian Rail-Way has been divided into sixteen zones, which are followings-

RAILWAY ZONES
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Central Railway Eastern Railway Northern Railway North East Railway North East Frontier Railway Southern Railway South Central Railway

HEADQUATORS
Mumbai CST Fairy Place Kolkata Baroda House Delhi Gorakhpur Malegaon Chennai Secundrabad

(8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)

South Eastern Railway Western Railway East Cost Railway North Central Railway South Western Railway West Central Railway East Central Railway North Western Railway East central Railway

Garden Reach Kolkata Church Gate Mumbai Bhubaneswar Allahabad Hubli Jabalpur Bilaspur Jaipur Hazipur

Jaipur Division of the Indian Railway serves the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana. It is the gateway of the Western Railway for the movement of North- South traffic and the West-East cross traffic consisting of mainly fertilizers and cement for consumption in Northern region, oil and salt in the Northern and North-East regions and oilseed, coal, timber and food grains in the Western and Southern regions of the country. The division consists of Ajmer-Jaipur-Bandikui-Rewari trunk route stretching over 358 kms, Jaipur-Sawai Madhopur branch lines of 131 kms and Phulera-Ringus-Rewari Chord line of 215 kms, which are the main arteries through which bulk of traffic moves.

Railway Kilometrage : Route Kilometers and Track Kilometers - The route kilometers and track kilometers of the North Western Railway as on 31.03.2010 is as under :Broad Gauge Route Kilometers Track Kilometers 4159.465 5454.350 Meter Gauge 1299.800 1510.120 Total 5459.265 6964.470

1.1

Department of Jaipur Railway:

Jaipur railway has following department 1. Railnet 2. IVRS

3. Exchange 4. Microwave 5. Control department

RAILNET
The networks used in railways are as 1) Rail-net 2) FOIS :- Freight operation and information system.

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Indian Railways have decided to set up their own Corporate Wide Information System (CWIS) called RAILNET to provide computer connectivity between Railway Board with Zonal Railways, Production Units, Centralized Training Institutes & 46 Major Training Institutes

For improvement in this network in terms of bandwidth, quality of channel, Indian railways setup a separate organization. I.e. Indian railways central organization for telecommunication (IRCOT).

2.2 ORGANIZATION :

First Rail-Net was established between RAILWAY BOARD, 9 Zones, and 6 production units in phase 1. Than extended to 6 new zones, 5 centralized training institutes, research and development and standard organizations, Metropolitan transport project in phase 2. The divisional offices, Zonal training institutes will be connected to rail net in phase 3 and finally to station, yards, shads etc.

2.3 RAILNET COMPRISES Intra-net

Intra-net is an internal network of Indian railway allowing the railway officers and staff to communicate on this digitized network .

Inter-net
Internet allows user to get into a global communication method and global pool of knowledge, advertisement and entertainment through www (world wide web) in a secured manner.

2.4 TOOLS
o o o o o

E-Mail EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) WWW FTP (File Transfer Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

2.5 OBJECTIVES
Railnet is used to provide following services : 1) Creation of Web pages. 2) E-mail. 3) Electronic transfer of data used for monitoring and co-ordination purpose . 4) Voice-over IP. 5) Video-conferencing . 6) Web-based application software development. 7) Fax services. 8) Web surfing ( Browser usage for internet and intranet).

8 9) Change from PERIODIC REPORTING to Information 9 10 11 12

on Demand. 10) Facilitate quick & efficient automatic Status update between Railway Board & Zonal Railways through our own Intra Railway Information Network (RAILNET).

11) Commercial Deptt. is extensively using RAILNET for their Complaint Centers Applications.

2.6 RAILNET GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS :

Procurement, Installation & Commissioning of Server, Router, Switches, Modems etc.

Testing & Commissioning of DATA links. Loading and Configuration of System Software. Training of Railway Personnel as per Contract Agreement Zonal Railways.

Establish their Local Area Network (LAN) as per their needs. Arrange for data circuits on Railway/DOT hired channels . Maintenance of Railnet infrastructure as well as Web-pages.

2.7.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Compaq Servers. CISCO Routers, Switches & Hubs. Structured cabling using UTP-Cat 5 cabling (10 MBPS) permissible 100 meters between ) (Maximum distance

2.7.2 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS

MS Windows NT Server

Operating system for server

MS Windows NT Workstation 4.0

Operating system for workstations

Internet Information Server 3.0

Administrates internet access in LAN.

Front Page Express 98

For designing of web pages.

Lotus Nodes Clients 4.6

Provides E-mail facility to local users. Cisco Works with SNMPC

Administrates router.

Cisco Pix Firewall

Provides safety to railway information.

NMS Administrates FOIS.

2.8 NETWORK COMPONENTS

2.8.1 SERVER: A network is a multiuser system because more than one person at a time can send requests to a machine. A shared machine together with the software programs , which handles requests and distributes the network resources such as data files and printer time both the machine and its software are jointly referred as the server.

Server has following characteristics : 1) 2) 3) 4) Hardware including motherboard of the server is entirely different from a normal P.C. It can be used with two processors of 500MHz. It contains 3 hard disks having capacity of 9GB.These are connected to the motherboard through RAD controller card . A server should be able to implement security for its data.

5)

It contains Microsoft Back Office Server 4.01 software which comprises following programs: a) Microsoft NT. b) Microsoft BackOffice. c) Site Management Server. d) Proxy Software. e) Service Network Administrator g) Exchange Server.

2.8.2 ROUTER: A router translates information from one network to another; it is similar to a super intelligent bridge. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin. The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on collisions, and is smart enough to know when to direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts. Routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on each side of the network. Routers can even "listen" to the entire network to determine which sections are busiest, they can then redirect data around those sections until they clear up. Routers can:

Direct signal traffic efficiently. Route messages between any two protocols.

Route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies.

Route messages across fiber optics, coaxial, and twisted pair cabling.

2.8.3 SWITCH: -

The switch is used to interconnect the Nodes. But it is more complex and versatile, and also there is no division of bandwidth among the nodes. They are active device with following points : (1) 10Mbps, 100 Mbps ,single-speed ,or dual speed operation. (2) Congestion control, which means that the switch should have enough buffers to take care of the traffic peaks. (3) Segmentation of local network (4) Speed up the local network. They are of 8 , 16 or 48 ports active terminal.

2.8.4 HUB: -

It is active junction box, which is used to connect the nodes and all the servers using any type of cable (UTP, Coaxial etc). It contains a division of network bandwidth. The important parameters to be considered whole selecting are: Support for dual-speed operations. Number and types of ports, UTP and BNC. Auto switching. Support a built-in segment switch. Ease of configuration..

It can have a capacity of 8,16 or 24 nodes and the maximum distance between Hub and nodes is 100 Mt. If distance is more, then additional HUB must be used (but not more than 3).

2.8.5 FIREWALL: It is a security purpose software, which is used to secure the server contents, so the outside user could not temper the information. The user can read the information but can not write any thing 2.8.6 NODES: The terminals or computers which are interconnected through switch or hubs, are called Nodes.

2.9 NETWORK INTERFACE CARD :

It is a device having intelligence to control access to the network and enables communication across the network. Through NIC the nodes are connected functionally and physically to the network. It is also called network adapter. In a LAN each device is attached to the shared transmission medium through a network interface card (NIC).It contains logic for accessing the LAN and for sending and receiving blocks of data on the LAN.

2.10 HOW DOES RAILNET WORK? Railnet is similar to internet. All the computers and communication cables that make up the thousands of smaller networks at various railway offices are connected together to form the railnet. It follows a simple rule ,TCP/IP. Here packet switching , where a computer message is broken into small packets , is used . Each packet consists of a destination address , a source address and packet identity and user data . A packet can travel through any path on the network . Different servers of railways are connected to each other via its own microwave stations to form a nationwide network of Indian Railways. Four wires are coming from microwave station and they are terminated on the lease line modem. This modem is connected to router through a cable. Router is connected to the switch. Switch is an interface between server and router. At Bikaner Divisional office 15 computers are connected in a LAN. These are terminated on a hub. Various hubs can be connected in a cascade to increase the no. of terminations. This is a star topology. Hub along with computers within the distance of 50 meter are terminated on the switch. In this manner all the computers in the LAN can share the data and can access the internet through server. Router also provides the facility of Dial Up Networking . It can accommodate 8 dial tone modems which provide internet facility on distant computers.

IVRS (Interactive voice response system)

3.0 Introduction
The system in which, the information available in the computer is retrieved by the user in the form of voice with the help of the interaction between telephone and computer is known as Interactive Voice Respond System (IVRS). With the help of this system information regarding public reservation ; arrival /departure of train; fare can be delivered to user when and where it is asked through telephone . Each section control office is having a computer called DATA ENTRY or through server available at COMPUTER along with dial up / lease line modem which is used for linking the computer of other control offices either directly ChurchGate . Each control office computer is identified as check / data entry point. Information regarding the running of the train can be registered or checked at every 15 minute duration.

At place where the information is to be retrieve through Telephone, an another computer is linked with data entry computer called IVRS COMPUTER, which is connected to data entry computer by ETHERNET CARD. These computers read the information from data entry computer and then convert it to voice for user purpose.

3.1 HARD WARE

(a) DATA entry terminal computer (b) Modem (c) IVRS terminal (computer)

(A) DATA ENTRY TERMINAL: It is a personal computer of more than 166 MHz with 16 MB RAM; 2.1 GB Hard disk ;101 key keyboard; a mouse & a colour monitor. (B) MODEM: The data entry terminals are linked with lease line/ dialup modem of speed better than 33.6 KBPS. (C) IVRS TERMINAL: It is Pentium 133 MHz P.C. with 24 port dialogic cards called IVRS card capable to respond on both pulse and tone. Out of 24 ports 4 ports are used for voice

and FAX on demand; 2 ports are used for railway PSTN lines; 2 ports are used for fare inquiry and rest 16 ports are used for train inquiry.

3.2 SOFTWARE
There are three types of softwares : (a) COPETS: It is a friendly user software, which is used to record the train schedule timing information in data files. This software is having following facilities, (1) The system is secured by 3 stages of password facility. (2) It is having the facility for data entry of running/schedule time. (3) Entry for expected arrival/ departure. (4) Addition and removal of data entry points. (5) Addition and removal of train in the system. (6) Changes in the database for timetable; fare table etc. (7) This software is having a facility to generate the report of (a) Status of running train as per according to train According to control office As per a specific interval

(b) Information of train, when the train is late more than specific hours. (c) Summary of any train running over the month. (d) It also shows the train graph

(8) It restricts the entry of train after a specific period i.e.the file is deleted for a train after 2 hours of its arrival; and deletes the files which are 48 hours old and restructure/reorganize the files

(b) COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE: This software works on the principle of packet switching in which each train file is developed in the form of packet along with destination address. In IVRS system Mumbai Central computer acts as HUB and it will dial or connect through lease line after a specific interval to the data entry computers of different control offices and exchange the files with them. When a pop file is generated after every 15 minutes in data entry computer, then file is transferred to its queue directory. When HUB computer is connected to data entry computer, HUB searches the files from queue directory and then down load in its receive directory and similarly the queue directory files available in HUB will be received and stored by data entry computer. By this way the queue directory files are exchanged and updated.

The communication software is also having the facility for CRC check (cyclic redundancy check) and receive check. So in case of line failure or modem faulty, when the file could not be exchanged, then HUB try to establish the link and if is not able to exchange, then it will create alarm; and show link break The important facilities of communication software: 1) Auto dialing facility for origination of transmission of information or data. 2) Having facility of auto pickup of file from remote queue directory. 3) Facility of auto transfer of own file to remote/required place.

4) Facility of transfer of file as per priority decided by HUB. 5) It has facility to support WAN and is capable of interfacing with any type of communication system like Internet, VHF; UHF, leased line. 6) Facility of monitoring of trans. and receive file. 7) It is provided with the list of transmitted files and remaining files.

(c) OLTRIS SOFTWARE: The main aim of the system is to provide ON LINE TRAIN RUNNING INFORMATION like termination of the train before schedule ; changed the route of the train; accident of train; abnormal delay/late of the train and so on. So the software is developed to support all the abnormal activity. This software is having the following facilities : a) It is having the facility to interact with both pulse and tone users. b) It is having a facility of FAX on demand, for that separate terminal is provided. c) It is supporting and select more than one language. d) According to traffic , ports can be increased or decreased.

e) It is having the facility of mailbox. f) It is having the facility of according the calls on each port and give a report of no. of calls in 24 hours and the calls in a specific period.

ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

Railway has its own communication system including microwave stations and automatic electronic exchanges. Telecom exchanges are the vital assets of the local communication networking, during the age of information technology, telephone exchanges have a vital role for connecting subscriber to different types of server as well as for connecting long hauled subscribers through STD network.

4.1 Basic Configuration of Exchange:

LTE # 2 LTE # 1 LTE # 0 CME MSE LTE # 7 LTE # 6 LTE # 5 LTE # 4 LTE # 3

Contents: MSE: CME: Power supply unit, one FDD , Two HDD switches ,Relays etc. Common control unit Main Control Cards are: CPU0 :contains P 68000 MM0 : Random Access Memory with which CPU communicates All time DTCO & IOC2 : Communicates with peripherals by means of RS232 serial ports , FDD controller TSWC : Does the time slot interchanging SLB0 & DKC0 : HDD controller cards

LTE :

Each LTE contains a power unit and a highway interface card which is connected with the TSWCE cards to carry the highways.

2.3.2 Exchange
_____________ The exchange is divided into three parts as below:1. Miscellaneous Equipment Rack (MSE) In this rack the following operations are performed:a) This convert -48VDC to5VDC, 12VDC of different current capacity and distribute the SMPS power supply to the control section and also filter the input supply and distribute to LTE POW cards for -48V line supply, and ringing current.

5 b) For on-off there are 3 micro circuit breaker of capacity 20Amp. Since the system is duplicated, the RDH are also duplicated and two circuit breakers are used for both CPU section as NFB 1 and 2 and circuit breaker 3 are used for all LTE through 10V, 7.5Amp. fuses. c) It contains either 4 FDD or 2 HDD of 20Mbps capacity and 1FDD d) It also has miscellaneous card for indication and other buses. e) It also having alarm connector and relay for alarms.

4.2 DIAGRAM OF MSE

2. Common Controls Main Equipment (CME)

This unit is having 32 slots, in which 2 sets of control cards and some common cards are provided. They are fixed slots and are not interchangeable. The description of CME is as below:a) CPU-0/1: It is master control card placed in 1 st and 32nd slot as CPU-0 and CPU-1 as duplicate. It works on the basis of Motorola processor (Motorola 68000) with 16-bit address bus memory. b) Input/output Controller (IOC): It is installed in 2 nd and 31st. It acts as an interface between and outside processor. c) Main Memory Card (MMO): According to the version these can be mounted on 3,4,5 and 28,29,30th slot. It is a 256KB DRAM and can be read or written. It also provide write protect function when activated by protection signal from CPU. It is having capacity of 2MB, 4MB or 8MB d) Clock D: It is mounted on slot no. 6 and 27. This card is used to drive the exchange clock by received clock from other exchange through 2MBPS stream and adjust the time clock of own CPU. e) Tone Sender Card (TNS): It is placed in slot no. 8 and 25. It generates 30 types of tones and sends to TSW card. It also consists of IP circuit for communication between CME and LTE. f) Hard Disk Selecting (SLBO)/Hard Disk Controller (DKCO) cards: SLBO card is placed in slot no. 10 & 23. It is also called HDD selecting circuit. The DKCO is a duplicate card installed in 11 and 22 slots. It controls 5*1/4 HDD with the help of SLBO card and it also provides DK cross route for CPU-0 and CPU-1.

6 i) System Supervisory Card (SSC): It is installed in slot no. 17 th and used to provide alarm indication, maintenance data sending/receiving and LIF data sending/receiving, connecting to CPU, internal unit IUCO, loop interface circuit LIF or clock route cross CLKC. It is also having lamps of various alarms.

4.3 DIAGRAM OF CME

3. Line Trunk Equipment (LTE) LTE containing a power unit and high way interface card, which is connected with the TSWCE cards to carry the high ways and each LTE contains 20 programmable slots. Each slot is having 8 ports but the last slot have only 7 ports in it. Therefore, total no. of ports is = (20x8)-1=159 The description of LTE is as below:a) Power Card (POW): The input power is -48VDC and output is 5VDC 9TTL version and ringing current is 75VAC, 5Watt at 25Hz. b) High Way Interface Controller Card (HWIFC): It is installed in slot no. 22. It is having the function to configure PCM voice channels from LTE universal port up to HWs and connect these highways to time division switch in common equipment. c) Subscriber Line Interface Card (SLICA): This card provides subscriber circuit of 8 ordinary telephone circuits with BROSCHT. The loop resistance is 1200 ohms. d) Long Subscriber Line Interface equipment (LSLIC): It contains 6 long distance telephone circuit of loop resistance 3500 ohm, but they cannot operate properly on DTMF dialing. e) Both Way Tie line loop Disconnection Card (BWTD): This card contains 8 circuits, by switch two exchanges are connected on 2 wires. Both ways LD tie line on impulse or DTMF dialing facility. The loop resistance is of 4000 ohms and line loss is less than 5dB. f) Both Way OD tie line on E&M (BWTX): Contain 6 circuits for 4-wire/2-wire E&M for connecting two exchanges. g) PB Receiver Trunk (PBRT): It is of 4 or 8 circuit card used to convert PB tones to exchange signaling for faster operation. 8 circuits are enough for at least 250 subscribers.

4.4 Hardware Description

LAMPS : RUN Lamp : Green On indicates that the program is under execution. ACT Lamp: PCB: Name : Green On indicates the active mode is on. PC-SSC System Supervisory Card SYSDOWN Lamp: Red on indicates that the system is down.

No of Circuits: 1 Mounting Position: CME 17 Functions: Provides Alarm Indication , Maintenance data sending /Receiving and LIF data sending and Receiving functions,connected to the CPU ,internal unit connector (IUC0),Loop interface Circuit (LIF) or Clock route cross circuit. Lamps : MJ MN CPMO SWMO CPMI SWMI IUC LIM LTE U-BUS FD DK SIO CCM Indication Condition Major Fault is Detected by software Minor fault is detected by software System 0 CPM OUS is detected System 0 SWM OUS is detected System 0 CPM OUS is detected System 0 SWM OUS is detected System 0 or 1 IUC OUS is detected System 0 or 1 BM Loop fault is Detected LTE fault is Detected System 0 or 1 UBUS Fault is detected FDD fault is detected DK fault is detected Serial I/O port(0-5) fault is detected CCM fault is Detected

4.5 Tanet no. :

It shows the position of subscriber telephone number in exchange or we can say it is the exchange terminal of subscriber telephone number. Format of Tanet No:

UUHPPS UU= unit no H = Highway no (LTE no) PP = processor peripheral no S = serial Extension PROCESSOR PERIPHERAL ( PP ):

20 PP slot are there in each LTE Each slot having 8 ports accommodation Last slot (pp-19) is having only 7 ports

Total no of ports in each LTE = (20*8)-1 =159

Serial Extension :

4.6 Software For Exchange :- ( Procomm )

Command For description of external no For description of Tanet no Remove tanet no For Modification Register Extension TRM: 2,1,EXTN TRM:2,0, TN TRM:0,0,TN TRM:3 TRM:1,EXTN,TN,class1,class2,class3,class4, OTNN,TTNN Complete exchange information RMN RMJ Release no USA Minor alarm control Major alarm control TRM:0,EXTN Syntax

MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Communication refers to the sending , receiving and processing of information by electronic means The information signal which has to be transmitted is initially in speech form , for transmission this information is first converted into electrical form. Now these signals are transmitted by any of the methods like satellite communication ,

microwave communication , O.F.C. , underground cable etc. The received signal at the receiver is again in electrical form and has to be converted into usable form. Jaipur microwave station provides communication to exchange , control room , railnet etc. MICROWAVE PROPAGATION 1. The microwave propagation takes place through space waves in troposphere, which is within 10km on earth level ,so attenuation is very large but due to directivity of antenna and high receiver sensitivity the system is very satisfactory. 2. MW antenna is directive due to parabolic reflector so maximum radio power is concentrated in one direction , it is a line of sight communicaton. Thus low power MW signal can also travel a long distance path. 3. Due to directive antenna the signal is not spread , so interference of other communication system is very negligible. 4. At MW freq. there is no atmospheric or man made noise. The only noise is thermal noise . 5. It also follows the property of light as a) Absorption b) reflection d) Diffraction e) scattering c) refraction

5.2 Block Diagram Of Microwave Center

Jaipur microwave station provides communication to exchange, controlroom, railnet etc. Cable from the Exchange or control room are connected to tag circuit in microwave department. Tag circuit connected to the multiplexer circuit. The output of multiplexer circuit is a Multiplexed signal. This signal passes through Amplifier and level adjust circuit and after it passes through the radio equipment circuit where the signal is prepared for transmission means modulated for high frequency. This signal is passes through wavguide and transmitted by antenna . Similarly reverse process for receiving. In this radio equipment is product of Haris (U.S.A) company and Multiplexing equipment is product of PCL (Punjab communication ltd. ) ,chandigarh.

5.3 Process for Multiplexing

There are two approaches for Multiplexing Old technique says that first Modulate Three or some channel at different frequency and make this type of subgroup and now this type of subgroup is modulated same higher frequency and makes this type of group of subgroup. This group is again modulated and makes this type of super group of group. This process is continuing according to no of channels. This technique is expensive, low efficient and requires more circuit. In second technique each channel is modulated standard frequency say 4896 KHz and now this is again modulated with different standard carrier signal. This carrier signal is selected by combination of switches position (on/off) on DTL card. This is less expensive and requires low circuit.

5.4 Block diagram of Multipexing circuit

In multiplexing circuit, cable from Exchange is connected to tag block. After a tag block, Termination box is connected, from the exchange we get 2 wire and signal is 0dbm. In termination box the 2 wire is converted into 4 wire and due to limitation of circuit we get signal of -3.5dbm. for transmit signal we require -16dbm so remaining -12.5dbm is given by level adjust circuit. now signal goes in DTL modem card where multiplexing processing occur. The multiplexed signal couples by coupling circuit . the output signal is -45dbm. In receiving process we get -20dbm passes through DTL card here demultiplexing occur and signal is -7dbm.

5.5 Block Diagram of Amplifier Circuit

5.6 Block Diagram of Radio equipment

Radio Equipment :
The output of Amplifier circuit is -25dbm. This signal is passes through transmitter section. There are two transmitters and two receiver circuit. If one of this equipment gets error, other will automatically starting work or we can select equipment manually. The output of transmitter passes to band pass filter and fed to circulator to prevent from interfacing of transmitting and receiving signal. Now transmitting signal is passes through the waveguide and arrives on antenna and transmitted. With the help of circulator receiving signal from antenna is passes in receiver circuit. This signal is filtered and amplified and demodulated in receiver circuit. Then it is again filtered now the signal is -15dbm.it passes in multiplexer block through amplifier block. Protection unit is used for protection purpose.

5.7 Diagram of Antenna

In microwave department parabolic antenna is used whose angular width is less than 1 . Antenna is connected by waveguide. In the waveguide the attenuation is 0.07 db/ meter. we transmit signal at -45dbm.at small distance -40dbm is acceptable. But when the distance of two antennas is large then this attenuation is considered. If antenna is situated at 100 meter then the attenuation is 7db and transmitted signal remains 38dbm and at large distance this is not sufficient so for keep small waveguide length antenna keep in ground and reflector is used at tower. Antenna transmit signal and reflector reflects the signal. Thus the communication is line of sight.

Telecommunication through Microwave at Indian Railways

_______________________________________________________________________ _ Providing basic telecommunications facilities for the Railways vast transport system is the responsibility of the Signal & Telecom Department. The telecommunication facilities provided on the Railways are broadly categorized in to three areas of applications. Train Operation. Data Communication for Railway Information Technology Applications. Administrative Communications. The chief method of relaying long-distance calls on land is microwave radio transmission. The drawback to long-distance voice communication via microwave radio transmission is that the transmissions follow a straight line from tower to tower, so that over the sea the system becomes impracticable. A solution was put forward in 1945 by the science fiction writer Arthur C Clarke, when he proposed a system of communications satellites in an orbit 35,900 km/22,300 mi above the Equator, where they would circle the Earth in exactly 24 hours, and thus appear fixed in the sky. Such a system is now in operation internationally, by Intelsat. The satellites are called geostationary satellites (syncoms). The first to be successfully launched, by Delta rocket

from Cape Canaveral, was Syncoms 2 in July 1963. Many such satellites are now in use, concentrated over heavy traffic areas such as the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Telegraphy, telephony, and television transmissions are carried simultaneously by high frequency radio waves. They are beamed to the satellites from large dish antennae or Earth stations, which connect with international networks.

Fig 3.3: Communication system through Microwaves

11

6. Uses of Microwave Signal

____________________________ A microwave oven uses a magnetron microwave generator to produce microwaves at a frequency of approximately 2.45 GHz for the purpose of cooking food. Microwaves cook food by causing molecules of water and other compounds to vibrate. The vibration creates heat which warms the food. Since organic matter is made up primarily of water, food is easily cooked by this method. Microwaves are used in communication satellite transmissions because microwaves pass easily through the earth's atmosphere with less interference than longer wavelengths. There is also much more bandwidth in the microwave spectrum than in the rest of the radio spectrum. Radar also uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of remote objects. Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11g specifications, also use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, although 802.11a uses an ISM band in the 5 GHz range. Licensed long-range (up to about 25 km) Wireless Internet Access services can be found in many countries (but not the USA) in the 3.54.0 GHz range.

 Cable TV and Internet access on coax cable as well as broadcast television use some of the lower microwave frequencies. Some cell phone networks also use the lower microwave frequencies. Microwaves can be used to transmit power over long distances, and post-World War II research was done to examine possibilities. NASA worked in the 1970s and early 1980s to research the possibilities of using Solar Power Satellite (SPS) systems with large solar arrays that would beam power down to the Earth's surface via microwaves. A maser is a device similar to a laser, except that it works at microwave frequencies.

References:
>> Exchange Training manual >> Iox 1000 series (vi) general description Manual >> Microwave department Manual >> www.indianrailways.com >> We thanks the contribution of Mr Indramal and Mr Durga shanker Acharya For their guidance . Microwave and Electronic Exchange Report is prepared from their lecture notes.

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Chapter 6 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION 1. Introduction

_______________ The demand for high-capacity long-haul telecommunication systems is increasing at a steady rate, and is expected to accelerate in the next decade. At the same time, communication networks which cover long distances and serve large areas with a large information capacity are also in increasing demand. To satisfy the requirements on long distances, the communication channel must have a very low loss. On the other hand, a large information capacity can only be achieved with a wide system bandwidth which can support a high data bit rate (> Gbit/s). Reducing the loss and increasing the bandwidth of the communication channels is therefore essential for future telecommunication systems. Out of many different communication channels available optical fiber proved to the most promising due to its low attenuation, low losses and various other advantages over twisted cables and other means of transmission. Communication between stations and signalmen is done through telephone. In some places, IR still uses twisted pair cables and elderly stronger exchanges. This is currently being upgraded to optical fiber and microwave communications. The main impetus for this change came from the Department of Telecommunications, who no longer had the expertise to maintain a large network of heritage technology. Drivers and guards were equipped with VHF radio systems in 1999 to communicate with each other and with station masters.

2. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC) System

_______________________________________________ Optical Fiber is a thin glass strand designed for light transmission. A single hair-thin fiber is capable of transmitting trillions of bits per second. In addition to their huge transmission capacity, optical fibers offer many advantages over electricity and copper wire. Light pulses are not affected by random radiation in the environment, and their error rate is significantly lower. The optical fiber acts as a low loss, wide bandwidth transmission channel. A light source is required to emit light signals, which are modulated by the signal data. To enhance the performance of the system, a spectrally pure light source is required. Advances in semiconductor laser technology, especially after the invention of double hetero structures (DH), resulted in stable, efficient, smallsized and compact semiconductor laser diodes (SLDs). Using such coherent light sources increases the bandwidth of the signal which can be transmitted in a simple intensity modulated (IM) system. Other modulation methods, such as phase shift keying (PSK) and frequency-shift keying (FSK), can also be used. These can be achieved either

by directly modulating the injection current to the SLD or by using an external electro or acousto-optic modulator. 23 Fibers allow longer distances to be spanned before the signal has to be regenerated by expensive "repeaters." Fibers are more secure, because taps in the line can be detected, and lastly, fiber installation is streamlined due to their dramatically lower weight and smaller size compared to copper cables.

3. Origin and Characteristics of Optical Fibers

________________________________________________ In the late 1970s and early 1980s, telephone companies began to use fibers extensively to rebuild their communications infrastructure. According to KMI Corporation, specialists in fiber optic market research, by the end of 1990 there were approximately eight million miles of fiber laid in the U.S. (this is miles of fiber, not miles of cable which can contain many fibers). By the end of 2000, there were 80 million miles in the U.S. and 225 million worldwide. Copper cable is increasingly being replaced with fibers for LAN backbones as well, and this usage is expected to increase substantially.

3.1Pure Glass
______________ An optical fiber is constructed of a transparent core made of nearly pure silicon dioxide (SiO2), through which the light travels. The core is surrounded by a cladding layer that reflects light, guiding the light along the core. A plastic coating covers the cladding to protect the glass surface. Cables also include fibers of Kevlar and/or steel wires for strength and an outer sheath of plastic or Teflon for protection.

Fig 6.1: Optical Fiber Construction

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3.2 Enormous Bandwidth

________________________ For glass fibers, there are two "optical windows" where the fiber is most transparent and efficient. The centers of these windows are 1300 nm and 1550 nm, providing approximately 18,000GHz and 12,000GHz respectively, for a total of 30,000GHz. This enormous bandwidth is potentially usable in one fiber. Plastic is also used for short distance fiber runs, and their transparent windows are typically 650 nm and in the 750900 nm range.

3.3 Single mode and Multi mode

______________________________ There are two primary types of fiber. For intercity cabling and highest speed, single mode fiber with a core diameter of less than 10 microns is used. Multimode fiber is very common for short distances and has a core diameter from 50 to 100 microns. See laser, WDM, fiber optics glossary and cable categories.

4. Operation of Optical Fiber

_____________________________ In an optical fiber, a refracted ray is one that is refracted from the core into the cladding. Specifically a ray having direction such that where r is the radial distance from the fiber axis, (r) is the azimuthal angle of projection of the ray at r on the transverse plane, (r) is the angle the ray makes with the fiber axis, n(r) is the refractive index at r, n(a) is the refractive index at the core radius, a. Refracted rays correspond to radiation modes in the terminology of mode descriptors. For the fiber to guide the optical signal, the refractive index of the core must be slightly higher than that of the cladding. In different types of fibers, the core and core-cladding boundary function slightly differently in guiding the signal. Especially in single-mode fibers, a significant fraction of the energy in the bound mode travels in the cladding.

Fig. 6.2: Diagram of total internal reflection in an optical fiber 25 The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through the core (hallway) by constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle called total internal reflection. Because the cladding does not absorb any light from the core, the light wave can travel great distances. However, some of the light signal degrades within the fiber, mostly due to impurities in the glass. The extent that the signal degrades depends on the purity of the glass and the wavelength of the transmitted light (for example, 850 nm = 60 to 75 percent/km; 1,300 nm = 50 to 60 percent/km; 1,550 nm is greater than 50 percent/km). Some premium optical fibers show much less signal degradation -- less than 10 percent/km at 1,550 nm

5. A Fiber-Optic Relay System

______________________________ To understand how optical fibers are used in communications systems, let's look at an example from a World War II movie or documentary where two naval ships in a fleet need to communicate with each other while maintaining radio silence or on stormy seas. One ship pulls up alongside the other. The captain of one ship sends a message to a sailor on deck. The sailor translates the message into Morse code (dots and dashes) and uses a signal light (floodlight with a Venetian blind type shutter on it) to send the message to the other ship. A sailor on the deck of the other ship sees the Morse code message, decodes it into English and sends the message up to the captain. Now, imagine doing this when the ships are on either side of the ocean separated by thousands of miles and you have a fiber-optic communication system in place between the two ships. Fiber-optic relay systems consist of the following:

5.1Transmitter
______________

The transmitter is like the sailor on the deck of the sending ship. It receives and directs the optical device to turn the light "on" and "off" in the correct sequence, thereby generating a light signal. The transmitter is physically close to the optical fiber and may even have a lens to focus the light into the fiber. Lasers have more power than LEDs, but vary more with changes in temperature and are more expensive. The most common wavelengths of light signals are 850 nm, 1,300 nm, and 1,550 nm (infrared, non-visible portions of the spectrum).

5.2 Optical Regenerator

_______________________ As mentioned above, some signal loss occurs when the light is transmitted through the fiber, especially over long distances (more than a half mile, or about 1 km) such as with undersea cables. Therefore, one or more optical regenerators is spliced along the cable to boost the degraded light signals. An optical regenerator consists of optical fibers with a special coating (doping). The doped portion is "pumped" with a laser. 26 When the degraded signal comes into the doped coating, the energy from the laser allows the doped molecules to become lasers themselves. The doped molecules then emit a new, stronger light signal with the same characteristics as the incoming weak light signal. Basically, the regenerator is a laser amplifier for the incoming signal. See Photonics.com: Fiber Amplifiers for more details.

5.3 Optical Receiver

___________________ The optical receiver is like the sailor on the deck of the receiving ship. It takes the incoming digital light signals, decodes them and sends the electrical signal to the other user's computer, TV or telephone (receiving ship's captain). The receiver uses a photocell or photodiode to detect the light.

6. Uses of Optical Fibers

_________________________ The optical fiber can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because it is flexible and can be bundled as cables. Although fibers can be made out of either transparent plastic or glass, the fibers used in long-distance telecommunications applications are always glass, because of the lower optical absorption. The light transmitted through the fiber is confined due to total internal reflection within the material. This is an important property that eliminates signal crosstalk between fibers within the cable and allows the routing of the cable with twists and turns. In telecommunications applications, the light used is typically infrared light, at wavelengths near to the minimum absorption wavelength of the fiber in use.

Fig 6.3: Parts of a single optical fiber

27 Fibers are generally used in pairs, with one fiber of the pair carrying a signal in each direction, however bidirectional communications is possible over one strand by using two different wavelengths (colors) and appropriate coupling/splitting devices. Fibers, like waveguides, can have various transmission modes. The fibers used for long distance communication are known as single mode fibers, as they have only one strong propagation mode. This result in superior performance compared to other, multi-mode fibers, where light transmitted in the different modes arrives at different times, resulting in dispersion of the transmitted signal. Typical single mode fiber optic cables can sustain transmission distances of 80 to 140 km between regenerations of the signal, whereas most multi-mode fiber has a maximum transmission distance of 300 to 500 meters. Note that single mode equipment is generally more expensive than multi-mode equipment. Fibers used in telecommunications typically have a diameter of 125m. The transmission core of single-mode fibers most commonly has a diameter of 9m, while multi-mode cores are available with 50m or 62.5m diameters. Because of the remarkably low loss and excellent linearity and dispersion behavior of single-mode optical fiber, data rates of up to 40 gigabits per second are possible in real world use on a single wavelength. Wavelength division multiplexing can then be used to allow many wavelengths to be used at once on a single fiber, allowing a single fiber to bear an aggregate bandwidth measured in terabits per second. Modern fiber cables can contain up to a thousand fibers in a single cable, so the performance of optical networks easily accommodate even today's demands for bandwidth on a point-to-point basis. However, unused point-to-point potential bandwidth does not translate to operating profits, and it is estimated that no more than 1% of the optical fiber buried in recent years is actually 'lit'.

Modern cables come in a wide variety of sheathings and armor, designed for applications such as direct burial in trenches, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation, or insertion in paved streets. In recent years the cost of small fiber-count pole mounted cables has greatly decreased due to the high Japanese and South Korean demand for Fiber to the Home (FTTH) installations. Recent advances in fiber technology have reduced losses so far that no amplification of the optical signal is needed over distances of hundreds of kilometers. This has greatly reduced the cost of optical networking, particularly over undersea spans where the cost reliability of amplifiers is one of the key factors determining the performance of the whole cable system. In the past few years several manufacturers of submarine cable line terminal equipment have introduced upgrades that promise to quadruple the capacity of older submarine systems installed in the early to mid 1990s.

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7. Advantages of Optical Fibers

________________________________ Low loss, so repeater-less transmission over long distances is possible Large data-carrying capacity (thousands of times greater, reaching speeds of up to 3TB/s) Immunity to electromagnetic interference, including nuclear electromagnetic pulses (but can be damaged by alpha and beta radiation) No electromagnetic radiation; difficult to eavesdrop High electrical resistance, so safe to use near high-voltage equipment or between areas with different earth potentials Low weight Signals contain very little power

8. Disadvantages of Optical Fiber

__________________________________ Higher cost Need for more expensive optical transmitters and receivers More difficult and expensive to splice than wires At higher optical powers, is susceptible to "fiber fuse" wherein a bit too much light meeting with an imperfection can destroy several meters per second. Cannot carry electrical power to operate terminal devices.

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Chapter 7 PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM 1. Introduction

_______________ The IR carries about 5.5 lakh passengers in Reservation reserved accommodation every day. The computerized Passenger Reservation System (PRS) facilitates booking and Cancelling of tickets from any of the 4000Terminals (i.e. PRS booking windows) all over the country. These tickets can be booked or cancelled for journeys commencing in any party of India and ending in any other part ,with travels times as long as 72 hour and distances up to several thousand kilometer. There are mainly 5 servers in INDIA. These are New Delhi, Kolkata, Channai, and Mumbai & Sikandrabad.

FIG ; - PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM

2. Equipments
_______________ The equipments used in PRS are: Modem Multiplexing Equipment End Terminal.

2.1 Modem
___________ Modem are used for communication various computer or between Computer & terminals over ordinary or leased (dedicated) telephone lines. We can use modems to log on to micro, mini, main frame computer for line processing. We can use them to connect two remote computers for data. How does modem work: The word modem in feed is derived from the words modulator & demodulator. Computer communicate in digital languages while telephone lines communicate in analog language. So an inter mediator required which can communicate both these language. Modem transmits information between computer bits by one stream. To represent a bit modem modulates the characteristics of the wave that are carried by telephone lines. The rate at which the modem changes these characteristics determines the transmission speed of data transmission .The rate of modem is called bound rate of modem.

30 The bound rate of modem is bits per second. In advance modulation such as quadrature amplitude modulate 4 bits & transmitted it in each band. Thus the speed of the modem transmitting at 600 bands would be 2400 bps. The modems can transmit data in two formats: Asynchronous & Synchronous. The analog modem switch at each location is connected to analog modems of the main as well as the stand by links. If the main links fails, the switch units at either end switch the user equipment at the stand by link. When the main links get restored, the analog modem switches the user equipment back to main link.

2.2 Multiplexing Equipment

___________________________ There are two type multiplexing equipments for each channel. The multiplexer used may be of 8-ports or 16-port .The data is get multiplexed at the rate of the 96KBps. The multiplexing is generally of analog type.

2.3 End Terminal

________________ The end terminals of system is the station where the tickets to be Printed out. The terminal consists of a computer system with a dot matrix printer. The number of the total end terminal at the station can be increased or decreased according to the multiplexing used.

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APPENDIX A
ABBREVIATIONS ____________________
DTMF FAX FDD HEMT HDD IEEE IF IMPATT IR ISM IVRS LAN LDMOS MASER Radiations MESFET MIS MODEM NASA NWR PCB RAD RAILNET RF Rx SMPS STD TDM-PCM Tx UTP VHF WDM : Dual Tone Multiple Frequency : Far Away Xerox : Floppy Disk Drive : High Electron Density Transistor : Hard Disk Drive : Institute of Electricals and Electronics Engineers : Intermediate Frequency : Impact ionization Avalanche Transit Time : Indian Railways : Industrial Scientific and Medical : Interactive Voice Response System : Local Area Network : Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor : Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of : Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor : Management Information System : Modulator Demodulator : National Aeronautics and Space Administration : North Western Railway : Printed Circuit Board : Rapid Application Development : Railway Network : Radio Frequency : Receiver : Switch Mode Power Supply : Subscriber Trunk Dial : Time Division Multiplexed-Pulse Code Modulation : Transmitter : Unshielded Twisted Pair : Very High Frequency : Wavelength Division Multiplexing

References: Railway Manuals www.ieeepaper.com www.wikipedia.com www.irctc.com Underwater Wireless Sensor Network based on Optical Communication Research Paper Optical 1x12 Fused-Taper-Twisted Polymer Optical Fiber Splitters Research Paper 100 Gbps Optical Communication Research Paper