Al stge CHE 411 Separation Processes II

First semester 1429/1430 H-2008/2009G

ABSORPTION
1. Introduction
Choice of solvent for an absorption duty
The two film theory of mass transfer
Mass transfer coefficients and driving forces
The equilibrium data ( )
n n
y f x = solubility, effect of temperature on solubility,
Antoine equation
The equilibrium stage concept
2. Absorption as a stagewise process
Absorption in plate (tray) columns
Derivation of the operating line equation
Determination of the number of theoretical stages
- Graphically
- Analytically , absorption factor ( ) A method, Kremser-Souders-Brown
equation
Cases of concentrated and dilute solutions and mixtures
Determination of the minimum flows , ,
m m
m
L
L G
G
| |
|
\ .

Examples: 10.3-1, 10.3-2 and 10.3-3 Geankoplis 3
rd
edition
Tutorial #1
3. Absorption as a differential process
Absorption in packed columns
- Packings, why use packings?, types and properties
- Characteristics of tower Packings, size, specific surface ( ) a , voidage
( ) c , bulk density ( )
b
, packing factor ( )
p
F
Derivation of the design equation and Determination of tower packed height
General equation for the height of packed section( )
c
z , capacity coefficients, Cases
of concentrated and dilute solutions and mixtures.

- Number of Transfer Units ( ) NTU - overall and individual
( , , )
OG G L
N N N
- Height of Transfer Units ( ) HTU - overall and individual
( , , )
OG G L
H H H
- Analytical and graphical determination of NTU
- Empirical correlations of Height of transfer units ( ) HTU , empirical
correlations of mass transfer coefficients.
Determination of tower diameter
Fluid flow through packings, pressure drop, loading, flooding,
experimental graphical plots used for tower diameter determination.
Examples: 10.6-1, 10.6-2, 10.6-3, 10.7-1, and 10.8-1 Geankoplis 3
rd
edition
Tutorials #2 and #3
h.m.mustafa


Absorption in Plate Columns

Determination of the Number of Theoretical Stages Analytically
Absorption Factor ( ) A Method (Kremser-Souders-Brown equation)





Assume dilute solution and linear Equilibrium
Relationship of the form y=mx


,
,
L L G G
x X y Y
' '

Balance for plate n:
1 1
,
N N
G y
+ +

1 1
, G y

,
N N
x L
0 0
, x L

N

1
n


1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
2 0
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
:
1
(1) :
1
n n n n
n n
n n n n
n n
n n n n
n n
n
L x x G y y
substitute the equilibrium relatioship
y mx
L
y y G y y
m
y y mG L
y y y y A absorption factor
L A mG
rearranging
y Ay
y
A
y Ay
for stage y
A
fo
+
+
+
+
+
' ' =
=
'
' =
' '
= = =
' '
+
=
+
+
=
+
3 1
2
2
3 0
1 2
2
2 2
3 0
2
3
3 3
4 0
3
4
(2) :
1
( 1)
:
1
( 1) ( 1) 1
:
1 ( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
(3) :
( 1)
y Ay
r stage y
A
A y A y
substitute for y y
A A
A y A A y A
multiply by and rearrange y
A A
A y A A y
similarly for plate y
A
+
=
+
+ +
=
+ +
+
=

+
=

1 0
1
:
( 1) ( 1)
( 1)
N N
N
N
N
And thus generalize for stage N
A y A A y
y
A
+
+
+
=

0 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1
{ : } : ( , ), ( , )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ), ,
( ) ( )
N N
N N
N
N
N N
N N
N
absorber end compositions Overall material balance on the absorber x y x y
L x x G y y
y
L x G y y
m
L L
mx y y y A y mx
mG mG
A y y y y
substitute for y and rear
+
+
+
+
+
' ' =
' ' =
' '
= = =
' '
=
1 0
0 1 1
1
1
0 1 0 1 1
1
:
( 1) ( 1)
( )
( 1)
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( )
1
N N
N
N
N
N N N
N N
N
range
A y A A y
A y y y
A
A
y A A y A A y y y
A
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
( +
=
(

( =

1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1
1 0 1 0 1 1
1
1 0
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 0
1
1
1
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( )
1 ( )
1
1
( )
; :
1 ( )
(
1
N N N N
N N N
N
N
N N N
N
N N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
A
y A y A y y A y A y y y
A
A
y y A y y y y
A
A y y
A y y
A
A A
y y
changing the signs
A y y
y A A
A
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
( + + =

( =

( =

(


=

1
1 0
1 0
1 0
)
( )
*** 1
1 1
log
:
log
N
N
y
y y
valid for when A
y y A
A y y A
solving for N N
A
+
+

=
( | | | |
+
( | |

\ .
\ .
=


1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
*** 1 :
N N
for cases when A equation becomes
y y y y
N
y y y mx
+ +
=

= =



1
0
1
1
0
:
( ) 1
,
1
( )
N
N
N
N
for stripping and by a similar derivation
x x S S mV
where S is the stripping factor S
y
S A L
x
m
+
+
+

= = =

Absorption in Packed Columns
Determination of Number of Overall Gas Phase Transfer Units
OG
N
Analytically


1
, G y

2
, G y

1
, x L

2
, x L

1

2

( )
1 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 1
2 1
1 2 1 2
2 1
1 1
( ) ( )
( ) ;
,
( )
e
e e
e e
e
G
L
G
L
G G
L L
L x x G y y
x x x x
also
y y y y
x x y y y ax b
y y
y ax b y ax b a
x x
y a x y y b
=

= =

= + = +

= + = + =

= + +

( )
2 2
1 1
1 1
( )
y y
OG
e y y
G
L
dy dy
N
y y
y a x y y b
= =
(
+ +

} }


( )
1 2 1 2
1 1
( )
1
ln
1
OG
G
L
a x y y b y
N
aG
ax b y
L
( + +
= (
+
(



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
1 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1
1 2 1 2 2 2
2 1
( ) ( )
1
:
: ( ) ( )
( )
e e e e
e e e e
e
e e
e e
G aG
L L
y y y y aG x x
L x x y y y y
y y y y y y y y aG
L y y y y
also ax b y y y
and a x y y b y ax b y y y
y y
y y y y y y
y y

= =

+
= =

+ =
+ + = + +

= + =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



2 2 2 1
2 2 1 1 1 1
ln
( ) ( )
e
OG
e e e
y y y y
N
y y y y y y
(
=
(




Or


1 1 1 2
1 1 2 2 2 2
ln
( ) ( )
e
OG
e e e
y y y y
N
y y y y y y
(
=
(





Absorption in Packed Columns
Determination of Number of Overall Gas Phase Transfer Units
OG
N
Analytically (Absorption Factor Method)

Material balance:

2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
G
L
L X X G Y Y
X Y Y X
'
'
' ' =
= +


Equilibrium relationship being straight line passing
Through the origin (0, 0)

e
Y mX =

By Substituting
2 2
( )
e
mG
Y Y Y mX
L
'
= +
'


For Number of overall gas phase transfer units:


2 2
1 1
2
1
2 2
1
2
(1 )
1
ln
Y Y
OG
e Y Y
Y
Y
dY dY
N
mG mG
Y Y
Y Y mX
L L
dY aY b
aY b a aY b
= =
' '

+
' '
+
= =
+ +
} }
}

L
'

G
'

1
Y

2
Y

1
X

2
X
1
2


Where:-
2 2
1 ,
mG mG
a b Y mX
L L
' '
= =
' '


Then:

1 2 2
2 2 2
1
1
ln
1 1
OG
mG mG
Y Y mX
L L
N
mG mG mG
Y Y mX
L L L
' ' ( | |
+
|
(
' '
\ .
( =
' ' '
| |
(
+
|
( ' ' '
\ .

2
0 when X =

1
2
1
ln 1
1
OG
mG Y mG
N
mG
L Y L
L
' ' (
| |
= +
| (
'
' '
\ .

'

:
L
as A
mG
'
=
'

Then:
1
2
1 1
ln
1
OG
A A Y
N
A A Y A
(
= +
(

Absorption in Packed Columns
Height of tower packed section for concentrated solutions:
General equation and special cases:

2
1
2
1
(1 )
(1 ) (1 )( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )( )
y
lm
T
y lm e y
T OG OG
OG
y lm
y
lm
OG
e y
y G
Z dy
K a y y y y
Z H N
G
H
K a y
y
N dy
y y y

=

=
=

=

}
}


(1 ) (1 )
(1 )
ln[(1 ) /(1 )]
e
lm
e
y y
y
y y

=



i) when(1 )
lm
y is approximated by the arithmetic average
(1 ) (1 )
2
e
y y +

(1 ) (1 )
(1 )
2
e
lm
y y
y
+
=
Which can written as:
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) ( )
(1 ) (1 )
2 2 2
e e e
y y y y y y
y y
+
= + = +
Then substitute in
OG
N and integrate:
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
2
(1 )( ) (1 )( )
( ) (1 )
(1 )( ) 2(1 )( )
e
y y
lm
OG
e e y y
y y
e
e e y y
y y
y
y
N dy dy
y y y y y y
y y y
dy dy
y y y y y y

= =


= +

} }
} }


2 2 2
1 1 1
2
1
1 1
ln
( ) 2(1 ) ( ) 2 1
y y y
e e y y y
y dy dy dy
y y y y y y
(
= + = +
(


} } }



ii) when 0
e
y = as when absorption is accompanied by a fast chemical reaction
(1 ) (1 )
(1 )
ln[(1 ) /(1 )] ln(1 )
e
lm
e
y y y
y
y y y

= =


2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
1
2
(1 )
(1 )( ) (1 )( ) ln(1 )
ln(1 ) (ln(1 ))
ln
(1 ) ln(1 ) ln(1 ) ln(1 )
y y
lm
OG
e y y
y y
y y
y y
N dy dy
y y y y y y
y dy d y
y y y y

= =


= = =

} }
} }