Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 21

TABILES OF CONTENTS

POWER GENERATION FROM ROAD SPEED BREAKER


ABSTRACT

Man in his lifetime, uses energy in one form or the other. In fact whatever happens in nature, results, out of the conversion of energy in one form or the other? The blowing of the wind, the formation of the clouds and the flow of water are a few examples that stand testimony to this fact. Of late, erratic and perfunctory usage of energy has resulted in an energy crisis, and there is a need to develop methods of optimal utilization, which will not only ease the crisis but also preserve the environment. This project attempts to show how man has been utilizing energy and to explore prospects of optimizing the same. Researches show that the world has already had its enough shares of its energy resources. Fossil fuels pollute the environment. Nuclear energy requires careful handling of both raw as well as waste material. The focus now is shifting more and more towards the renewable sources of energy, which are essentially, nonpolluting. Energy conservation is the cheapest new source of energy. It is an attractive technology for optimal use of available sources. This project attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used system, the road-speed breakers. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in roads is increasing day by day. There is possibility of tapping the energy and generating power by making the speed breaker as a power generation unit. The generated power can be used for the lamps near the speed breakers. Hence, a project work has been done in our institution, implementing this idea practically under the title Design and

Development of Power Generation Unit in Speed Breakers. This project explains clearly, the working principle of the designed system, its practical implementation, and its advantages. Design of each component has been carried out using standard procedures, and the components have been fabricated and assembled. A similar model of the system has been modeled using Pro-E. Practical testing of the system has been done with different loads at different speeds. Taking the various criteria that determine the power generation, graphs have been plotted. The second project will show you how to create a shoe that generates electricity. It does this by using your energy when you walk and converts it into electricity. Its just a simple craft that every one should know it.
AIM OF THE MECHANICAL PROJECTS

This project attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used system- the road speed-breakers. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in roads is increasing day by day. A large amount of energy is wasted at the speed breakers through the dissipation of heat and also through friction, every time a vehicle passes over it. There is great possibility of tapping this energy and generating power by making the speed-breaker as a power generation unit. The generated power can be used for the lamps, near the speedbreakers.
SCOPE OF THE MECHANICAL PROJECT

The utilization of energy is an indication of the growth of a nation. For example, the per capita energy consumption in USA is 9000 KWh (Kilo Watt hour) per year, whereas the consumption in India is 1200 KWh (Kilo Watt hour). One might conclude that to be materially rich and prosperous, a human being needs to consume more and more energy.
A recent survey on the energy consumption in India had published a pathetic

report that 85,000 villages in India do not still have electricity. Supply of power in

most part of the country is poor. Hence more research and development and commercialization of technologies are needed in this field. India, unlike the top developed countries has very poor roads. Talking about a particular road itself includes a number of speed breakers. By just placing a unit like the Power Generation Unit from Speed Breakers, so much of energy can be tapped. This energy can be used for the lights on the either sides of the roads and thus much power that is consumed by these lights can be utilized to send power to these villages.
INTRODUCTION: An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy

resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis,petroleum crisis, energy shortage, electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political riots that occurred during the 2007 Burmese antigovernment protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices. Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved

before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs.
A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes

and government embargoes. The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. Crisis that currently exist include; Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December 2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. 2008 Central Asia energy crisis, caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area dependent on hydroelectric power
South African electrical crisis Solution for Energy Crisis NEXT time on

the roads, dont scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages

off the highway. This project is about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the
SPEED BREAKERS. Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicles wheel and road i.e. rough surface HEAT

Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is always lost in environment and of which we cant make use of....OR directly we can say that all this energy that we cant make use of is just the WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an ELECTRICAL ENERGY. `This project will work on the principle of POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic energy can be calculated using the formula: In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared

shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of the day, he said. The Assam power ministry is expected to back the IIT pilot project. Das says a storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega watt from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 crore as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in thermal or hydro power stations. Next time on the roads, don't scoff at the speed-breakers. They could actually light up small villages off the highway. An amateur innovator in Guwahati has developed a simple contraption that can generate power when a vehicle passes over a speed breaker. Kanak Gogoi, a small time businessman, has developed a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. The innovation has caught the eye of the Indian Institute of Technology (iit), Guwahati, which will fund a pilot project to generate electricity from speed-breakers.

The idea is basic physics. Gogoi has welded five-meter-long metal plates into the speed-breaker instead of the conventional bitumen-and-stone-chip rumble strip. The plates are movable and inclined with the help of a spring-loaded hydraulic system. The fulcrum-attached plates are pushed down when a vehicle moves over them and bounce back to original position as it passes. "When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip," Gogoi says. "When the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic energy into electricity," he explains. IIT Guwahati has evaluated the machine and recommended it to the Assam ministry of power for large scale funding. A K Das, a professor at iit's design department says it is a 'very viable proposition' to harness thousands of mega watts of electricity untapped across the country every day. "A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at the end of the day," he said. The Assam power ministry is expected to back the iit pilot project. Das says a storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per mega watt. BASIC PRINCIPLES:

simple energy conversion from mechanical to electrical. to generate electricity using the vehicle kinetic energy as input we can develop electricity from speed breakers they are using 3 different mechanisms: I. Gear mechanism II. Rack- Pinion mechanism

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

COMPONENTS AND ITS CONSTRUCTION

RACK AND PINION SHAFT SOUR GEAR SPRINGS BEARING ELECTRIC GENERATION

SHAFTS: It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another place. It supports the rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional rigidity and lateral rigidity.

SPRINGS: It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due to shocks or due to vibrations. RACK AND PINION Rack and pinion gears normally change rotary motion into linear motion, but sometimes we use them to change linear motion into rotary motion. They transform a rotary movement (that of the pinion) into a linear movement (that of the rack) or vice versa. We use them for sliding doors moved by an electric motor.The rack is attached to the door and the pinion is attached to the motor. The motor moves the pinion which moves the rack and the door moves.

SPUR GEAR

Bearing A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between two parts, i.e. rotation or linear movement. Bearing is used to reduce the friction and increases the frictionless rotation of the shaft. There is a rolling contact bearing is used. A rolling contact bearing consists of four partsInner race Outer race A rolling element (ball, roller, needle etc.) Cage (which hold the rolling element and spaces the rolling element evenly around the periphery) Depending upon the type of rolling contact, the bearing may be classified as followsBall Bearing A ball bearing is the type in which the balls are used as a rolling element. The balls are placed inside the gap between the inner and outer race. The purpose of a ball bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. It achieves this by using at least two races to contain the balls and transmit the loads through the balls. One of the races is held fixed. As one of the

bearing races rotates it causes the balls to rotate as well. Because the balls are rolling they have a much lower coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were rotating on each other. Ball bearings tend to have lower load capacity for their size than other kinds of rolling-element bearings due to the smaller contact area between the balls and races. However, they can tolerate some misalignment of the inner and outer races. Compared to other bearing types, the ball bearing is the least expensive, primarily because of the low cost of producing the balls used in the bearing.

Roller Bearing A roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter in the gap between outer and inner races. Roller bearings have higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing or a spherical roller bearing.

Ball Bearing Roller Bearing Needle bearing Needle roller bearings use very long and thin cylinders in the gap between inner and outer races. Radial needle bearings are cylindrical and use rollers parallel to the axis of the shaft. Needle bearing have a large surface area that is in contact with the bearing outer surfaces compared to ball bearings. Thus there is less added clearance (difference

between the diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing) so they are much more compact. Since the rollers are thin, the outside diameter of the bearing is only slightly larger than the hole in the middle. However, the small-diameter rollers must bend sharply where they contact the races, and thus the bearing fatigues relatively quickly.

D.C. Generator A DC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by using the principle of magnetic induction. This principle is explained as follows1. Whenever a conductor is moved within a magnetic field in such a way that the conductor cuts across magnetic lines of flux, voltage is generated in the conductor. The DC generator will be discussed later. 2. An elementary generator consists of a wire loop placed so that it can be rotated in a stationary magnetic field. This will produce an induced e.m.f. in the loop. Sliding contacts (brushes) connect the loop to an external circuit load in order to pick up or use the induced emf.

The two main parts of a generator can be described in either mechanical or electrical terms: Mechanical 1. Rotor: The rotating part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. 2. Stator: The stationary part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. Electrical 1. Armature: The power-producing component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. 2. Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. Construction of DC Generator The generator has two main parts i.e. Stator and Rotor. The stator is the stationary part and rotor is the rotating part. The armature is present between the magnetic poles. These poles are in even number. The pole pieces (marked N and S) provide the magnetic field. The pole pieces are shaped and positioned to concentrate the magnetic field as close as possible to the wire loop. The loop of wire that rotates through the field is called the ARMATURE. The ends of the armature loop are connected to rings called SLIP RINGS. They rotate with the armature. The brushes, usually made of carbon, with wires attached to them, ride against the rings. The generated voltage appears across these brushes. A single-turn rectangular copper coil moving about its axis in a magnetic field provided by either permanent magnets or electromagnets. The two ends of the coil are joined to two split-rings which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two collecting brushes (of carbon or copper) press against the slip rings.

DESIGN CALCULATIONS OUTPUT POWER CALCULATIONS:


Let us consider, The mass of a vehicle moving over the speed breaker = 250Kg (Approximately) Height of speed brake = 10 cm Work done= Force x Distance Here, Force =Weight of the Body =250 Kg x 9.81 =2452.5 N Distance traveled by the body = Height of the speed brake =10 m Output power =Work done/Sec =(2452.5 x 0.10)/60 =4.0875 Watts (For One pushing force) Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the speed breaker arrangement for one minute = 4.0875 watts Power developed for 60 minutes (1 hr) = 245.25 watts Power developed for 24 hours = 5.866 Kw This power is sufficient to burn four street lights in the roads in the night time.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS: SHAFT (DIA)= 1.5 cm Diameter of flywheel = 17 cm

SPRINGS Diameter of wire = 1mm Mean dia of coil = 20mm Free length of spring = 154mm Pitch of the spring = 9mm SPUR GEARS No of the teeth driver No of teeth drives= Pitch circle diameter driver Pitch circle diameter driven = 42mm No Of Teeth On Rack = 18 Rack Length = 240mm No Of Teeth On Pinion =38 Diameter Of Pinion Gear=46mm Thickness of pinion gear=26mm Length of speed breaker=730mm Width of speed breaker=50mm Height of speed breaker=100mm

MATERIAL SELETION SHAFT RACK AND SPRING


material used : mild steel Mild steel is a type of steel that only contains a small amount of carbon and other elements. It is softer and more easily shaped than higher carbon steels. It also bends a long way instead of breaking because it is ductile. It is used in nails and some types of wire, it can be used to make bottle openers, chairs, staplers, staples, railings and most common metal products. Its name comes from the fact it only has less carbon than steel.

Some mild steel properties and uses: Mild steel has a maximum limit of 0.2% carbon. The proportions of manganese (1.65%), copper (0.6%) and silicon (0.6%) are approximately fixed, while the proportions of cobalt, chromium, niobium, molybdenum, titanium, nickel, tungsten, vanadium and zirconium are not. A higher amount of carbon makes steels different from low carbon mild-type steels. A greater amount of carbon makes steel stronger, harder and very slightly stiffer than a low carbon steel. However, the strength and hardness comes at the price of a decrease in the ductility of this alloy. Carbon atoms get trapped in the interstitial sites of the iron lattice and make it stronger. What is known as mildest grade of carbon steel or 'mild steel' is typically low carbon steel with a comparatively low amount of carbon (0.16% to 0.2%). It has ferromagnetic properties, which make it ideal for manufacture of many products. The calculated average industry grade mild steel density is 7.85 gm/cm3. Its Young's modulus, which is a measure of its stiffness is around 210,000 MPa. Mild steel is the cheapest and most versatile form of steel and serves every application which requires a bulk amount of steel. The low amount of alloying elements, also makes mild steel vulnerable to rust. Naturally, people prefer stainless steel over mild steel, when they want a rust free material. Mild steel is also used in construction as structural steel. It is also widely used in the car manufacturing industry. Mild steel is used in almost all forms of industrial applications and industrial manufacturing. It is a cheaper alternative to steel, but still better than iron SPUR GEAR AND PINION Cast iron is analloy of iron. The term is usually used for grey cast iron. There are two main types of cast iron: grey cast iron and white cast iron. The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 2% silicon and 3% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon. The silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or iron carbide (Fe3C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name

DRAWING IN 2D AND 3D SPECIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS SL.NO. NAME OF THE MATERIAL USED

QUANTITY

COMPONENT
1 2 3 4 5

RACK PINION GEAR BEARING SHAFT

MILD STEEL MILD STEEL CAST IRON MILD STEEL MILD STEEL

1 1 2 4 2

6 7

SPRING

MILD STEEL ---

1 1

GENERATOR FABRICATION DETAILS:

The frame structure for the total unit is fabricated using L-Angle frames and ordinary frames. These frames are made of mild steel. They are held to proper dimensions are attached to form a unit with the help of welding. Then the bearings which are of standard make are kept in place with their respective shafts through them and are welded to the frame structure. The shafts are also made of mild steel. Hinges are used to move the speed breaker arrangement by welding it to the frame structure. These hinges are responsible for the movement of the speed breaker in an up and down motion. A rack having eighteen teeth which is made up of mild steel is welded to the speed breaker arrangement. A pinion which is also made up of mild steel and which has Thirty six teeth is fitted on the shaft initially, and welded. This pinion tooth is exactly made to mate with the teeth of the rack. A bicycle sprocket and chain arrangement of standard make is fitted with the larger sprocket on the top shaft and its smaller sprocket on the bottom shaft. The sprocket wheels are welded to the shafts. A fly wheel that is made of cast iron is machined suitably to the precise dimensions in a lathe and is placed on the shaft with its axis coinciding with the axis of the shaft and is welded. A special stand arrangement is made to seat the 12v DC generator using frames. A 12v DC generator is placed within the seat and is held firm using bolts and nuts. To the shaft of the generator, a small gear made of cast iron is fixed tightly. A larger gear made out of cast iron is machined well and fitted on the shaft. The teeth on the larger gear are made to mate rightly with

WORKING PRINCIPLES
RESULS AND COMPARISION APPLICATION ADVANTAGES: v Pollution free power generation. v Simple construction, mature technology, and easy maintenance.

v No manual work necessary during generation. v Energy available all year round. v No fuel transportation problem. v No consumption of any fossil fuel which is non-renewable source of energy. v Uninterrupted power generation during day and night. v Maximum utilization of energy. v Load to the piston cylinder arrangement is freely got by movement of vehicles. v No fuel storage is required. Low budget electricity production Less floor area No obstruction to traffic Easy maintenance Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc. Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc Disadvantages: Selecting suitable generator. Selection of springs. Achieving proper balance of speed and torque. It gives low electric output

SL.NO.

COST ESTIMATION NAME OF MATERIAL QUANTITY THE USED COMPONENT RACK PINION GEAR BEARING SHAFT SPRING GENERATOR MILD STEEL MILD STEEL CAST IRON MILD STEEL MILD STEEL MILD STEEL --CONCLUSIONS:

COST RS.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 1 2 4 2 1 1

The focus now is shifting more and more towards the renewable sources of energy, which are essentially, nonpolluting. Energy conservation is the cheapest new source of energy. It is an attractive technology for optimal use of available sources. This power generation unit is going to be a demonstration and working model for upcoming engineering students to understand the easy working principles of saving energy BILIOGRAPHY REFERENCES

Вам также может понравиться