Hypothalamus o Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Cells of Origin: Paraventricular Chemical Structure Peptide of 3 amino acids Main Physiological Actions:

ions: Stimulates secretion of TSH by thyrotropes What evokes or suppresses its secretion: Stimulated by cold. Inhibited by excitation of Sympathetic NS (stress), TRH receptor binding causes PLC activation, and Secretion of TSH by thyrotropes o Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Cells of Origin Arcuate Chemical Structure: Single chain of 10 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH by gonadotropes What evokes or suppresses its secretion. o Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Cells of Origin Paraventricular Chemical Structure: Single chain of 41 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates secretion of ACTH by corticotropes What evokes or suppresses its secretion o Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Cells of Origin: Arcuate Chemical Structure: Polypeptide composed of 44 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates the secretion of growth hormone by sornatotropes What evokes or suppresses its secretion o Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (somatosiatin) Cells of Origin: Anterior paraventricular Chemical Structure. Polypeptide composed of 14 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: Inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by somatotropes What evokes or suppresses its secretion: o Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) (dopamine) Cells of Origin: Arcuate Chemical Structure: Dopamine (a catecholamine)

Hormones

 What evokes or suppresses its secretion: o Paraventricular Nucleus TRH CRH o Anterior Paraventricular GHIH (Somatostatin) o Arcuate Nucleus GnRH GHRH PIH (dopamine)

Anterior Pituitary o Growth Hormone Cells of Origin: Somatotropes Chemical Structure: PEPTIDE; Single chain of 191 ammo acids Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates postnatal body growth; stimulates secretion of IGF-1; stimulates trielyceride lipolysis; inhibits actions of insulin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism What evokes or suppresses its secretion: GHRH o TSH Cells of Origin: Thyrotropes Chemical Structure: PEPTIDE; Glycoprotein of two subunits, alpha (89 amino acids) and beta (112 amino acids) Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates production of thyroid hormones, T4 .and T3, by thyroid follicular cells; maintains size of follicular cells What evokes or suppresses its secretion: TRH o ACTH Cells of Origin: Corticotropes Chemical Structure: PEPTIDE; Single chain 39 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates production of glucocorticoids; and androgens by the adrenal cortex; maintains size of Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis of cortex What evokes or suppresses its secretion: 20% of the anterior pituitary 412) cells are corticotropes that secrete ACTH o Prolactin Cells of Origin: Leuteotrope Chemical Structure: peptide, 200 amino acids, bound to cell membrane, stored in cytoplasm Main Physiological Actions: promote mammary gland development, proliferation of oligodendrocytes precursor cell, cause of sexual refractory period stimulates milk production What evokes or suppresses its secretion: infant suckling produces oxytocin "milk-let down" reflex, fills breast with milk, intrinsic bursts of hormone Dopamine inhibits secretion Thyrotropin-releasing factor stimulates prolactin release VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine regulate secretion of prolactin o Too much=hyperprolactinaemia o Too little=hypoprolactinaemia o FSH Cells of Origin: Gonaditropes Chemical Structure: PEPTIDE; Glycoprotein of two subunits; alpha (89 amino acids) and beta (112 amino acids) Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates the.development of ovarian follicle; regulates spermatogenesis in the testis What evokes or suppresses its secretion: o LH Cells of Origin: Gonadotropes Chemical Structure. Peptide Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates testosterone synthesis in leydig cells of testes, stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in the ovaries

Posterior Pituitary o Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) Cells of Origin: primarily formed in the Supraoptic Nuclei Chemical Structure. peptide o bound to carrier proteins called neurophysins o 9 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: increase water reabsorbtion by the kidneys and cause vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure VI Receptor: smooth muscles, increased blood pressure V2 Receptor: responsible for ADH What evokes or suppresses its secretion: most important controller is extracellular Osmolarity o Increase plasma Osmolarity large increase in ADH Baroreceptor (blood pressure) and Cardiopulmonary blood volume) o Increase blood pressure decrease ADH o Decreaseblood pressure/volume increase ADH Stimulates ADH secretion Pain Nausea/Vomiting Drugs: Nicotine, Morphine, and Barbiturates

o Oxytocin Cells of Origin: Paraventricular Nuclei (primarily) Chemical Structure: Peptide Bound to carrier proteins called neurophysins Contains 9 amino acids Main Physiological Actions: Stimulates milk ejections from the breasts and uterine contractions What evokes or suppresses it secretion: In Birth - Plasma concentration increases during labor In Lactation - Suckling stimulates sensory neurons in PVN and SON Oxytocin Feedback loop

Thyroid o Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) Cells of Origin: The thyroid cells secrete thyroglobulin which is a large glycoprotein molecule in which T4 and T3 are synthesized Chemical Structure: T4 is composed of two Diiodotyrosine molecules T3 is composed of a Monoiodotyrosine molecule and a Diiodotyrosine molecule Majority of the hormone made is T4, but T4 is converted to T3 in the tissues because T3 is much more potent. 99% of T4 is bound to Thyroxin binding globulin when in plasma Main Physiological Actions: T3 & T4 Glucogenesis Glycogenesis Normal [glucose] Synthesis Proteolysis Muscle wasting Lipogenesis Lipolysis Serum [cholesterol] Blood flow and cardiac output Heart rate Heart Strength Excitatory Weakens muscles Difficult to sleep Increases the rates of secretion of several other glands, but also increases the need of the tissues for the hormone Impotence in men T3 & T4 Glucogenesis Glycogenesis Normal [glucose] Synthesis Proteolysis Lipogenesis Lipolysis Serum [cholesterol]

Parameter Basal Metabolic Rate Carbohydrate Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Lipid Metabolism

Thermogenesis Effects on cardiovascular system

CNS Muscles Sleep Endocrine glands

Depressed Always wants to sleep

Sexual Function

1. Loss of libido in men and women 2. Causes menorrhagia and plymenorrhea (excessive and frequent menstrual bleeding)

For a long period of time with Thyroid hormone causes a larger, but weaker heart. Does not increase blood pressure

What evokes or suppresses its secretion: It is evoked by the secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary o Calcitonin Cells of Origin: Thyroid C Cells (parafollicular cells of thyroid) Chemical Structure: Peptide Main Physiological Actions: Promotes deposition of calcium in bones and decreases extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration. Activity of osteoclasts (rapid effect) Formation of new osteoclasts (prolonged effect) Minor effect on kidneys and intestines What evokes or suppresses its secretion: Extracellular fluid calcium ion concentration (>10% above normal) Calcitonin secretion Adrenal Cortex o Cortisol Cells of Origin: Zona fasciculata Chemical Structure: Steroid Main Physiological Actions: Has multiple functions for fats. Also has anti-inflammatory effects. Carbohydrate Metabolism o Gluconeogenesis in line o Glucose utilization by cells o Insulin sensitivity when cortisol is high Fat Metabolism o Lipolysis o FA oxidation in tissues o Cortisol fat deposition in head and chest moon face Protein Metabolism o Protein metabolism (except liver) o Protein synthesis o Synthesis of liver and plasma proteins o A.A. transport into hepatocytes o A.A. transport into other cells What evokes or suppresses its secretion: Stress Inflammation ACTH (Draw feedback loop for inflammation) o Aldosterone Cells of Origin: Zona glomerulosa Chemical Structure: Steroid; 60% bound to plasma protein Main Physiological Actions: Increases renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion, and hydrogen ion secretion Aldosterone o ECF volume o MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) o Hypokalemia and muscle weakness

o H+ secretion mild alkalosis Aldosterone o Na+ and Cl- excretion in urine Na+ and Cl- in ECF o ECF volume circulatory shock and death o Hyperkalemia (too much K+ in plasma) o Diarrhea What evokes or suppresses its secretion: K+ ANG II (Draw feedback loops) Adrenal Medulla o Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Cells of Origin: Chemical Structure: Catecholamine Main Physiological Actions: Perversion of energy for emergencies and exercise Effect on Blood Glucose: o Glycogenesis o Gluconeogenesis o Insulin secretion o Glucagon secretion Effect on blood fatty acid o Lipolysis Effect on blood amino acids o No effect Effect on muscle protein o No effect What evokes or suppresses its secretion: Sympathetic stimulation during stress or exercise Pancreas o Insulin ( cells) Cells of Origin: Islet of Langerhans (Beta Cells) Chemical Structure: Main Physiological Actions: Primary regulator of absorptive and post absorptive cycles Effect on blood glucose o Glucose uptake o Glycogenesis o Glycogenolysis o Gluconeogenesis Effects on blood fatty acids: o Triglycerides o Lipolysis Effects on blood amino acids o Amino acid uptake Effect on muscle protein o Protein synthesis o Protein degradation

What evokes or suppresses its secretion: o Blood glucose o Blood amino acids o Glucagon ( -cells ) Cells of Origin: Islet of Langerhans (Alpha cells) Chemical Structure: Main Physiological Actions Primary regulator of absorptive and post absorptive cycles in concert with insulin; protection against hypoglycemia Effect on blood glucose: o Glycogenolysis o Gluconeogenesis o Glycogenesis Effect on blood fatty acids: o Lipolysis o Triglyceride synthesis Effect on blood amino acids: o No effect Effect on muscle protein: o No effect What evokes or suppresses its secretion: Blood glucose Blood amino acids