ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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CHAP 1 - Binomial Expansions (Kembangan Binomial)
The binomial theorem describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.



Figure 1 : Example use the binomial Expansion in geometric







ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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There are 3 methods to expand binomial expression

Method 1 - Algebra method

Expansion two or more expression.

Example: The expansion depend on power value (n)

n = 0, (a + x)
0
= 1

n = 1, (a + x)
1
= a + x

n = 2, (a + x)
2
= (a + x) (a + x) = a
2
+ 2ax + x
2

n = 3, (a + x)
3
= (a + x) (a + x) (a + x) = a
3
+ 3a
2
x + 3ax
2
+ x
3

n = 4, (a + x)
4
= (a + x)(a + x)(a + x)(a + x) = a
4
+4a
3
x +6a
2
x
2
+4ax
3
+ x
4

Method 2 - PASCAL Triangle

Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It
is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal

Base on algebra method.
only using the coefficients of terms.

Power value Coefficient

n = 0 1

n = 1 1 1

n = 2 1 2 1

n = 3 1 3 3 1

n = 4 1 4 6 4 1

n = 5 1 5 10 10 5 1

n = 6 1 ? 1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Example:

(1 + 2x)
5

n = 5 1 5 10 10 5 1


(1 + 2x)
5
=
5 0 4 3 2 2 3 4 0 5
) 2 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 )( 1 ( 5 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 10 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 10 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 5 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 1 x x x x x x + + + + +

=
x x x x x 32 80 80 40 10 1 + + + + +




Method 3 - Binomial theorem
Sum of terms (Hasil tambah sebutan)
The general terms =
n
C
r
a
n - r
x
r

With r = 0,1,2,3,4



How to use calculator to calculate
n
C
r

nCr


Example:
Find value of
6
C
3
using calculator
6 C 3
= 20






n
C
r =
( ) ! !
!
r r n
n

n value SHIFT

r value
n value SHIFT r value
=
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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The expansion of (a + x)
n
where n is a positive integer.
The expansion of (a + x)
n
where n is a positive integer, power for first term a is
n and power for increase terms are (n-1)
example :
n = 5
(a + x)
n
= a
n
+ 5a
(n-1)
x + 10a
(n-2)
x
2
+ 10a
(n-3)
x
3
+ 5a
(n-4)
x
4
+ x
5

(a + x)
5
= a
5
+ 5a
4
x + 10a
3
x
2
+ 10a
2
x
3
+ 5ax
4
+ x
5


The general terms of Binomial Expansions:
Formula 1 :























(a + x)
n
= a
n
+
n
C
1
a
n - 1
x +
n
C
2
a
n - 2
x
2
+
n
C
3
a
n - 3
x
3
+ ..+
n
C
r
x
n - r
a
r
+
... + x
n

= a
n
+ na
n - 1
x + n(n - 1)a
n - 2
x
2
+ n(n - 1)(n - 2)a
n- 3
x
3
+ ... +
1x2 1x2x3
n(n - 1)(n - 2) (n - r + 1)(a
n - r
x
r
) + ... + x
n

1x2x3x.... r

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Example 1: Expand the expression using binomial theorem
a) (1 + 3x)
4















b) ( 3 2x )
3












ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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c) (2 +
4
x
)
5















d) ( x 2y)
6












ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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e) ( 2a b)
4




























ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Coefficients value and terms value for positive integer n








Example 2 :
1. Find the coefficient of x
3
and 5
th
term of the binomial expansion of ( )
6
5 3 x .

a = , x = , n =



























General term =
n
C
r
a
n - r
x
r


where r = 0,1,2,3,4,.

r = term -1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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2. Find the term include x
3
and the term independent of x in the expansion
12
2
1
|
.
|

\
|

x
x . a = , x = , n =



































Exercise : 1. Expand the expression:
a)
4
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+
x


2. Find the 3
rd
term in the expansion below:
a)
9
2
1
|
.
|

\
|

x
x
b)
6
2
3
5
|
|
.
|

\
|

x

3. Find the coefficient value for x
18
of expansion ( )
12
3
3x x +
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Binomial expansion of (1+x)
n
where n (power) is not a positive integer
( not positive integer means fraction or negative value )

In this case the Binomial expansions an infinite series.
Condition:
- Expansion in form ( 1+x )
n

- This series is infinite
- If expression in form (a + x)
n
the value of a 1, hence expansion
must use formula 2
General term






If value of a in binomial expression not 1 (a 1)
Use formula 2




















n
x) 1 ( +
=
+

+

+

+ + ......
4 3 2 1
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3 2 1
) 2 )( 1 (
2 1
) 1 (
1
4 3 2
x
x x x
n n n n
x
x x
n n n
x
x
n n
nx

Expansion a 1

(a + x)
n
=
n
n
n
a
x
a
a
x
a
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ 1 1
n
n
a
x
a |
.
|

\
|
+ 1 =
(
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ + ...
4 3 2 1
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
3 2 1
) 2 )( 1 (
2 1
) 1 (
1
4 3 2
a
x
x x x
n n n n
a
x
x x
n n n
a
x
x
n n
a
x
n




ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Example :
In ascending power of x, obtain the first 4 terms of :

(a)
1
) 2 (

x

















(b)
x + 4
1

















ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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(c)
( )
3
2 8
2
x































ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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d)
2
2
2
3
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

x


























Exercise : Find the expansion of expression below up to the term in x
3
:
a)
( )3
1
1 x +

b)
( )
1
2
2 4

+ x

c)
( )2
1
27 9 x +


ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Approximations
Use Binomial Theorem
If
3
) 05 . 2 (
= + = (2 + 0.05)
3


Example :
1. Obtain the approximation value to 4 decimal places
a) (1.08)
5
= (1 + 0.08)
5
, ( a = x = n = )
use
(a + x)
n
= a
n
+
n
C
1
a
n - 1
x +
n
C
2
a
n - 2
x
2
+
n
C
3
a
n - 3
x
3
+ ... +
n
C
r
x
n - r
a
r
+ ... + x
n

(1 + 0.08)
5
=

















Whole
number
x = 2.05 whole number
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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b)
( )
2
997 . 0
1


























ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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2. Find the binomial expansion of
( )
5
2 1 x +
. Hence find the value of
( )
5
0024 . 1
to
5 places of decimals


























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3. Using Binomial Expansion, find first 4 terms of
( )
10
2 x +
. Hence find the
approximation value of
( )
10
98 . 1
until 4 decimal places.


























Expansion Method for approximation
Note :
If value of x is so small or mark slightly
we can use formula
( 1+x )
n
1 + nx
exp :
(1+ 0.00002)
6
= 1 + 6(0.00002)
= 1 + 0.00012
= 1.00012
(2+ 0.00006)
3
= (2 + 0.00006)
3

= 2
3
(1 + 3(0.00003))
= 8.00072

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Approximation for multiplication and division
example :
1. Find the value of expression below to 5 decimal places using binomial
theorem:
i) (1.01)
3
(
96 . 0
)







ii)
( )
2
2
1
02 . 0 1
06 . 1

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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iii)
( ) ( )
( )
2
3
1
4
02 . 0 1
99 . 0 07 . 1

iv) Find the value of (5.04)
4
to four places of decimals using binomial
theorem.









ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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v) Using binomial theorem, find the value of
7
25
26
|
.
|

\
|
to four decimal places.


























ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BINOMIAL EXPANSION BA501

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Exercise:

1. Find the binomial expansion of each of the following :
a)
( )
4
3 2 y x +
b)
5
2
4
|
.
|

\
|
+
x

b)
( )
4
2 1 x
d)
4
3
2
|
.
|

\
|

x

2. Find the term include x
4
and the term independent of x in the expansion
12
3
1
|
.
|

\
|

x
x
.
3. For the Binomial Expansion
16
6
2
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+
x
x
,
find coefficient value of x
8
.
4. Find the expansion of
( )
( )
3
1
3 1
1
2
x
x

+

5. Expand
( )3
1
1 x +
up to terms x
3
. Hence using the expansion before, find
the approximation value of
3
(1.08) to 5 places of decimals.
6. Find the approximation value for
932 . 0
1


7. Using binomial theorem, find the value of
( ) ( )
3
3
88 . 0
92 . 0 01 . 1
to four decimal
places.