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INDEX
S.NO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION MOTIVATION BLOCK DIAGRAM COMPONENTS USED COMPONENT DETAIL WORKING LABVIEW SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING CODE PROBLEMS FACED APPLICATIONS FUTURE EXPANSION REFRENCES DATA SHEETS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Inspiration and guidance are invaluable in all aspects of life especially in academics. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of my colleagues in making this project possible. We especially want to thank our head of department PROF.BHUPINDER VERMA for their foresight in giving us the opportunity to develop the idea by allowing us to undertake this project and to provide us with the lab facility even on the weekends. We also want to thank our friends for help in the project. Without the full support and cheerful encouragement of our project advisor the project will not be completed in time.

VISHU GROVER 508044209 TANPREET KAUR 508044201

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
Therefore the ECG waveform shows the clinician the electrical waveforms associated with the contraction of the atria and ventricles. From an ECG a clinician may determine the relative timing of the contractions of the atria and the ventricles and assess the relative amplitude of the atrial and ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation. This information may allow the identification of mild heart block. Following a heart attack a patients ECG shows changes as the timing and shape of the waveform are dependent on the transmission of the waveform through the muscle tissue. We used LABView to see the ECG of my heart.VI solutions tend to gravitate towards the use of general purpose data acquisition hardware as against custom hardware. The general purpose hardware has many more users than custom hardware which naturally gives it a major cost advantage.

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MOTIVATION

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MOTIVATION
In the United States and Worldwide millions of people are losing their life because of heart failure. The improvements medical care which we have observed in the last few decades has been influenced by the introduction of new technologies and method of monitoring the patient. Medical researchers working have been faced with large amount of different types of data (alphanumeric, signal, images) that are sometime difficult to analyze using traditional methods. In order to extract maximum information from the collected data, introduction of sophisticated mathematical methods to medical sciences has been necessary.It is a disease that comes with diabetes, stress and etc. So there is a need of an ecg machine to check your heart beats at our home. It should also be cheap and could be used at any time. This is how we got motivated to make this project.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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COMPONENTS USED

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COMPONENTS USED

RESISTANCES CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS OP97 CAPACITORS RESISTANCE BOX OP AMP AD620A ADC

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COMPONENT DETAIL

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COMPONENT DETAIL
The human heart can be considered as a large muscle whose beating is simply muscular contraction. Therefore contractions of the heart cause a potential to be developed. The measurement of the potential produced by cardiac muscle is called electrocardiology. The depolarising field in the heart is a vector which alters its direction and magnitude through the cardiac cycle. The placement of the electrodes on the surface of a patient determines the view which will be obtained of that vector as a function of time. The most commonly used electrode placement scheme is shown in Figure 1. Here the differential potential is measured between the right and left arm, between the right arm and the left leg and between left arm and left leg. These three measurements are referred to as leads I, II, III respectively. This measurement lead placement was developed by Einthoven who stated that through measurement of lead I and lead II the signal seen at lead III could be calculated. This is the most basic form of ECG lead placement: from this the various features of the hearts depolarisation can be calculated. Clinically there is a range of lead placement schemes which incorporate limb leads and chest leads.

Figure 1. Therefore the ECG waveform shows the clinician the electrical waveforms associated with the contraction of the atria and ventricles. From an ECG a clinician may determine the relative timing of the contractions of the atria and the ventricles and assess the relative amplitude of the atrial and ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation. This information may allow the identification of mild heart block. Following a heart attack a patients ECG shows changes as the timing and shape of
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the waveform are dependent on the transmission of the waveform through the muscle tissue. This changes with ischaemic muscle damage associated with heart attacks.

Figure 2., connection diagram After a little introduction into ECG we will move on to the electronic description. The simplest way to explain how it works is to make a block diagram! The signal from the body is being amplified(the signals from the body are small and weak, ranging from 0.5 mV to 5.0 mV), filtered (to remove the noise), sampled (by
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sampling I mean it goes to an Analog to Digital converter aka ADC) and then sent to your computer through RS232 (wireless or any other way but RS232 was chosen because it is the simplest and fastest to make). The first two steps are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3., ECG Chain The amplifiers we use in biomedical engineering, data acquisition or where the signal of interest is represented by a small voltage fluctuation superimposed on a voltage offset are called Instrumentation amplifiers. Instrumentation amplifiers have a high CMRR(Common Mode Rejection Ratio) which means they have the ability of a differential amplifier to not pass (reject) the portion of the signal common to both the + and inputs. The famous producers of Instrumentation amplifiers are Texas Instruments and Analog Devices. I used the amplifiers from the second company, Analog Devices. The AD620, instrumentation amplifier, and OP97, a high precision operational amplifier. As they require negative voltage supply I generated it with the Linear LTC1044, switched capacitor voltage converter, Figure 4. The supplied voltage was 5V. The schematic is shown on Figure 5.

Figure 4., LTC1044, negative voltage generator

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Figure 5., ECG Schematic (click on it for a larger version) The noise comes from muscle contractions, power line interference 50-60 Hz, electrode contact noise, noise from other electronic devices and etc. The filter for the ECG application should be a notch filter(high-pass and low-pass filter). It should filter in the range from 0.5 Hz to 50 Hz. I created a simple RC highpass and lowpass filter, in series connected (just two capacitors and resistors).

Figure 6., ECG Signal The purpose of signal analysis is to understand the signal that we are measuring. For example, using signal analysis we may obtain the following list of the facts about the signal picked up by the electrodes placed on RA and LL in the ECG experiment. (1) The magnitude of the R-wave is about 1 2 mV. (2) The frequency range of the ECG signal is 0.1 - 250 Hz. (3) Besides the ECG waveform, the signal picked up by the electrodes also contains several kinds of noise: a low-frequency ( < 0.03 Hz) noise produced by respiration and electrode movement that results in a base line drift of the ECG
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signal, an EMG noise which has a wide frequency range (1 5000 Hz), and a 60 Hz noise of power line interference. The magnitudes of these noises are comparable to that of the ECG waveform. Based on information gathered by signal analysis, we can design specific procedures for signal processing. (1) In order to enlarge the R-wave to about 0.5 1 V, the signal needs to be amplified by an amplifier (or several amplifiers) with a total gain of about 500. (2) To remove the low-frequency noise, a high-pass filter can be used. The corner frequency of the filter should be between 0.03 to 0.1 Hz. (3) Since the other two kinds of noise have frequency ranges that are overlapping with that of the ECG waveform, they are more difficulty to remove. The EMG noise can be reduced by requiring the subject to maintain motionless during the measurement. To reduce the 60 Hz noise, a special filter called a s"notch filter" can be used. Since we have not learned the notch filter, we will try to use either a high-pass filter with a corner frequency above 60 Hz, or a low-pass filter with a corner frequency below 60 Hz, to reduce the 60 Hz noise. But which filter to use? We know that by using either filter, the ECG waveform will also be affected (distorted) because the ECG waveform contains useful information both in the frequency range above and below 60 Hz. The question then is: which filter will produce less distortion to the ECG waveform? Here we again need the help of signal analysis. More detailed signal analysis indicates that the P-wave and T-wave mainly contain frequency components that are far below 60 Hz. The R-wave also mainly contains frequency components that are below 60 Hz but it also contains some frequency components that are beyond 60 Hz. Therefore, we decide to use a low-pass filter with a corner frequency below 60 Hz to reduce the 60 Hz noise. Such a filter will: (1) Effectively reduce 60 Hz noise. (2) Have little effects on P-wave and T-wave. (3) Produce some distortion on the R-wave. I
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The procedures of signal processing used in a particular application are commonly described by a block diagram. Following is a block diagram for the signal processing used in this lab.

Figure 1 Block diagram of the signal processing in ECG.

Figure 2 The setup for picking up and processing ECG signal. In Fig. 2, different colors are used to help you to identify different stages in the overall signal processing. The circuit around AD620 with blue color corresponds to the block "1st Amplifier" in Fig. 1. The gain of the circuit is determined approximately by the following formula: G = 50 K/ R1. The circuit with green color (C1 and R2) is the high-pass filter. The circuit around 741 with brown color is the 2nd Amplifier and the circuit with purple color (R5 and C2) is the low-pass filter.

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WORKING

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LABVIEW SOFTWARE

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SOFTWARE
VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT Definition of VI by national instrument Industry-standard computers equipped with user friendly application software, cost-effective hardware and driver software that together perform the functions of traditional instruments. VI solutions tend to gravitate towards the use of general purpose data acquisition hardware as against custom hardware. The general purpose hardware has many more users than custom hardware which naturally gives it a major cost advantage .Furthermore, the vast user base ensures that the manufacturers try and provide the cutting edge hardware than custom hardware. Thus in addition to cost there are also benefits of improved reliability, and reduced obsolescence. Today drivers (interface software) for most instruments, as well as interfacing hardware are available either for free or at nominal cost. This reduces the cost and development time for applications utilizing these products. In todays environment it is almost mandatory for an instrument developer to provide (or arrange to make available) a driver on one or more of the VI platforms. To cater to popular hardware, where the manufacturer does not provide support for VI, there is now a very large number of small vendors specializing in the development of these drivers. Many of these are excellent products, and are usually available at a reasonable cost. For example, LabVIEW drivers are available as downloads for almost all instruments of Agilent (formerly Hewlett Packard), Tektronix, etc.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT

A virtual instrumentation system is computer software that a user would employ to develop a computerized test and measurement system, for controlling from a computer desktop an external measurement hardware device, and for displaying test or measurement data collected by the external device on instrument-like panels on a computer screen. Virtual instrumentation thus refers to the use of general purpose computers and workstations, in combination with data collection hardware devices, and virtual instrumentation software, to construct an integrated instrumentation system.A VI contains the following three components: Front panelServes as the user interface. Block diagramContains the graphical source code that defines the functionality of the VI. Icon and connector panelIdentifies the VI so that you can use the VI in another VI.

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LabVIEW is a graphical programming language that uses icons instead of lines of text to create applications. In contrast to text-based prog. languages, where instructions determine program execution, LabVIEW uses dataflow programming, where the flow of data determines execution.LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because of their appearance and operation imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and multimeters. In LabVIEW, you build a user interface by using a set of tools and objects. The user interface is known as the front panel. You then add code using graphical representations of functions to control the front panel objects.The block diagram contains this code. In some ways, the block diagram resembles a flowchart.Every VI uses functions that manipulate input from the user interface or other sources and display that information or move it to other files or other computers. EXAMPLE OF FRONT PANEL

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EXAMPLE OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

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PROGRAMMING CODE

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FRONT PANEL OF OUR PROJECT

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PROBLEMS FACED

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PROBLEMS FACED
Its quite natural that if we make our project we are bound to have some problems. Some of the problems are as mentioned : IC REQUIRED WHERE NOT AVALIABLE IN MARKET. HARDWARE SUPPORT FOR VI WAS NOT AVALIABLE. VOLTAGES WHERE HIGH ENOUGH TO KILL.

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APPLICATION

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APPLICATIONS
AT HOMES AT OFFICE

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FUTURE EXPANSION

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FUTURE EXPANSION
This project can be developed on cellphones. Wireless ECG using Bluetooth Communication.

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REFRENCES

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REFRENCES
WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.ESNIPS.COM WWW.NI.COM WWW.DSP.COM WWW.ANSWERS.COM WWW.ALTAVISTA.COM

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DATA SHEETS

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