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Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the organization of the manual and important information regarding user assistance. In This Chapter Overview ........................................................................................... ...... 1-2 Program Support / User Assistance ......................................................... 1-3 COADE Technical Support ..................................................................... 1-4 CHAPTER1 Overview This CAESAR II Technical Reference Guide is the reference manual for CAESAR II. It presents the theory behind CAESAR II operations, and explains why certain tasks are performed. Users are urged to review the background material contained in this manual, especially when applying CAESAR II to unfamiliar types of analysis. Chapter 2 (see "Configuration and Environment" on page 2-1) discusses the configuration of CAESAR II and the resulting environment. This includes language support and program customization. In addition to the COADE supplied routines, several third-party diagnostic packages are also mentioned. Chapter 3 (see "Piping Screen Reference" on page 3-1), Piping Input Reference, contains images of program-generated screens, and explains each input cell, menu option, and toolbar button. Also discussed in detail is the Plot Screen, which displays the input model graphically. Chapter 4 (see "Structural Steel Modeler" on page 4-1) examines the Structural Steel Modeler and describes all commands, toolbar buttons, menu items, and input fields. Chapter 5 (see "Controlling the Dynamic Solution" on page 5-1) discusses the Dynamic Input and Control Parameters: each

input cell, toolbar button, and menu item is examined. The purpose and effects of the various Dynamic Control Parameters are detailed. Chapter 6 (see "Technical Discussions" on page 6-1) contains theoretical overviews of various technical methods used in CAESAR II. Both common and advanced modeling techniques are covered. Chapter 7 (see "Miscellaneous Processors" on page 7-1) provides information regarding a few miscellaneous auxiliary processors. Chapter 8 (see "Interfaces" on page 8-1) details interfaces between CAESAR II and other programs. Chapter 9 (see "File Sets" on page 9-1) presents a list of files associated with CAESAR II. Chapter 10 (see "Update History" on page 10-1) lists the CAESAR II update history.

Program Support / User Assistance COADEs staff understands that CAESAR II is not only a complex analysis tool but also, at times, an elaborate processone that may not be obvious to the casual user. While our documentation is intended to address questions regarding piping analysis, system modeling, and results interpretation, not all the answers can be quickly found in these volumes. COADE understands the engineers need to produce efficient, economical, and expeditious designs. To that end, COADE has a staff of helpful professionals ready to address any CAESAR II and piping issues raised by users. CAESAR II support is available by telephone, e-mail, fax, and the Internet; literally hundreds of support calls are answered every week. COADE provides this service at no additional charge to the user. It is expected, however, that questions focus on the current version of the program. Formal training in CAESAR II and pipe stress analysis is also available from COADE. COADE schedules regular training classes in Houston and provides in-house and open attendance training around the world. These courses focus on the expertise available at COADE modeling, analysis, and design. Chapter 2 Configuration and Environment This chapter discusses the configuration options that are available.

In This Chapter Generation of the CAESAR II Configuration File................................... 22 Computation Control ............................................................................... 2-3 SIFs and Stresses ..................................................................................... 2-7 Geometry Directives................................................................................ 2-14 FRP Pipe Properties................................................................................. 2-20 Database Definitions................................................................................ 2-23 Miscellaneous ..................................................................................... ..... 2-25 Set/Change Password............................................................................... 2-28 Generation of the CAESAR II Configuration File Each time CAESAR II starts, the configuration file caesar.cfg is read from the current data directory. If this file is not found in the current data directory, the installation directory is searched for the configuration file. If the configuration file is not found, a fatal error will be generated and CAESAR II will terminate. To generate the caesar.cfg file select Tools/Configure/Setup (or the Configure button from the toolbar) from the CAESAR II Main Menu. The configuration or setup file contains directives that dictate how CAESAR II will operate on a particular computer and how it will perform a particular analysis. Users must click Exit w/Save at the bottom of the Configure/Setup window to create a new configuration file or to save changes to the existing configuration file. The configuration program produces the Computation Control (on page 2-3) window. Use the tabs to navigate to the appropriate configuration spreadsheets. Important: The caesar.cfg file may vary from machine to machine and many of the setup directives modify the analysis. Do not expect the same input file to produce identical results between machines unless the setup files are identical. It is advised that a copy of the setup file be archived with input and output data so that identical reruns can be made. The units' file, if modified by the user, would also need to be identical if the same results are

to be produced. The following section explains the CAESAR II setup file options. They are grouped as they appear when chosen from the tabs on the Configure window. Use Pressure Stiffening on Bends This flag enables CAESAR II to include pressure-stiffening effects in those codes that do not explicitly require its use. In these cases pressure-stiffening effects will apply to all bends, elbows, and both miter types. In all cases, the pressure used is the maximum of all pressures defined for the element. Pressure Stiffening effects are defined in Appendix D of B31.1 and B31.3. Missing Mass ZPA The default for this option is extracted, which means that CAESAR II will use the spectrum value at the last extracted mode. Changing this value to SPECTRUM instructs CAESAR II to use the last spectrum value as the ZPA for the missing mass computations. Bend Axial Shape For bends 45 degrees or smaller, a major contributor to deformation can be the axial displacement of the short-arched pipe. With the axial shape function disabled this displacement mode is ignored and the bend will be stiffer. Rod Tolerance (degrees) The angular plus-or-minus permitted convergence error. Unless the change from iteration n to iteration n+1 is less this value, the rod will NOT be converged. The default of CAESAR II is 1.0 degree. For systems subject to large horizontal displacements, values of 5.0 degrees for convergence tolerances have been used successfully Rod Increment (Degrees) This field displays the maximum amount of angular change that any one support can experience between iterations. For difficult-to-converge problems, values of 0.1 have proven effective here. When small values are used, however, the user should be prepared for a large number of iterations. The total number of iterations can be estimated from: Est. No. Iterations = 1.5(x)/(r)/(Rod Increment) Where: x - maximum horizontal displacement at any one rod

r - rod length at that support Alpha Tolerance The breakpoint at which CAESAR II decides that the entry in the Temp fields on the input spreadsheet is a thermal expansion coefficient or a temperature. The default is 0.05. This means that any entry in the Temp fields whose absolute magnitude is less than 0.05 is taken to be a thermal expansion coefficient in terms of inches per inch (dimensionless). Use of this field provides some interesting modeling tools. If an Alpha Tolerance of 1.1 is set, then an entry in the Temp 2 field of -1 causes the element defined by this expansion coefficient to shrink to zero length. This alternate method of specifying cold spring is quite useful in jobs having hanger design with cold spring (see chapter 6 (see "Technical Discussions" on page 6-1) for more details regarding Cold Spring). Ambient Temperature The default ambient temperature for all elements in the system is 70F/21C.If this does not accurately represent the installed, or zero expansion strain state, then enter a different value in this field. Note, this value is only used to initialize the ambient temperature input field for new jobs. Changing this configuration value will not affect existing jobs. To change the ambient temperature for an existing job, use the Ambient Temperature (on page 3-111) field on the Special Execution Options dialog, in the Piping Input. Friction Stiffness The default value for the friction restraint stiffness is (1.0E6 lb./in). 6. This value is used when a friction restraint is "nonsliding." In the "non-sliding" state, stiffnesses are inserted in the two directions perpendicular to the restraints line of action and opposing any sliding motion. This is the first parameter that should be adjusted to help a slowly converging problem where friction is suspected. Lower stiffness values permit more "non-sliding" movement, but given the indeterminate nature of the friction problem in general, this error is not considered crucial. Friction Normal Force Variation This tolerance, default of 0.15, or 15 percent, is the amount of variation in the normal force that is permitted before an adjustment will be made in the sliding friction force. This value normally should not be adjusted. Friction Angle Variation

This field displays the friction sliding angle variation. The default is 15 degrees. This parameter had more significance in versions prior to 2.1. This parameter is currently only used in the first iteration when a restraint goes from the non-sliding to sliding state. All subsequent iterations compensate for the angle variation automatically. Friction Slide Multiplier This is an internal friction sliding force multiplier and should never be adjusted by the user unless so directed by a member of the COADE/CAESAR II support staff.