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MEANING
Utmost feeling of respect and gratitude (Shradhaa & Aabhaar) is to be exercised while exploiting
wood
(Kaashthaa), stone (Paashaan) metal (Dhaatu) In the same way as if, it is divine blessing and offering (Prasaadaa) of LORD VISHNU .
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Aims
at meeting the needs of present generation without adversely affecting its availability for future Rate of depletion of non-renewable resources should be judicious. Minimum adverse impact to the environment Maintaining equilibrium in ecosystem.
Prospecting is premining stage operation mainly confines to establishing sufficient evidence of mineral occurrence in respect of shape, size, quantity, quality & economics
It
is a dynamic process & continues during subsistence of mining period. It is expected it should lead ahead of mining operation for consistent updating the mineral reserve
It should includes
Identification of various litho-units occurring in & around the proposed mining site Establishing sufficient evidence of mineral occurrence in respect of shape, size, quantity, quality & economics Correct assessment of geo-technical properties of rock mass including their toxic values.
Perspective view of mining Time frame for assessing the true potentiality of area Visualization & determination of ultimate pit limit Waste disposal management Post-mining land use Ensuing mining operation are part of it.
MINE DEVELOPMENT
Selection of mining method correctly Opencast Underground Mixed
Mode of Mining
assessment of optimum stripping ratio for amenability by open pit mining Determination of ultimate pit limit precisely in advance Separate removal of top soil, minewaste. Advance removal of waste to avoid any possibility of interruption in work or ore dilution/contamination
laying of mine faces for winning of different grades simultaneously to ensure judicious blending of ROM Aiming to mine up to optimum depth Minimum mineral loss Safe, secure & energy saving haul road
UNDERGROUND MINES
1.
Selection & location proper mode of entry & exit i.e. Vertical shaft Inclined Shaft Decline/Ramp Auxiliary/staple/ventilation shaft System of winding & access
Selection of proper method of work in relation toOptimum recovery Geotechnical properties of ore & wall rocks Adequate size of openings, blocks, pillars etc & long-term sustainability. Complete width of ore body is to be worked Least surface damage
MINERAL CONSERVATION
Waste should not be allowed to mixed with nonsaleable fraction. Ground selected for waste disposal is to be proven for mineral occurrence and should be away from ultimate pit limit. Separate stacking of sub-grade mineral Judicious blending by different combination In case of underground mine, subgrade mineral is to be brought to the surface.
BENIFICIATION OPERATION
All
attempts are to be made for upgradation of low-grade mineral to make it saleable fraction. Beneficiation Investigation are to be carried out Regular analysis of feed, product & tailings
saving & conformity to emission standards Attenuation of noise at the source itself Dust suppression at the source of generation Planned preventive maintenance Minimum re-handling
BLASTING
Proper
Blast design Optimum utilization of blast energy Desired fragmentation Neither under break nor over break Least ground vibration Least air blast Least fly rock Least nuisance attracting public annoyance Regular scientific investigation
BLASTING continued..
In case of public annoyance against the blasting, ORGANIZATIONS should not hesitate in exploring the possible & effective use of nonexplosive techniques e.g. Use of rock breaker Deployment of surface miner etc.
Represents in-situ
Altered Product
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Leaching
& wash off - heavy metals & toxic elements -acid mine drainage Dust pollution with toxic metals Phyto-accumulation of heavy metals Effect on vegetation & aquatic ecosystem, Entry into food chain Effect on landscape
rainfalls. Topsoil scraped out from dumpsite in advance, to be preserved, spread over surface & re-vegetated. Provision of garland drains surrounding the dumps Provision of Retaining walls/Toe walls. Completed overall out-slopes do not exceed 20o Provision of benches/berms.
DUMP INSTABILITIES
Long-term instability
REASON Due to saturation with water & reduction in strength of material due to water action. SOLUTION Growth of permanent vegetation over dump surface & establishment of proper drainage
DUMP INSTABILITIES
short-term instability
REASON
poor material strength, improper heights & slope angles. Long unbroken slopes produce rill & gully erosion
SOLUTION benches, of heights not more than 10 to 15 m, with min. berm width of 4 m. Berm to have gentle slope, say 0.5%, towards highwall side, with toe wall along periphery of dump.
Estimated relationship between the angle of dump slope and soil erosion & efficiency of revegetation
ISSUES
Steep
slopes Unstable surfaces Erosion Drainage Dust Generation Hazardous waste Control
Site selection Peripheral dumping, Retaining walls/Toe walls Internal drains & garland drain Gentle slopes & heights Berms, with rock-lined drains Cover & secure containment of hazardous waste, Cap with soil Settling ponds Vegetation along slopes Green barriers
leaching Seepage Acid drainage Contaminants Effects on surface and groundwater Dump design
Control Methods Analyze the samples Isolation of reactive material No deterioration in groundwater Cap/enclose toxic material with inert & impervious material Control surface drainage & runoff Collect and treat effluent Cap with topsoil & vegetate Effective water management Monitor
Control Methods
Re-vegetation Bio-diversity Survival of vegetation Phyto-accumulation of toxic & heavy metals Entry of toxic & heavy metals into food chain Development of selfsustaining plant community Forestry
Soil Fertilization/stabilization Planting leguminous plants Draught resistant species Selection of Phytoresistant species. Successful re-vegetation with indigenous plants Protection for animal grazing Monitoring for soil quality Congenial environment for wildlife, with fodder &
water
TOP-SOIL MANAGEMENT
Recovery is essential for rehabilitation work. Sooner it is reused the better the results will be.
Soil Stacks: Low heights, Should not get washed off Leguminous plants are to be cultivated In areas of poor soils, nutrient levels is low Fertilizer application is soil cheaper than soil stabilizers Single application will suffice in all areas except those prone to high soil leaching - eg over tailings
TAILING IMPOUNDMENT
Design requirements of dam & impoundment: Impoundment to be competent to support Not to be located in recharge zone, establishing hydraulic with aquifer Relatively impervious, otherwise an impervious layer/dyke to be provided at bottom. Foundation soil of the dam & the dam it self be competent to support & relatively impervious, otherwise internal drainage to be provided in side the dam. Dam should have stable slopes- downstream slopes 1:3
provided. As much as water must be re-cycled Conduits from decant towers passing below the dam be avoided. A floating or moveable pump hose located on the shore is better for water reclamation. At each stage, dam raising should be fast to stay ahead of the rising tailings in the pond.
drainage features to be
Issues Dam wall stability & foundation Dust generation Erosion & Sediment deposit Dam drainage & Seepage Control on Phreatic line Overtopping of dam Earthquakes Access and security
Control Methods Site capacity & impervious Dam erected by competent rock Spillway/Adequate freeboard 1m Decant towers or floating pump Diversion of runoff to out side Stage-wise raising to be fast Tailing disposal Downstream Construction Final re-profile, Instrumentation Cap with soil & vegetate Plug intakes & decants
Issues Changes in tailings geochemistry Metal leaching Acid drainage Mill reagents Dam structure Groundwaterseepage effect past the dam & from impoundment base Surface water management
Control Methods Leaching tests Non-reactive material in dam wall Impervious layersseepage Establish drainage within dam Control reactions Divert run-offl Collect and treat effluent Acceptable water quality in downstream Monitor
Control Methods
Re-contour to mach surrounding landscape Provide soil capping Provide sedimentation tank Establish vegetation
Re-vegetation Bio-diversity Survival of vegetation growth Phyto-accumulation of toxic & heavy metals Entry of toxic & heavy metals into food chain
Issues
Control Methods
Soil stabilization Planting leguminous plants Indigenous species Draught resistant species Selection of species resistant to phyto-accumulation & concentration of toxic elements Protection of re-vegetated area against animal grazing Monitoring for soil quality & for phyto-accumulation
WATER QUALITY
Quantitative & Qualitative studies, for Surface & Ground Water characteristics Available Site Water Sources Catchments area Water Management & upstream pollution sources Maximum & Lean Rainfall Runoff rate at Peak Rainfall Potable Water Supply Sources, Quality & Quantity Domestic & Process Waste Water discharge Discharge points, Quality & Quantity
Issues Erosion, wash-off & sediment deposit Blockage in natural flow Sewage & effluent treatment plants & sludge Discharge of drainage Structural Safety & flood capacity Intrusion of sea water Water balance, recharge
Control Methods
Remove/restore unwanted structures, Fill in ditches Plug intakes & decants Upgrade flood design Reinstall pre-mining drainage Dispose plants & plant sludge Install check dams/settling pond Develop re-charge wells/holes Re-vegetate Install pre-mining water balance for mine area
Control Methods
Contamination of surface and /or groundwater with Acid drainage Leaching of toxic metals
Prevent/remove contamination of surface &groundwater with: -Acid drainage -Leaching of toxic metals Install new settling ponds Erect stopping or flood the pit Drainage - treat & discharge Install barriers/grout curtains Establish phyto-accumulant vegetation Monitor
Control Methods
Interruption of water supply in catchment area Productivity of land drainage Sediment deposition (Nalla sediments) Return to appropriate land use
Avoid interruption of water supply Establish erosionresistant drainage Restore drainage patterns or establish effective alternatives Install retaining walls Stabilize and maintain dam or breach Establish vegetation Establish effective rehabilitation
Cap toxic & hazardous waste Remove or prevent contamination Land fill & capping Establish vegetation Develop thick green barriers Monitor Establish erosionresistant Structures Return to appropriate land use or establish alternatives
demonstrate remedial/ restoration work is successful. To meet closure objectives & performance criteria. To compare results with earlier monitoring data. Monitoring for dry season, as per IBM/MoEF norms. Climactic data also to be coupled
Mankind should learn the correct egkHkkjr way of enjoying the natural wealth from the Honeybee as they continue to collect Honey from the flowers without causing any detrimental impact or deformation to the natures beautiful gifts.