methods to their colonies, colonialists started the transformation of Asian andA frican societies that has continued to our

day.20.The forms of colonial administ ration varied with the social and economicconditions of the colonies. Some colon ies were protectorates that retained their traditional governments, and some wer e administered directly.30.Colonies were administered with the cooperation of in digenous elites. Colonialadministrations used two different types of indigenous elites: traditional rulersand youths trained for modern jobs as clerks, nurses, police men, customsinspectors and the like.40.European and American women seldom took p art in the early stages of colonialconquest. When they did arrive in the colonie s, the presence of European andAmerican women led to increased racial segregatio n.II0.The Scramble for AfricaA0.Egypt10.The Egyptian khedives carried out a numb er of expensive modernization projectsin the mid-nineteenth century. These proje cts were financed with high-interestloans from European creditors.20.French and British bankers lobbied their governments to intervene in Egypt inorder to secur e their loans. In 1882 the British sent an army into Egypt andestablished a syst em of indirect rule that lasted for seventy years.30.The British worked to devel op Egyptian agriculture, especially cotton production, by building a dam across the Nile at Aswan. The economicdevelopment of Egypt only benefited a small elite of landowners and merchants,and it was accompanied by the introduction of Weste rn ways that conflicted withthe teachings of Islam.B0.Western and Equatorial Afr ica10.In West Africa, the French built a railroad from the upper Senegal River t o theupper Niger in order to open the interior to French merchants. In the Congo Basin, King Leopold II of Belgium claimed the area south of the Congo River,whil e France claimed the area on the northern bank.20.German chancellor Bismarck cal led the Berlin Conference on Africa in 1885 and1886 in order to lay out the fram ework under which Africa would be occupied by the European nations. In practice, the division and occupation of Africa metwith resistance and required many year s of effort.30.In West Africa, the new colonial powers took advantage of and dev eloped theexisting trade networks. In Equatorial Africa, where there were few in habitantsand little trade, the colonial powers granted concessions to private co mpaniesthat forced Africans to produce cash crops and to carry them to the neare stnavigable river or railroad.C0.Southern Africa10.Southern Africa had long been attractive to European settlers because of its good pastures and farmland and i ts mineral wealth. The discovery of diamonds atKimberley in 1868 attracted Europ ean prospectors and Africans; it also set off the process by which the British C ape Colony expanded, annexing Kimberleyand defeating the Xhosa and the Zulu.20.C ecil Rhodes used his British South Africa Company to take over land in centralAf rica, where he created the colonies of Southern Rhodesia and NorthernRhodesia.30 .British control over South Africa was consolidated when Britain defeated theAfr ikaaners in the South African War (1899 1902). In 1910 the Europeansettlers created the Union of South Africa, in which the Afrikaaners emerged as the ruling element in a government that assigned Africans to reservations andest ablished a system of racial segregation.D0.Political and Social Consequences10.A frica at the time of the European invasion contained a variety of societies.Thes e societies responded differently to the European invasion; some welcomedthe Eur opeans as allies against local enemies, while others resisted Europeanrule.20.Pa storal and warrior states like the Zulu and the Ndebele resisted Europeaninvasio n, as did some commercial states like the kingdom of Asante and Benin.Ethiopia s uccessfully defended itself against an Italian invasion in 1896.30.In the face o f European invasion most Africans simply tried to continue living as before, but colonial policies made this difficult. Colonial emphasis on the production of c ash crops, the assignment of land to European companies and planters, and the im position of hut taxes or head taxes proved highly disruptive.The need to pay tax es in cash forced African men to take low-paid jobs and tomigrate to the cities and mining camps in search of work.40.Some African women welcomed colonial rule because it put an end to fightingand slave trading, but most women benefited les s than men did. Women s property rights were undermined by colonial policies that as

signed propertyrights to the head of the household that is, to the man.E0.Cultural R esponses10.Missionaries were the main conduits by which Africans came into conta ct withEuropean culture. Missionaries taught both practical skills (crafts and d omesticskills) and western ideas. Africans educated in mission schools found tha tChristian ideals clashed with the reality of colonial exploitation; they beganu sing Christian ideas to critique colonialism.20.Islam continued to spread southw ard during the colonial period. Colonialismcontributed to the diffusion of Islam by building cities, increasing trade, andallowing Muslims to settle in new area s.III0.Asia and Western DominanceA0.Central Asia10.Between 1865 and 1876 Russia was able to use modern weapons to advance intoCentral Asia. The nomadic Kazhaks resisted fiercely, but by the end of thenineteenth century they were reduced to starvation, their grazing lands fenced off and turned over to Russian farmers.20 .South of the Kazhak steppe the decline of Qing power allowed the RussianEmpire to take over the oases with their Muslim populations and their productivecottongrowing land. Russian rule brought few benefits and few changes to thelives of t he people of the oases.B0.Southeast Asia and Indonesia10.Burma, Malaya, Indochin a, and northern Sumatra, all independent kingdoms inthe first half of the ninete enth century, were conquered by stages between 1850and the early 1900s. Only Sia m remained independent.20.All these areas had fertile soil, a favorable climate, and a highly developedagriculture. The colonial regimes introduced Chinese and Indian laborers andnew crops, increasing agricultural production and providing p eace and a reliablefood supply that fueled a substantial rise in the population. 30.Colonialism contributed to an expansion of the agricultural population,immigr ation from China and India, and the spread of Islam. Education inEuropean ideas led to the development of nationalism.C0.Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878 1902 10.By the late 1890s the U.S. economy was in need of export markets and the poli tical mood was favorable to expansionism. The Hawaiian Islands, controlled by Am erican settlers since 1893, were annexed in 1898.20.In the Philippines, Emilio A guinaldo led an uprising against the Spanish in 1898.He might very well have suc ceeded in establishing a republic if the United Stateshad not purchased the Phil ippines from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War.30.In 1899 Aguinaldo r ose up against the American occupation. The United Statessuppressed the insurrec tion and then tried to soften its rule by introducing publicworks and economic d evelopment projects.IV0.Imperialism in Latin AmericaA0.Railroads and the Imperia lism of Free Trade10.The natural resources of the Latin American republics made them targets for aform of economic dependence called free-trade imperialism.20.B ritish and the United States entrepreneurs financed and constructed railroads inord er to exploit the agricultural and mineral wealth of Latin America. LatinAmerica n elites encouraged foreign companies with generous concessions because this app eared to be the fastest way both to modernize their countries andto enrich the L atin American property owning class.B0.American Expansionism and the Spanish-Ame rican War, 189810.After 1865 the European powers used their financial power to p enetrate LatinAmerica, but they avoided territorial conquest. The Monroe Doctrin e prohibitedEuropean intervention in the Western Hemisphere, but this did not pr event theUnited States from intervening in the affairs of Latin American nations .20.After defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War, the United States took ov er Puerto Rico, while Cuba became an independent republic subject to intenseinte rference by the United States.C0.American Intervention in the Caribbean and Cent ral America, 1901 191410.The United States often used military intervention to force the small nations of Central America and the Caribbean to repay loans owed to b anks in Europe or the United States. The United States occupied Cuba, the Domini can Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Haiti on various occasions during the lat e nineteenthand early twentieth centuries.20.The United States was particularly forceful in Panama, supporting thePanamanian rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and then building andcontrolling the Panama Canal.V0.The World Economy and the G lobal EnvironmentA0.Expansion of the World Economy10.The industrial revolution g reatly expanded the demand for spices, silk,agricultural goods, and raw material s in the industrialized countries. Thegrowing need for these products could not be met by traditional methods of production and transportation, so the imperial

ists brought their colonies into themainstream of the world market and introduce d new technologies.20.The greatest change was in transportation. Canals, steamsh ips, harbor improvements, and railroads cut travel time and lowered freight cost s.B0.Transformation of the Global Environment10.The economic changes brought by Europeans and Americans alteredenvironments around the world. Forests were felle d for tea plantations, plantspecies were identified and classified, and commerci ally valuable plants weretransported from one tropical region to another. 20.The expansion of permanent agriculture and the increased use of irrigation an dwater control led to increased agricultural production in both well-watered and dry areas of the tropics. Agricultural development supported larger populations, but it also put more pressure on the land.30.Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber, iron, and coal while openingup previously remote land to developm ent. The demand for gold, iron, and other minerals fueled a mining boom that bro ught toxic run-off from open mines andfrom slag heaps. 0 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 10.Which of the motives for imperialism seem to be the most significant? Do you think that themotives of different imperialist powers might have varied? Why?20. How did the practice of the New Imperialism vary in Africa and in Asia? What factorsmi ght explain the differences that you observe?30.How did imperialism affect the s ocieties of Asia, Africa, and Latin America?40.How did the practice of imperiali sm in Latin America differ from that in Africa?50.What was the relationship betw een the New Imperialism and global trade?60.What effects did the New Imperialism have on the environment in Africa, Asia, and LatinAmerica?