LECTURE 3 AIVISM IN HISTORY

aivam = stram tena (ivea) proktam. aiva = follower of the aivam. In a broader sense, aiva = iva-bhakta. I.V.C. "Proto-iva" in krmsana? Sanderson thinks he is not three-faced, nor rdhva-liga Earliest firm evidence: 140 BCE: Patajali's Mahbhya (on 5.2.76, 5.3.99, 6.3.26; ivabhgavatas, etc.) 2nd cen BCE Many theophoric names attested in donative inscriptions, e.g. ivadatta, from to 3rd CE Afghanistn to Mahrra to Andhra 65 CE: Kharoh inscription from Panjtr, now in Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistn (names are East Iranian (middle period)), recording the founding of a iva-sthala, 65 CE, Kua period st 1 cen. CE: Mahevara in deity list in the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya from Gandhra 100 CE: Coins of Wima II Kadphises depicting Wsh with iconography exactly like later iva images: is Wsh iva or is iva's iconography modelled on Wsh?1 2nd cen. CE: mention in Jaina texts: iva paired with Vairavana, separate person from Rudra 220 CE: shrine to Caaivamahdeva dedicated in Dharwar, Kartaka 3rd cen. CE: Temple of Bhagavn Jvaivaswmin in Pallavan Andhra 355 CE: Inscription recording grant to Pupata shrine to the Mt-s 4th cen.: Andhra inscription of Devavarman of Vegpura: first use of paramamhevara LECTURE 4 INITIATORY AIVISM Lay aivism: upsaka, ivabhakta/rudrabhakta (latter preferred by the Veda-congruent); Benefit of puya shared by family and patriline (denied by orthodox Brhmins, affirmed by Puras and ivadharma corpus Mantramrga presents this five-fold hierarchy of valid forms of religion: Mantramrga Atimrga dhytmika (Skhya/Yoga) Vaidika (exclusive devotion to iva, but in Vedic domain, leading to heaven) Laulika (mundane religion; calendrical observence; trtha visits; puya) Sanderson presents a new three-fold classification of initiatory aivism: 1. Atimrga / 2. Mantramrga / 3. Kulamrga [for last see next lecture, below]

1 See Studies in Silk Road Coins and Culture: Silk Road Art and Archaeology by Tanabe for images.

1. Atimrga (= Atyrama) Pupata path ends in a cremation ground with utkrnti (aivism is originally about how to die) Lkulas add bhuvandhvan (topped by Dhruva) and kapla-vrata Somasiddhntins (Soma = Sa + Um) add Bhairava/Cmu, vea, sacrifice (even human), blood offerings, sexual elements, initiation includes wine 2. Mantramrga (Tantric/gamic aivism) Nominally open to all, not just brhmin males willing to become ascetics Choreography of spiritual transformation using mantra, mudr, visualization in dk hautr dk (ritualistic initiation with fire-offerings) Divides into three: 1. Siddhnta (derives from Lkula stream, but without kapla-vrata): private and public worship (bahi-sthira-pratih of the deity in a public liga); Veda-congruence (vedasahit); ritualistic; regular piety; legitimation of the state; stability of society 2. Bhairava/Goddess-worshipping non-Saiddhntika systems (derives from Lkula and Somasiddhnta): private worship only; countercultural; rituals for times of emergency; a. Vma: 4 Bagin; 6th-7th cen.; known to Dharmakrti and di-akara; exported to Cambodia; absorbed into Buddhist Majuriya-mla-tantra b. Mantrapha: Svacchanda-bhairava; still semi-active in Nepl c. Ymala: Aghor / Ca Kpalin; a Mantramrga redaction of primitive Somasiddhntin/Kplika material; translates into a transgressive temple cult in the south described in Mttantrasinscription from Tamil/Andhra/Kartaka border region confirming worship with meat and wine d. Trika e. Klkula 3. Smnya: rather less popular cult of Amtevara & Amta-lakm; provides evidence that worship of the Buddha took place within Brhmanism circa 8th/9th cen. Srotas division: Vma-srotas 4 Bhagins + Tumburu Ubhaya-srotas Klkula (JDY) Dakia-srotas Svacchanda Ymala Trika

Pha division: Mantrapha: Svacchanda Vidypha: 4 Bhagin, Ymala, Trika, Klkula akti-tantras subdivision: Trika, Klkula LECTURE 5 THE KULA-MRGA Klottara becomes the base text for the Saiddhntikas (by the 10th century); root mantra O HA IVYA NAMA (CHECK)

3. Kulamrga (historically derived from the Somasiddhnta): initiation through vea; dyayga (consort practice); sacrifice; vra-melpa; prohibition of external kapla-vrata except in the Klkula (see below); worship of Bhairava and the Goddess as Kulevara & Kulevar (either together or separate), surrounded by eight Mothers, attended by Gaea and Vauka, with ancillary worship of the Siddhas and Mahsiddhas (siddha-santna) and their consorts; divided into four mnyas or Anvayas (transmissions) or Gharmnyas (lodge-teachings): E. Kulevar (see T 29.1-55): first of the four W. Kubjik; influenced by Trika; successful for several centuries; influences early haha-yoga S. Kmevar/Tripur: early tradition of erotic magic includes worship of consort Kmadeva and 11 Nitys, now extinct but gave rise to rvidy, worship of Tripurasundar N. Klkula; flourished for several centuries in north and south; maintained the kaplavrata The Kula or Kaula tradition, founded by Macchanda and Kokanmb, along with their six lineage-holding sons, comes to colonise many of the Mantramrga traditions, which then display Kaula and non-Kaula forms; thus one can be initiated via the tantra-prakriya or the kulaprakriya; note that Tantric is originally an antonym to Kaula. The elements that people think of as Tantric today are in fact Kaula.