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2008 A Level GP P2 Answer Scheme Q1 What is the difference between history and what historians study, according to paragraph 1? [1] Question Analysis Type List clues Direct Identify and Re-express - What is the difference - according to paragraph 1 1 mark for the difference between history and what historians study - Refer to paragraph 1 for answer - Identify history and what historians study in paragraph 1 - Identify 2 separate components near respective quotes: (a) description of history; (b) description of what historians study - Re-express the 2 separate descriptions to show difference 2006 What are the similarities and differences between the new generation born into the age of the internet, email and mobile phone (lines 79-80) and the children in The Chrysalids? Use your own words as far as possible. [3]

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Answer Passage Underline question words Bold answers / context Everything that has ever happened is history the past. It begins with the origins of our solar system, the birth and physical changes of our planet and the evolution of life forms on its surface, and extends to the headlines in this mornings newspaper, Perhaps it would be a little presumptuous for historians to claim all this past as their field of study. In fact, we are happy to leave whole areas of it to the likes of astronomers, geologists and zoologists who investigate what is sometimes called naturaI' history while we confine our attention to human history. Not everyone is fortunate enough to be able to devote their lives to this study. But I firmly believe that everyone should have some knowledge of the past, as members of a family, as citizens in a community or as 21st century inhabitants of planet Earth. History refers to all events that have occurred before the present, including that of nature or the Earth, whereas historians only study the lives of people. [1] Note: No marks are to be awarded. Candidates must identify both parts to score 1 mark.

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Dawn and Renjie / Dennis and Leon Q2 What is meant by archival evidence (line 15)? How might its dissemination stimulate new interpretations of history? [2] Question Analysis Type Inferential Clarify (In Context) - dissemination and archival evidence - What is meant by and how might 1 mark each for explaining archival evidence and dissemination - Refer to paragraph 2 for answer - Identify archival evidence and dissemination in paragraph 2 - Identify 2 separate components near respective quotes: (a) description of archival evidence; (b) linking of how it is used to stimulate new interpretations of history 2009 Q1 Explain what the author is referring to in the words no reward (other than itself) [1]. 2010 Q3 Explain what the author means by calling fast food outlets ready sources of cheap refuelling. Use your own words as far as possible [2]. Answer Passage Furthermore, the use of advanced technology to store, catalogue and disseminate archival evidence more efficiently is stimulating new interpretations of the history of our planet. It means categorized, historical records [1] Note: full meaning of archival must be captured The spread and increased access to this information allows more people to generate new perceptions of the past [1]

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Jerome and Nicholas / Julian, Guang Rong and Ken / Jael and Crystal Q3 What do the words or indeed impose (line18) tell you about human nature? [2] Question Analysis Type Inferential Clarify (in context) - or indeed impose (line 18) - what do the words Direct Identify and Re-express - what about human nature Requirements 1 mark for explaining the meaning of impose - Identify or indeed impose - Re-express impose some form of order 1 mark for explaining context of this human instinct - Identify why we impose order - Re-express seemingly haphazard ebb and flow Similar Questions 2006 Q1 What does the word rallying tell you about the purpose of the call? [1] 2006 Q2 What does the phrase rung down the centuries tell you about the effect of the call? 2010 Q4 What does the author mean by culinary diversity and how is it threatened? [2]

Answer Passage 'Interpreting the past is, in fact, the essential business of the historian, who is responding to one of the most fundamental of human instincts: the desire to discover - or indeed impose some kind of order on the seemingly haphazard ebb and flow of happening. The world we live in is disorganized [1] and it is part of our human nature to put in place rules to make it more systematic. [1] The words or indeed impose tells us that it is in our human nature to try to make sense of [1] chaotic, precedent events [1]. The words tell us that it is in our nature to try to enforce some structure [1] on the random occurrences around the world [1].

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Jael and Crystal Q4 In paragraph 3, Anna Banatvala gives four possible explanations of history in a series of four questions. Which explanation would support the idea of humans possessing free will? [1] Question Analysis Type Direct Identify - Which 1 mark for identifying the correct explanation - Refer to paragraph 3 for answer - Identify all four questions - Identify question that recognises concept of free will (human action) 2006 Which of the rights mentioned in lines 23-25 would the following deny? (a) censorship of views [1] (b) banning of demonstrations [1] 2010 Which aspect of the authors argument in the last paragraph is reinforced by the quotation from J. S. Mill? [1]

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Answer Passage Is there a discernible movement towards an ever-improving condition of the human race, which may be divinely planned or simply the inevitable outcome of a material process of evolution? Has the course of world events been primarily enhanced by the acts of gifted individuals, be they ruthless conquerors or saintly visionaries, whose words and deeds have changed the world map and inspired the beliefs and daily lives of succeeding generations? Is our history determined for us by climatic, topographical and economic forces which dictate what do and what we are? Or is history an endless cycle of recurring - and therefore predictable events according to the dominance of negative, feminine, dark Yin or its Yang opposite? It is the second explanation. [1]

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Dawn and Renjie / Dennis and Leon Q5 What do you understand by the annihilation of distance in line 44? [1] Question Analysis Type Inferential Clarify (In Context) annihilation of distance line 44 1 mark for re-expressing and explaining annihilation of distance Refer to paragraph 6 for context Identify annihilation of distance Re-express annihilation and distance 2004 Q4 Explain what the author means by our destiny is simply this chameleon stranger- ourself! (line 48) [1] 2007 Q8 Explain what the author means by gender education needs to supplement mere sex education (line 74) [2]

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Answer Passage Technology is rapidly knitting the earth's inhabitants together more intricately, but they remain far from united politically. We are still strangers to each other in our local ways of life established before the annihilation of distance. We must grow into something like a single family or we will annihilate ourselves, and it is only by understanding our various family histories that we can learn to live together in tolerance and mutual respect. It means to remove physical boundaries. [1] It refers to the elimination of geographical boundaries. [1]

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Kelvin and Zhi Xiang Q7 the only lesson to be learnt from history is that there are no lessons to be learnt from history (lines 7-8 ). Explain why this is a paradox. [1] Question Analysis Type Inferential Language Use - Explain the paradox 1 mark for explaining how the statement is paradoxical - State the expected outcome and explain/clarify - Explain the contradiction in the actual outcome. 2002 Q7 Now that you have studied the whole article carefully, look again at the opening headline. Explain what is ironic or contradictory about the headline NO SINGLISH PLEASE, WE ARE SINGAPOREAN. 2010 Q5 Using your own words as far as possible, explain the irony which the author describes in lines 54-55. 2004 Q1 narrow uniform lives... diversity is the new conformity. Explain the contrast the writer is making here and in what way it is contradictory.

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Answer Passage Historians often claim that they look backward in order to show the rest of us the way forward. Bunk! Paradoxically, the only lesson to be learnt from history is that there are no lessons to be learnt from history. It is expected that lessons should be learnt from past experiences so that we can avoid repeating the same mistakes all over. However, the only lesson learnt from the past is that nothing can be learnt from it. [1] Note: Candidates must explain both parts to score 1 mark. No marks are to be awarded.

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Jocelyn and Yi Jun / Kah Leong and Ivan Q8 What kind of natural happenings (line 9) may Lee Min Yen be thinking of, and how do they support his argument? [2] Question Analysis Type Inferential Clarify (in context) - What kind of may be thinking of Inferential Purpose - How do they support Requirements 1 mark for explaining the meaning of the quoted idea natural happenings (line9) - Refer to Passage 2 line 9. - Identify what natural happenings are. (Dont just say disasters) 1 mark for explaining how do the natural happenings support his argument. - Identify relevant characteristic of natural happenings - Link this to why no lessons to be learnt from history due to natural happenings 2007 Q4(a) paternity was understood (line20). What advance in understanding of gender relations does this refer to? [1] 2009 Q2 Traditionally, a mans position in the society was defined by his work (line 11). How does the author illustrate the concept of traditionally?

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Answer Passage The daily interactions of the billions of people on our planet - not to speak of the equally unpredictable natural happenings on and over its surface produce an infinitely complex web of causes and effects which are wholly unrepeatable. The author is thinking about natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes.[1] Since these natural disasters are not easy to foretell and may not occur again, thus lessons learnt from disaster now cannot be applied to future disasters.[1]

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Darren and Nicky / Jeremy and Han Ting Q9 Explain in your own words as far as possible why Lee Min Yen thinks its unnecessary to keep alive the memory of former conflicts an atrocities (line 11-12) [2] Question Analysis Type Direct Identify and Re-express - why Lee Min Yen thinks it is unnecessary - Explain in your own words. 2 marks for 2 reasons - Refer to paragraph 2 for answer - Identify keep alive the memory of former conflicts and atrocities, look around it for answers. - Identify 2 separate reasons near respective quotes: - Re-express the 2 separate reasons to show why the author thinks its unnecessary 2006 Q3 Explain, in your own words as far as possible, why the author believes There is no such thing as a totally free society (line 10). [2]

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Answer Passage You often hear it said that we should keep alive the memory of former conflicts and atrocities to prevent them happening again. I dont think so. The descendants of former aggressors and victims happily visit each others countries with no feelings of guilt or resentment about their ancestors history. As someone said: The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there. The children of past enemies tour each others homeland without any shame or animosity about their predecessor's past. [1] The present is not the same as the past. [1] The new generation holds no grudge against one another even though their predecessors used to be hostile towards each other. [1] Moreover, the way we operate is unlike before. [1]

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Jody and Eileen / Darren and Nicky Q10 Explain in your own words as far as possible how and why Every age, every country rewrites history to suit its needs (line 26). [2] Question Analysis Type Direct Identify and Re-express - how and why - Explain in your own words 1 mark for 2 actions (how) and 1 mark for 2 reasons (why) - Refer to paragraph 4 for answer - Identify Every age, every country rewrites history to suit its needs in paragraph 4 - Identify in what way they rewrite history and reasons why near respective quote - Re-express the actions and reasons. 2010 In what different ways is the religious community in crisis (line 2). Use your own words as far as possible. [2] 2006 Using your own words as far as possible, explain why, in paragraph 5, the author claims that paternity solves the contradiction(lines 60-61) of the other two words of the clarion call. [2]

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Answer Passage All history is biased. Every age, every country, rewrites history to suit its needs at worst by falsifying the record, as in the fictional world of Orwell's book 1984 or the reality of the Nanjing Massacre, or by selection and omission to justify current policies and suit the prevailing climate of ideas. This is harmless enough, but it becomes dangerous when distorted and partial history becomes the basis of propaganda to whip up nationalist or religious hatreds. They distort the facts and exclude or choose only the desired ones [1] so that they can legitimize their present plans, satisfy the masses and use it as ideology [1]. History is recreated by the choosing and removing pieces of history, and also by forging / manipulating the accounts of events. [1] The countries aim to match the prevalent beliefs in their country and to account for government schemes. [1] Note: No marks are to be awarded. Candidates must identify 2 parts out of 3 to score 1 mark for both how and why.

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Passage 1 1 Everything that has ever happened is history the past. It begins with the origins of our solar system, the birth and physical changes of our planet and the evolution of life forms on its surface, and extends to the headlines in this mornings newspaper, Perhaps it would be a little presumptuous for historians to claim all this past as their field of study. In fact, we are happy to leave whole areas of it to the likes of astronomers, geologists and zoologists who investigate what is sometimes called naturaI' history while we contine our attention to human history. Not everyone is fortunate enough to be able to devote their lives to this study. But I firmly believe that everyone should have some knowledge of the past, as members of a family, as citizens in a community or as 21st century inhabitants of planet Earth. 2 There has never been a better time, and never a more urgent need, to explore our past than exists today. Technologies such as aerial mapping, carbon dating, thermal imaging and deep-sea submersibles afford historians far greater opportunities to recover the distant past than the crude shovels and diving bells of their predecessors, Furthermore, the use of advanced technology to store, catalogue and disseminate archival evidence more afhciently is stimulating new interpretations of the history of our planet. 3 'Interpreting the past is, in fact, the essential business of the historian, who is responding to one of the most fundamental of human instincts: the desire to discover - or indeed impose some kind of order on the seemingly haphazard ebb and flow of happening. Is there a discernible movement towards an aver-improving condition of the human race, which may be divinely planned or simply the inevitable outcome of a material process of evolution? Has the course of world events been primarily enhanced by the acts of gifted individuals, be they ruthless conquerors or saintly visionaries, whose words and deeds have changed the world map and inspired the beliefs and daily lives of succeeding generations? Is our history determined for us by climatic, topographical and economic forces which dictate what do and what we are? Or is history an endless cycle of recurring - and therefore predictable events according to the dominance of negative, feminine. dark Yin or its Yang opposite? 4 Whether or not we find a satisfying explanation of the past, our study satisfies another basic need curiosity, It is present in our desire to find out about our family and the place where was live. According to how we spend our leisure, we might be interested in the histories of jazz, or of football, or of food, Always we ask, "What came before this? Put together, these various stories amount to the cultural history of the particular society we live in. and this shared knowledge of what our predecessors thought and did in their everyday lives is essential if we are to have a sense of common identity. 5 Reassuringly, we discover that underneath superficial differences earlier generations were very like ourselves, and it is this ccntinuity of human experience which is the basis of another of the benefits of history: given that similar causes produce similar results, it can teach us how to avoid their mistakes and inspire us to emulate their triumphs. For the beneficial changes they brought about teach us that we do noi have to put up with things as they are. and this gives us the humility to recognize that our greater knowledge does not make us any wiser than our ancestors. 6 Technology is rapidly knitting the earth's inhabitants together more intricately, but they remain far from united politically. We are still strangers to each other in our local ways of life established before the annihilation of distance. We must grow into something like a single family or we will annihilate ourselves, and it is only by understanding our various 'family' histories that we can learn to live together in tolerance and mutual respect.

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Passage 2 1 Most people know two things about Henry Ford, He built the first mass-produced popular car and famously wrote in 1916: History is more or less bunk... we want to live in the present...'. Though they would probably say rubbish instead of the slang word of Ford's time, his sentiments would be echoed by generations of bored schoolchildren stuffed with dates and sources and consider-the-causes-and-effects-of essays. 2 Historians often claim that they look backward in order to show the rest of us the way forward. Bunk! Paradoxically, the only lesson to be learnt from history is that there are no lessons to be learnt from history, The daily interactions of the billions of people on our planet - not to speak of the equally unpredictable natural happenings on and over its surface - produce an infinitely complex web of causes and effects which are wholly unrepeatable. You often hear it said that we should keep alive the memory of former conflicts and atrocities to prevent them happening again. I dont think so. The descendants of farmer aggressors and victims happily visit each pthers countries with no feelings of guilt or resentment about their ancestors history. As someone said: The past is a foreign country; they do things differently there. 3 The history of the very word history is revealing. It originally meant the narrative of mythical or allegedly factual events, but gradually changed to mean the subject of the narrative. Its abbreviated form story is now used exclusively for fiction. As if there is any difference! The further we get from the past, the more historians have to speculate and fill the gaps with probabilities, theories, rhetoric and pure invention. Its entertaining stuff but lets not pretend that history is anything more than stories based on facts. Even the details of events occurring within living memory, such as the tragic deaths of Princess Diana and President Kennedy, are still hotly disputed, despite the mass of evidence that has accumulated around them, and these facts are subject to differing interpretations according to the prejudice of the commentator. 4 All history is biased. Every age, every country, rewrites history to suit its needs at worst by falsifying the record, as in the fictional world of Orwell's book 1984 or the reality of the Nanjing Massacre, or by selection and omission to justify current policies and suit the prevailing climate of ideas. This is harmless enough, but it becomes dangerous when distorted and partial history becomes the basis of propaganda to whip up nationalist or religious hatreds. 5 Yesterday has happened its a safe place to be. If you are a timid, cautious, unadventurous sort of person, take up history. You can meander round museums, or ruminate in ruins, and you won't get mugged or blown up. But life is not for the faint-hearted. We don't know what will happen tomorrow: it may bring something dreadful, it may offer something exciting and wonderful. But whatever it is, history won't help us to cope with it, In this extraordinary century, which will be quite unlike anything that has gone before, we need to focus all our faculties on the way ahead.