Singular and Plural Nouns

A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. Usually, the first page of a grammar book tells you about nouns. Nouns give names of concrete or abstract things in our lives. As babies learn "mom," "dad," or "milk" as their first word, nouns should be the first topic when you study a foreign language. For the plural form of most nouns, add s.

bottle bottles cup cups pencil pencils desk desks sticker stickers window windows For nouns that end in ch, x, s, or s sounds, add es.

box boxes watch watches moss mosses bus buses For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

wolf wolves wife wives leaf leaves life lives Some nouns have different plural forms.

child children woman women man men mouse mice goose geese Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

baby babies toy toys kidney kidneys potato potatoes

memo memos stereo stereos A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

sheep sheep deer deer series series species species

[Quiz 1.1]
Choose the correct form of the noun in each sentence. 1) I have three (child, children). 2) There are five (man, men) and one (woman, women). 3) (Baby, Babies) play with bottles as toys. 4) I put two big (potato, potatoes) in the lunch box. 5) A few men wear (watch, watches). 6) I put a (memo, memos) on the desk. 7) I saw a (mouse, mice) running by. 8) There are few (bus, buses) on the road today.

Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns

Count nouns
Can be counted as one or more.

pen, computer, bottle, spoon, desk, cup, television, chair, shoe, finger, flower, camera, stick, balloon, book, table, comb, etc. Take an s to form the plural.

pens, computers, bottles, spoons, desks, cups, televisions, chairs, shoes, fingers, flowers, cameras, sticks, balloons, books, tables, combs, etc. Work with expressions such as (a few, few, many, some, every, each, these, and the number of).

a few pens, a few computers, many bottles, some spoons, every desk, each cup, these televisions, the number of chairs, a few shoes, a few fingers, many flowers, some cameras, every stick, each balloon, these books, the number of tables, many combs, etc. Work with appropriate articles (a, an, or the).

a pen, the computer, a bottle, the spoon, a desk, the cup, a television, the chair, a shoe, the finger, a flower, the camera, a stick, the balloon, a book, the table, a comb, etc. Do NOT work with much (for example, you would never say much pens or much computers).

Non-count nouns
Cannot be counted. They usually express a group or a type.

water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat, flour, soccer, sunshine, etc. Generally cannot be pluralized. Work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.

Sugar is sweet. The sunshine is beautiful. I drink milk. He eats rice. We watch soccer together. The wood is burning. Work with expressions such as (some, any, enough, this, that, and much).

We ate some rice and milk. I hope to see some sunshine today. This meat is good. She does not speak much Spanish. Do you see any traffic on the road? That wine is very old. Do NOT work with expressions such as (these, those, every, each, either, or neither).

[Quiz 2.1]
Choose all of the non-count nouns in the following list: wine, student, pen, water, wind, milk, computer, furniture, cup, rice, box, watch, potato, wood

Possessive Nouns
Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership. Possessive nouns usually are formed by adding an apostrophe (') and s.

John's book Kerry's car Grandma's mirror When a noun is plural and ends in s, just add an apostrophe (').

The kids' toys My parents' house The teachers' lounge If two people own one thing, add the apostrophe and s to the second person only.

John and Mary's new house David and Sue's wedding Tom and Doug's car If two people own separate things, add the apostrophe and s for each person.

Susan's and Beth's books Jean's and Dan's pants Ben's and Jim's offices

[Quiz 3.1]
Which of the following is not correct? 1) Dr. Hunts has a new computer. 2) Dr. Hunts's new computer is working well. 3) Dr. Hunts' computer is new.

Pronouns
A pronoun takes the place of a noun. Example story: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. Mary works with Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom. Mr. James and Mr. James' son Tom are experts in biochemistry. Mary, Mr. James, and Tom researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment. If the story above is written using pronouns: Mary is one of the heads of the ToJi Corporation. She works with Mr. James and his son Tom. He and his son Tom are experts in biochemistry.They researched and invented a drug for cancer treatment.

Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to a person:

I go to school. You are a student. They are Koreans. He works here. We gave her food. The word it' refers to an object:

I drank it. It is big. They cut it into halves. Memorize the personal pronouns: Singular Subject First Second Third Male I you he Singular Object me you him her it Singular Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself Plural Subject we you they they they Plural Object us you them them Plural Reflexive ourselves yourselves themselves themselves

Third Female she Third Neutral it

A verb shows action or a state of being. I go home. Home is my place to rest. I like the smell of my house. I feel totally relaxed. Home refreshes me. At home, I get ready for a new day. "Be" verbs indicate a state of being. Verbs must match subjects.

I am a doctor. He is sleepy. We are here. Negative sentences need not' after the verb.

I am not a doctor. He is not sleepy. We are not there. The verb comes first in interrogative sentences.

Am I a doctor? Is he sleepy? Are we there? "Are not" (is not) can be shortened to "aren't" (isn't).

He isn't sleepy. We aren't there. Remember the variations of "be" verbs: Present I am You are He is She is Negative I am not You are not (aren't) He is not (isn't) She is not (isn't) Interragative Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she?

It was We are You are They were

It was not (wasn't) We are not (aren't) You are not (aren't) They were not (weren't)

Was it? Are we? Are you? Were the

1) I am thirsty. 2) You are kind. 3) He am not sad. 4) She are not tall. 5) It is not moving. 6) We aren't tired. 7) Is they running? 8) Are you ready?

Action Verbs
Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs. Action verbs need s at the end with third-person, singular subjects.

He eats bread. She walks to the station. It floats on the sea. Negative sentences need do not, does not, or did not.

I do not eat bread. He does not eat bread. You did not walk to the station. It does not float on the sea. Interrogative sentences begin with do, does, or did.

Do you eat bread? Does he eat bread? Does she walk to the station? Did they finish it? Do not can be shortened to don't, does not to doesn't, and did not to didn't.

I don't eat bread. She doesn't walk to the station. It doesn't float on the sea. They didn't finish it.

Remember the variations of action verbs:

Affirmative Sentence I sing a song. You sing a song. He (she) sings a song. We sing a song. They sang a song.

Negative Sentence I do not (don't) sing a song. You do not (don't) sing a song. He (she) does not (doesn't) sing a song. We do not (don't) sing a song. They did not (didn't) sing a song.

Interrogative Sentence Do I sing a song? Do you sing a song? Does he (she) sing a song? Do we sing a song? Did they sing a song?

[Quiz 6.1]
Correct the verb errors in the sentences below. Some sentences may be correct as is. 1) I runs a marathon. 2) You look sleepy. 3) She do not dance. 4) Does you leave today? 5) We don't stay here. 6) It come with rice.

Adjectives
Adjectives describe or modify nouns. I like fairy tales. A fairy tale is an imaginary story that has unrealistic characters in a fantastic background. It makes me forget about the realworld and refreshes my tired mind. Adjectives generally appear immediately before the noun.

A pretty girl Red flowers A long stick Heavy boxes Warm weather Commonly, adjectives of opposite meaning are formed by adding a prefix such as un, in, or dis.

clear unclear, important unimportant, predictable unpredictable, believable unbelievable, common uncommon, aware unaware, ambiguous unambiguous, conventional unconventional, certain uncertain definite indefinite, correct incorrect, comparable incomparable, complete incomplete, evitable inevitable, expensive inexpensive able disable, assemble disassemble, content discontent, similar dissimilar When using a string of adjectives, they should appear in a set order: size/shape + age + color + origin + material.

A big brown house A small old English desk A beautiful black Italian leather purse Delicious Chinese food The + adjective describes a class or group of people and acts as a noun.

the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the oppressed, the homeless, etc. This popular TV show is loved by the old.

[Quiz 7.1]
Write opposite adjectives using the appropriate prefix. 1) Clear 2) Definite 3) Correct 4) Expensive 5) Complete

[Quiz 7.2]
Underline all adjectives in the following sentences. In the spring, red roses blossom in my cute small garden. The beautiful birds also sing in the big oak tree.

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Comparative adjectives compare two things. Superlative adjectives compare more than two things Commonly, adjectives that contain only one syllable or end in 'y' use 'er' to form comparatives and 'est' to form superlatives. For adjectives ending in y, change the 'y' to 'i' before adding the 'er' or 'est'.

old older oldest young younger youngest pretty prettier prettiest long longer longest short shorter shortest bright brighter brightest close closer closest happy happier - happiest Adjectives with two or more syllables do not change but instead add more to form comparatives and most to form superlatives.

respectable more respectable most respectable

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful preferable more preferable most preferable hardworking more hardworking most hardworking Some adjectives have different forms of comparatives and superlatives.

good better best bad worse worst little less least much (many) more most far further - furthest The word than typically appears in comparative sentences.

Amy is smarter than Betty. Chad is stronger than Dan. Greg is more diligent than his brother. I have more apples than he. She likes him more than me. Superlatives are typically accompanied by the word the.

Tom is the oldest man in town. Paul is the tallest boy in the neighborhood. That shade of blue is the most beautiful color. This is the longest song that I have ever heard.

[Quiz 8.1]
Write the appropriate comparative or superlative form of the word cold in each blank. Yesterday was a cold day. Today is the day yet. than yesterday. Tomorrow will be

[Quiz 8.2]
Which of the following sentences is incorrect? 1) Mary is shorter than Jane. 2) The moon is more closer to the earth than the sun. 3) I have the best score on the exam.

[Quiz 8.3]
Fill in the blanks. 1) My friend has a pretty purse, but I have a one. 2) The weather is yet to come! 3) Today's sunshine is beautiful than yesterday's.

Adverbs
Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells more about a verb in the sentence.

The fire engine runs fast. Listen to his speech carefully. I browse the web frequently. It rained hard. An adverb describes more about an adjective in the sentence.

The news is very surprising! The coffee is extremely hot, so be careful. Nature is really amazing! An adverb modifies another adverb in the sentence.

It rains very hard. Computers run much faster these days. I clean my room less frequently because I am busy. Commonly, adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding 'ly'.

slow slowly quick quickly comfortable comfortably loud loudly clear clearly To change adjectives ending in 'y' into adverbs, change the 'y' to 'i' and add 'ly'.

happy happily easy easily

[Quiz 9.1]
Choose the correct word form in the following sentences. 1) I spoke to you (careful, carefully) last time. 2) We talked about it (clear, clearly). 3) I sat on the (comfortable, comfortably) sofa. 4) My dog runs very (fast, faster). 5) Lets install the new program (quick, quickly).

Simple Tense
Verb tense tells you when the action happens. There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future. Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses. Simple Present Past Future Progressive finish finished will finish Perfect am/is/are finishing was/were finishing will be finishing Perfect Progressive have/has finished had finished will have finished have/has been finishing had been finishing will have been finishing

Things to remember about simple tense: a. Present tense is the original verb form. b. Past tense has a few patterns. c. Future tense needs will (shall) + verb. run

I run a marathon this year. (present) I ran a marathon last year. (past) I will run a marathon next year. (future) eat

I eat lunch now. I ate lunch an hour ago. I will eat lunch in one hour. see

I see a movie once a week. I saw a movie yesterday. I will see a movie tomorrow. know

I know it. I knew it the day before yesterday. I will know it by tomorrow. learn

I learn English. I learned English the last two years. I will learn English next year.

cook

I cook my supper every night. I cooked our dinner already. I will cook breakfast tomorrow.

[Quiz 10.1]
Fill in the blanks with appropriate verb forms. 1) I 2) He 3) I a song at the concert yesterday. a letter to his girlfriend tomorrow. to the library to borrow some books this weekend.

Progressive and Perfect Tense

Progressive Tense
The progressive tense involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time. In the progressive tense, verbs are formed with a "be" verb + ing. run

I am running a marathon right now. (present progressive) I was running a marathon at this time last year. (past progressive) I will be running a marathon next Sunday. (future progressive) eat

I am eating lunch now. I was eating lunch when you saw me. I will be eating lunch in the meeting. learn

I am learning English at my desk. I was learning English the last two years. I will be learning English then. cook

I am cooking my supper now. I was cooking our dinner when you called me. I will be cooking breakfast by the time you come home.

Perfect Tense
The present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb.

The past perfect tense describes an action that started and ended in the past. Use had + the past participle form of the verb. The future perfect tense describes future actions that will occur before some other action. Use will have + the past participle form of the verb. run

I have run several marathons this year. (present perfect) I had run many marathons in the past. (past perfect) I will have run a marathon by the time I turn 30. (future perfect) learn

I have learned a lot about English grammar this semester. I had learned the basics of English grammar in elementary school. I will have learned a lot about English grammar when I finish college. know

I have known her since I was young. I had known her until she passed away. I will have known her for 20 years next month. cook

I have cooked supper every night this week. I had cooked supper every night until the stove broke. I will have cooked supper every night by the time this diet ends.

[Quiz 11.1]
Using the following sentence and create three more sentences using the present, past, and future progressive tenses. I sing a song on the big stage.

[Quiz 11.2]
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given. 1) He 2) I (exercise) hard since last year. (study) math as my major since high school.

Perfect Progressive Tense

The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future. The present perfect progressive tense tells you about a continuous action that was initiated in the past and finished at some point in the past; however, the action has some relation to the

present time. Use have/has + been + ing.

It has been raining, and the street is still wet. I have been running, and I am still tired. She has been practicing the piano, and she is much better now. The past perfect progressive tense illustrates a continuous action in the past that was completed before another past action. Use had + been + ing.

It had been raining, and the street was still wet. I had been running, and I was still tired. She had been practicing the piano, and she had gotten much better. The future perfect progressive tense indicates a continuous action that will be completed in the future. Use will + have + been + ing.

By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will be very wet. By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy. By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and she will be much better.

[Quiz 12.1]
Choose the incorrect sentence from the following. 1) I have been sleeping all day today. 2) They will have been walking for almost an hour by the time they arrive at their destination. 3) She have been eating a lot recently.