SBI Probationary officer (PO) STUDY MATERIALS

THIS NOTE COLLECTD BY:

https://www.facebook.com/sidharth.behera3 (This materials is starting yourself for basic concepts and eventually practice
problems then our next edition we will provide you HIGH LEVEL PRACTICE section where ability of mind surely strong if you regularly practice.)

MY OTHER MEMBERS WHO SUPPORT ME:

(https://www.facebook.com/chandrasekhar.panda)

CHANDRASEKHAR PANDA (MAIN ADMIN OF UPSC JOB)

(https://www.facebook.com/umakant.sanu)

UMAKANT RATH (ADMIN OF AFGJ)

(https://www.facebook.com/sharada.das)

SHARADA PRASANNA DAS (ADMIN OF AFGJ)

SUBJECT : NUMBERS

Numbers-Key Notes Divisibility 1. A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number. 2. A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. 3. A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4. 4. A number is divisible by 5 if the units digit is either 5 or 0. 5. A number is divisible by 6 if the number is divisible by both 2 and 3. 6. A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8. 7. A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. 8. A number is divisible by 10 if the units digit is 0. 9. A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits at even places, is divisible by 11.
Important formulas i. ( a + b )( a - b ) = ( a^ 2 b^2 ) ii. ( a + b ) ^2 = ( a2 + b2 + 2 ab ) iii. ( a - b )^2 = ( a2 + b2 - 2 ab ) iv. ( a + b + c )^ 2 = a2+ b2 + c2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) v. ( a^3 + b^3 ) = ( a + b )( a2 - ab + b2 ) vi. ( a^3 b^3 ) = ( a - b )( a^2 + ab + b^2) vii. Sum of natural numbers from 1 to n n(n+1)/2

viii. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers is = n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 ix. Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is A ( n(n+1)/2)^2 x. HCF= (HCF of the numerators)/(LCM of the denominators) xi. LCM= (LCM of the numerators)/HCF of the denominators xii. Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M Note: When a number N is raised to any integral power m, the digit in the units place of the resulting value can be determined without actually evaluating the power. The digits when raised to powers will give values in which the digits in the units place follow a cylindrical pattern. Following is the pattern to calculate the digit in the units place of any derived power.

HCF models:If N is a composite number such that N = ap . bq . cr .. where a, b, c are prime factors of N and p,q,r .. are positive integers, then (a) The number of factors of N is given by the expression (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) (b) It can be expressed as the product of two factors in 1/2 {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r

+ 1)..} ways (c) If N is a perfect square, it can be expressed (i)as a product of two DIFFERENT factors in 1/2 {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1).. -1} ways (ii)as a product of two factors in 1/2 {(p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) .+1} ways (d) Sum of all factors of N = (ap+1 1 / a 1) . (bq+1 1 / b 1) . (cr+1 1 / c 1).. (e) The number of co-primes of N (< N), (N) = N(1 1/a) (1 1/b) (1 1/c) . (f) Sum of the numbers in (e) = N/2 . (N) (g) It can be expressed as a product of two factors in 2n-1, where n is the number of different prime factors of the given number N. Exercise Questions 1. 117 * 117 + 83 * 83 = ? a) 20698 b) 20578 c) 21698 d) 21268 2. (1/4)3 + (3/4)3 + 3(1/4)(3/4)(1/4 + 3/4) =? a) 1/64 b)27/64 c) 49/64 d)1 3. The difference of two numbers is 1365. On dividing the larger number by

the smaller, we get 6 as quotient and 15 as reminder. What is the smaller number ? a) 240 b) 270 c) 295 d) 360 5. H.C.F. of two numbers is 16. Which one of the following can never be their L.C.M a) 32 b) 80 c) 64 d) 60 6. What is the remainder when 9 + 92 + 93 + .... + 98 is divided by 6? a) 3 b) 2 c) 0 d)5 7. The sum of the first 100 natural numbers is divisible by a) 2, 4 and 8 b) 2 and 4 c)2 only d)none of these 8. For what value of 'n' will the remainder of 351n and 352n be the same when divided by 7?

a) 2 b)3 c)6 d)4 9. Let n be the number of different 5 digit numbers, divisible by 4 with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, no digit being repeated in the numbers. What is the value of n? a) 144 b) 168 c)192 d)none of these 10. Find the greatest number of five digits, which is exactly divisible by 7, 10, 15, 21 and 28. a) 99840 b) 99900 c)99960 d) 99990 Answer Key: 1.B; 2.D; 3.B;5.D; 6.C; 7.C; 8.B; 9.C; 10.C

Ratio & Propertion

Ratio: 1. Duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2 2. Sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is sqrt of(a) : sqrt of (b) 3. Triplicate ratio of a : b is a3: b3 4. Sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is cuberoot of (a) : cuberoot of (b) If a/b = c/d; then a=bc/d (i) (a+b)/b = (c+d)/d (ii) (a-b)/b = (c-d)/d (iii) a/c = b/d (iv) b/a = d/c (v) (a+b)/(a-b) = (c+d)/(c-d) If a/b=c/d; then simplest possible value of a=c, b=d (vi) In the ratio a : b, if a > b, then (a + x / b + x) < a / b (x > 0) (vii) In the ratio a : b, if a < b, then (a + x / b + x) > a / b (x > 0) (viii) In the ratio a : b, if a = b, then (a + x / b + x) = a / b (x > 0) Proportion & Variation: If a is directly proportional to b; then a=kb If a is inversely proportional to b; then a=k/b If a is directly proportional to b and inversely proportional to c, then a is directly proportional to b/c => a= kb/c Exercise Questions 1. Ram, Sham and Suresh start business investing in the ratio 1/2 : 1/3:

1/6. The time for which each of them invested their money was in the ratio 8:6:12 respectively. If they get profit of Rs.18000 from the business, then how much share of profit will Ram get? a. Rs.4000 b. Rs.6000 c. Rs.8000 d. Rs. 10000 2. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7 : 8. If the percentage increase in the number of boys and girls be 20% and 10% respectively, what will be the new ratio? a. 8 : 9 b. 17 : 18 c. 21 : 22 d. Cannot be determined 3. p,q and r are three positive numbers and Q=(p+q+r)/2; If (Qp):(Qq):( Q-r) = 2:5:7, then find the ratio of p,q and r ? a. 4:3:7 b. 12:9:7 c.9:7:4 d. 4:3:2 4.A and B together have Rs. 1210. If 4/15 of A's amount is equal to 2/5 of B's amount, how much amount does B have? a. Rs. 460 b. Rs. 484 c. Rs. 550 d. Rs. 664 5. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number.The ratio of the two numbers is a. 2 : 5 b. 3 : 5 c. 4 : 5 d. 6 : 7 6. The ratio of the cost prices of two articles A and B is 4:5.The articles are sold at a profit with their selling prices being in the ratio 5:6.If the profit on article A is half of its cost price, find the ratio of the profits on the articles A and B? a. 7:10 b. 9:11 c. 5: 9 d. 10:11 7. A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion

of 5 : 2 : 4 : 3. If C gets Rs. 1000 more than D, what is the total amount? a. Rs. 14000 b. Rs. 15000 c. Rs. 20000 d. None of these 8. If Rs. 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to :2/3:3/4, then the first part is: a. Rs. 182 b. Rs. 190 c. Rs. 196 d. Rs. 204 9.A bag contains 50 paisa, 20 paisa and 10 paisa coins in the ratio 5:3:1.If the total amount in the bag is 640 Rs,find the difference in the amounts contributed by 50 paisa and 20 paisa coins. a. Rs.300 b. Rs.400 c. Rs.380 d. None of these 10. The speed of an engine is proportional to the square root of the number of wagons attached to it. Without any wagons attached to it the speed of the engine is 60km/hr. With 16 wagons attached to it the speed of the engine is 40km/hr; find the maximum number of wagons that can be attached so that the train moves. a. 144 b. 145 c. 142 d. 143 Answer Key: 1.c; 2.c; 3.b; 4.b; 5.c; 6.d; 7.a; 8.d; 9.c; 10.d

AVERAGE

Average= (x1+x2+x3+......xn)/n where x1,x2,x3, are quantities. Weighted Average= (n1x1+n2x2+n3x3+.....nkxk) / n1+n2+n3+......nk where x1,x2,x3.... xk are the quality factors n1,n2,n3,........nk are the quantity factors Eg: If the average height of boys= 172cms and that of girls=154 cms, then find average height of the class with 18 boys and 12 girls? Here n1 and n2 are no. of boys and girls (Quantity factor) x1 and x2 are average heights (Quality factor) Mixtures For mixtures, Average, x'= (n1x1+n2x2)/ (n1+n2) Alligation: => n1/n2 = (x2-x')/x'-x1 Exercise questions 1. The average wages of a worker during a fortnight comprising 15 consecutive working days was Rs.90 per day. During the first 7 days, his average wages was Rs.87/day and the average wages during the last 7 days was Rs.92 /day. What was his wage on the 8th day? a)83 b) 92 c)90 d)97 2. The average of 5 quantities is 6. The average of 3 of them is 8. What is the average of the remaining two numbers? a) 6.5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 3.5 3. The average temperature on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday was 250. The average temperature on Thursday, Friday and Saturday was 240. If the temperature on Saturday was 270, what was the temperature on Wednesday? a) 240 b)210 c) 270 d) 300 4. The average age of a group of 12 students is 20years. If 4 more students join the group, the average age increases by 1 year. The average age of the new students is a) 24 b)26 c)23 d) 22 5. When a student weighing 45 kgs left a class, the average weight of the remaining 59 students increased by 200g. What is the average weight of the remaining 59 students?

a) 57 kgs b) 56.8 kgs c)58.2 kgs d)52.2 kgs 6. The average of 5 quantities is 10 and the average of 3 of them is 9. What is the average of the remaining 2? a) 11 b) 12 c) 11.5 d) 12.5 7. The average age of a family of 5 members is 20 years. If the age of the youngest member be 10 years then what was the average age of the family at the time of the birth of the youngest member? a) 13.5 b) 14 c)15 d) 12.5 8. Average cost of 5 apples and 4 mangoes is Rs.36. The average cost of 7 apples and 8 mangoes is Rs.48. Find the total cost of 24 apples and 24 mangoes. a) Rs.1044 b) RS.2088 c)Rs.720 d) Rs.324 9. Tea worth Rs. 126 per kg and Rs. 135 per kg are mixed with a third variety in the ratio 1 : 1 : 2. If the mixture is worth Rs. 153 per kg, the price of the third variety per kg will be: a) Rs. 169.50 b) Rs. 170 c) Rs. 175.50 d) Rs. 18 10. A vessel is filled with liquid, 3 parts of which are water and 5 parts syrup. How much of the mixture must be drawn off and replaced with water so that the mixture may be half water and half syrup? a) 1/3 b) 1/4 c) 1/5 d) 1/7 Answer Key 1.d; 2.c; 3.d; 4.a; 5.a; 6.c; 7.d; 8.b; 9.c; 10.c

TIME SPEED AND DISTANCE

Important Formula and Equations 1. Speed, Time and Distance: Speed = Distance / time Time = distance /speed Distance =speed*time 2. km/hr to m/sec conversion: x km/hr =[x*5/18] m/sec 3. m/sec to km/hr conversion: x m/sec =[x* 18/5] km/h 4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times taken by them to cover the same distance is 1/a:1/b or b : a 5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is [xy/(x+y)] km/hr Key Note: Caution average speed should not be calculated as average of different speeds, i.e., Ave. speed (Sum of speed / No. of different Speed) There are two different cases when average speed is required. Case I When time remains constant and speed varies : If a man travels at the rate of x km/h for t hours and again at the rate of y km/h for another t hours, then for the whole journey, his average speed is given by Average speed= Total distance/ Total time taken = (xt+yt)/(t+t) = (x+y)/2 kmph Case II When the distance covered remains same and the speeds vary : When a man covers a certain distance with a speed of x km/h and another equal distance at the rate of y km/h. then for the whole journey, the average speed is given by Average speed =2xy/(x+y) km/h. Velocity :The speed of a moving body is called as its velocity. If the direction of motion is also taken into consideration Velocity = (Net displacement of the body)/(Time taken)

Relative speed:

a) Bodies moving in same direction When two bodies move in the same direction, then the difference of their speeds is called the relative speed of one with respect to the other. When two bodies move in the same direction, the distance between them increases (or decreases) at the rate of difference of their speeds. b) Bodies moving in opposite direction The distance between two bodies moving towards each other will get reduced at the rate of their relative speed (i.e., sum of their speeds). Relative speed of one body with respect to other body is sum of their speeds. Increase or decrease in distance between them is the product of their relative speed and time. Key notes to solve problems When a moving body covers a certain distance at x km/h and another same distance at the speed of y km/h, then average speed of moving body during its entire journey will be [2xy/(x+y)]km/h A man covers a certain distance at x km/h by car and the same distance at y km/h by bicycle. If the time taken by him for the whole journey by t hours, then Total distance covered by him is equal to 2txy/(x+y) km. A boy walks from his house at x km/h and reaches the school ' t1 ' minutes late. If he walks at y km/h he reaches ' t2 ' minutes earlier. Then, distance between the school and the house = ((xy)/(y-x))* (t1+t2)/60 km If a man walks with (x/y) of his usual speed he takes t hours more to cover a certain distance, then the time to cover the same distance when he walks with his usual speed, (xt)/(y-x) hours. If two persons A and B start at the same time in opposite directions from the points and after passing each other they complete the journeys in 'x ' and ' y ' hrs. respectively, then A's speed: B's speed=speed= ROOT OVER OF y: ROOT OVER OF x If the speed is (a/b) of the original speed, then the change in time taken to cover the same distance is given by Change in time = ((b/a)-1)*original time Key notes to solve problems on Trains The time taken by a train in passing a signal post or a telegraph pole or a man standing near a railway line = (Length of the train)/ (speed of the train) The time taken by a train passing a railway bridge or a platform or a tunnel or a train at rest= (x+y)/Speed where, x = length of the train, y = length of the bridge or platform or standing train or tunnel

Time taken by faster train to pass the slower train in the same direction= (x+y)/(u-v); where, x = length of the first train ; y = length of the second train ; u = speed of the first train ; v = speed of the second train and u > v Time taken by the trains in passing each other while moving in opposite direction =(x+y)/(u+v) Time taken by the train to cross a man = x/(u-v) where, both are moving in the same direction and x= length of the train; u= speed of the train and v= speed of the man. Time taken by the train to across a man running in the opposite direction= x/ (u+v) If two trains start at the same time from two points A and B towards each other and after crossing, they take a and b hours in reaching B and A respectively. Then, A's speed: B's speed= b: a A train starts from a place at u km/h and another fast train starts from the same place after t hours at v km/h in the same direction. Find at what distance from the starting place both the trains will meet and also find the time of their meeting. Distance= uvt/(v-u) km Time=ut/(v-u) hours The distance between two places A and B is x km. A train starts from A to B at u km/h. One another train after t hours starts from B to A at v km/h. At what distance from A will both the train meet and also find the time of their meeting Time=(x-ut)/ (u+v) + t hours Distance from A = u(((x-ut)/(u+v))+t) km Two trains starts simultaneously from the stations A and B towards each other at the rates of u and v km/h respectively. When they meet it is found that the second train had traveled x km more than the first. Then the distance between the two stations (i.e., between A and B) is x(u+v)/ (v-u) km.

Time & Work

(M1D1HI)/ W1 = (M2D2H2)/W2 Where M1 & M2 represents no of labourers; D1 & D2 represents no of days; H1 & H2 represents no of hours; W1&W2 represents work done. If there are 2 persons A & B such that A can do work in a days and B can do work in bdays. Such that a is a multiple of b, then, time taken by them to complete the work together = Bigger no/Sum of ratios Eg: A can do work in 9 days, B can do work in 18 days. In how many days they will complete the work together. Bigger no=18, Ratio=9:18=1:2 No of days = 18/(1 + 2) = 6 days If a is not a multiple of b, then time taken by A&B to complete the work together = (LCM)/(Sum of ratios) Eg: A can do a piece of work 30 days. B can do work in 45 days. In how many days they will complete the work together? LCM = 90, Ratio= 30:45=2:3 No of days= 90/(2 + 3) = 90/5 = 18 If there are 3 persons A, B & C whose time taken a,b,c days respectively, to complete a certain work. Time taken by them to complete the work = LCM of (a, b, c)/(LCM/a + LCM/b + LCM/c) Note: For 3 persons the common format is Step1: Find the LCM Step2: Find the individual share of work i.e. LCM/a, LCM/b, LCM/c. Step3: Rest methods depend on the question i.e. follow the question patterns. Eg: A, B and C can do a work in 15,20,45 days respectively. In how many days they can complete the work together. LCM=180 No of days= [180/ (180/15 + 180/20 + 180/45) = [180/ (12+9+4)] = [180/25] = 7.2 days Pipes & Cisterns If there are 2 pipes A & B such that A (inlet pipe) & B (outlet pipe). Such that A can fill tank in a minutes and B can empty the tank in b minutes , then time taken to fill the tank if both are operated together = Bigger no/Difference of ratios Eg: A can fill tank in 9 minutes, B can empty the tank in 18 minutes.. In what time the tank be filled,

if both pipes work simultaneously? Bigger no=18, Ratio=9:18=1:2 Time taken to fill the tank = 18/(2 - 1) = 18 minutes If a is not a multiple of b, then time taken by A&B to fill the tank. = (LCM)/(Difference of ratios) Eg.: An inlet pipe can fill the tank in 30 minutes. B an outlet pipe can empty the tank in 45 minutes. In what time the tank be filled if both pipes work simultaneously? Time taken to fill the tank= LCM = 90 = Ratio= 30:45=2:3 = 90/(3 - 2) = 90/1 = 90 minutes If there are 3 pipes A, B & C, in which A, B are inlet pipes which takes a,b,minutes respectively to fill the tank and C an outlet pipe which takes c minutes to empty the tank Time taken by them to fill the tank, if all of them are operated together. = LCM of abc/ (LCM/a + LCM/b - LCM/c) Eg: A, B two inlet pipes takes 15,18 minutes to fill the tank and C an oulet pipe takes 45 minutes to empty the tank respectively. In what time the tank be filled if all of them are operated together? LCM=90 No of days= [90/(90/15 + 90/18 - 90/45) = [90/(6+5-2)] = [90/9] = 10 minutes Note: In case of division of money with respect to share of each persons work then share of A = bc/ab+bc+ac In case of division of money with respect to share of each persons work then share of B = ac/ab+bc+ac In case of division of money with respect to share of each persons work then share of C = ab/ab+bc+ac Same as Share of A:(LCM/a)/ (LCM/a + LCM/b + LCM/c) Share of B:(LCM/b)/ (LCM/a + LCM/b + LCM/c) Share of C:(LCM/c)/ (LCM/a + LCM/b + LCM/c) Eg: A,B,C can do a work in 15,20,45 days respectively. They get Rs 500 for their work. What is the share of A? LCM = 180 Share of A = (LCM/a x Total amount)/LCM/a + LCM/b + LCM/c = (180/15)/(180/15 +180/20 + 180/45) = (12/25) * 500 = Rs.240 Exercise questions 1. Two workers A and B manufactured a batch of identical parts. A worked for 2

hours and B worked for 5 hours and they did half the job. Then they worked together for another 3 hours and they had to do (1/20)th of the job. How much time does B take to complete the job, if he worked alone? A) 24 hours B) 12 hours C) 15 hours D) 30 hours 2. Pipe A can fill a tank in 'a' hours. On account of a leak at the bottom of the tank it takes thrice as long to fill the tank. How long will the leak at the bottom of the tank take to empty a full tank, when pipe A is kept closed? A) (3/2)a hours B) (2/3)a C) (4/3)a D) (3/4)a 3. A and B working together can finish a job in T days. If A works alone and completes the job, he will take T + 5 days. If B works alone and completes the same job, he will take T + 45 days. What is T? A) 25 B) 60 C) 15 D) None of these 4. A man can do a piece of work in 60 hours. If he takes his son with him and both work together then the work is finished in 40 hours. How long will the son take to do the same job, if he worked alone on the job? A) 0 hours B) 120 hours C) 24 hours D) None of these 5. A, B and C can do a work in 5 days, 10 days and 15 days respectively. They started together to do the work but after 2 days A and B left. C did the remaining work (in days) A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 4 6. X alone can do a piece of work in 15 days and Y alone can do it in 10 days. X and Y undertook to do it for Rs.720. With the help of Z they finished it in 5 days. How much is paid to Z? A) Rs.360 B) Rs.120

C) Rs.240 D) Rs.300 7. Ram starts working on a job and works on it for 12 days and completes 40% of the work. To help him complete the work, he employs Ravi and together they work for another 12 days and the work gets completed. How much more efficient is Ram than Ravi? A)50% B) 200% C) 60% D)100% 8. A red light flashes 3 times per minute and a green light flashes 5 times in two minutes at regular intervals. If both lights start flashing at the same time, how many times do they flash together in each hour? A) 30 B) 24 C) 20 D) 60 9. A and B can do a piece of work in 21 and 24 days respectively. They started the work together and after some days A leaves the work and B completes the remaining work in 9 days. After how many days did A leave? A) 5 B) 7 C) 8 D) 6 10. Ram, who is half as efficient as Krish, will take 24 days to complete a work if he worked alone. If Ram and Krish worked together, how long will they take to complete the work? A) 16 days B) 12 days C) 8 days D) 18 days Answer Key 1.C; 2.A; 3.C; 4.B;5.D; 6.B; 7.D; 8.A; 9.B; 10.C

Percentages

By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%. To express x% as a fraction, we have x%=x/100. Thus, 20%= 20/100= 1/5 To express a/b as a percent, we have, a/b= (a/b)*100%. Thus, 1/4= (1/4)*100%= 25%. 1. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by R/ (100+R)*100 2. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by R/(100-R)*100 3. If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then reduction in consumption, not to increase the expenditure is: R/(100+R)*100 4. If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption, not to decrease the expenditure is: R/(100-R)*100 Results on population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then; 1. Population after n years= p (1+(R/100))n 2. Population n years ago= P/(1+(R/100))n 3. If a number is increased by x% and thereafter reduced by x%, then the number will be reduced by x2/100 percent 4. If a number is reduced by x% and there after increased by x% then the number will be reduced by x2/100 percent 5. If in an examination, in which the minimum pass percentage is x%, a candidate secures y marks and falls by z marks, then the total number of marks in this examination will be 100*(y+z)/x 6. If in an examination x% and y% candidates respectively fail in two different subjects while z% candidates fail in both the subjects, then the percentage of candidates who pass in both the subjects will be [100-(x+y+z)]%

Tips: 1. If an object's price is increased or decreased by x% and the other factor is decreased by y% then the net effect is given by: Net Effect= [x+y+xy/100]% 2. If the net effect is nil, ie, there is no loss or no gain, then the above formula becomes: y=100x/100+x 3. If the price of an article is successively increased by x%,y% and z% then single equivalent increase in the price will be [x+y+z+{xy+yz+zx}/(100)+xyz/1002]% 4. If after spending p1% first, then p2% from the remaining and so on, B is the balance amount, then the total (original) amount is given by:

Total amount= B*100*100...../ (100-p2)..... Population formula: 1)If the population increases by x% during the first year, by y% during the second year, by z% during the third year, the population after three years will be: P(1+x/100)(1+y/100)(1+z/100)

Profit and Loss

Important formula and Equations Gain= SP-CP Loss= CP-SP Gain Percentage= (Gain*100)/ CP Loss Percentage= (Loss*100)/ CP Selling Price=((100+Gain %)/100)*CP or ((100-Loss%)/100)*CP Cost Price= (100*SP)/(100+Gain%) or (100*SP)/(100-Loss%) When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Loss %= (Common loss ans gain %)2/10 = (x/10)2 If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain%=((Error)/(True value)-(Error))*100% Key Notes When an article is sold at a profit of x%. If it would be sold for Rs.n less, there would be a loss of y%, then the cost price of the article CP=(n*100)/(x+y) A man sells an article at a gain of x%. If it would have been sold for Rs.n more, there would have a profit of y%, then CP= (n*100)/(y-x) A person brought two articles for Rs.n. On selling one article at x% profit and other at y% profit, he get the same selling price of each, then CP of first article= Rs. (100+y)n/200+x+y CP of second article= Rs. (100+x)n/ 200+x+y When m articles are brought for Rs.n and n articles are sold for Rs.m and m>n, then profit%= ((m2-n2)*100)/n2 If A sells an article to B at a profit of r1 %, B sells it to C at a profit of r2 % and C sells it to D at a profit of r3 %, then, cost price of D= Cost Price of A (1+r1/100)(1+r2/100)(1+r3/100) If A sells an article to B at a loss of r1 %, B sells it to C at a loss of r2 % and C sells it to D at a loss of r3 %, then, cost price of D= Cost Price of A (1-r1/100)(1-r2/100)(1-r3/100) A dealer purchases a certain number of articles at x articles for a rupee and the same number at y articles for a rupee. He mixes them together and sells at z articles for a rupee. Then his gain or loss %=([2xy- 1]/z(x+y))*100; according to positive or negative sign. If P1 is rate gain w.r.t. selling price S1 and P2 is rate gain w.r.t. selling price S2 Then CP=(100/P1-P2)* difference between selling prices If P1 is rate gain w.r.t. selling price S1 and P2 is rate loss w.r.t. selling price S2 Then CP= (100/ P1+P2) * difference between selling prices When a man sells two things at the same price each and in this process his loss on first thing is x% and gain on second thing is x%, then in such a type question, there is always a loss and Loss= 2*SP/((100/x)2 -1) When a man buys two things on equal price each and in those things one is sold on the profit of x% and another is sold on the loss of x%, then there is no loss or no gain percent.

A sells an article at a profit of r1 % to B and B again sells it to C at a profit of r2 %. If C pays Rs. P to B, then CP of the article for A= Rs. 100*100*P/(100+r1)(100+r2) When a shopkeeper on selling an article for Rs.n, gains as much percent as the cost price of it,then =Rs[-50+/-10 square roots of(25+r)] CP of the article If there is loss in place of profit, =Rs[-50+/-10 square roots of(25-r)] then CP of the article= If two articles are sold at the same price (i.e., the selling prices are equal) and the magnitude of percentage of profit x on one article is the same as the magnitude of percentage of loss x on the second article, then there is an overall loss and the percentage of loss is x2/100. If a shopkeeper claims to sell the goods at cost price and gives x units less than the actual weight, then the profit percentage made by the shopkeeper is [x / actual weight x] x 100. In the above case, the error percentage = [x / actual weight] x 100 If two articles are bought for the same price (i.e., the cost prices are equal) and one is sold at a profit of p1% and the second is sold at a profit of p2%, then the overall percentage of profit is ((p1 + p2 )/2) x 100 If the selling price of m articles is equal to cost price of n articles, where m > n, then profit percentage is ((m n )/m)x 100. If m < n, then loss percentage = ((n m)/m) x 100. Discount Discount% = Discount / Marked price * 100% An article sold at selling price(SP1) at a loss of x% is to be sold at selling price(SP2) to gain y%, then SP2 = SP1(100 + y)/ (100-x) If selling an object for Rs.x a person loses a certain sum and selling for Rs.y he gains the same amount, CP is given by CP = (x+y)/2. When the price of an article is reduced by p% a man can buy x quantity of the article for Rs.y then reduced price = 1/x ( y * p / 100) per unit. original price = reduced price * 100 / (100 - p). If the MP (marked price) of an article above CP is M% and after allowing a discount of d%, the gain is g%, Then M% = d+g * 100% / 100 - d, and if there is a loss of l%, then M% = d-l * 100% / 100-d. A person sells goods at a profit of x%. Had he sold it for Rs. X more, y% would have been gained. Then CP is given by Rs. X *100 / y-x. A person sells goods at a loss of x%. Had he sold it for Rs. X more, he would have gained y% . Then CP is given by Rs. X * 100/ y+x. When there are two successive profits of x% and y% the net gain% is given by: Net gain = [ x + y +{ xy / 100 }]%. When there are two successive losses of x% and y% the net loss% is given by: Net loss = [ - x - y +{ xy / 100 }]%.10) When there is a gain of x% and a loss of y% the net effect is given by: Net effect = [ x - y - { xy /100}]%. l. If d1, d2, d3.. are percentages of successive discounts on a marked price MP, then

the selling price SP = MP (1 d1/100) (1 d2/100) (1 d3/100) 2. If d1, d2, d3. are the percentages of successive discounts offered, then the effective discount is d% = 100[1- (1 d1/100) (1 d2/100) (1 d3/100)] 3. If x and y are two successive discount percentages, then it is equivalent to a single discount percentage of x + y xy/100.

SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST

FRACTIONS

PARTNERSHIP

PROGRESSION

Important Equations and Formula Sum of first n natural numbers= n(n+1)/2 Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers= (n(n+1)(2n+1))/6 Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers= [n (n+1)/2]2 Sum of first n natural odd numbers= n2 Average = Sum of items/ Number of items Arithmetic Progression (AP): An AP is of the form a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d,..... where a is called the 'first term' and d is called the 'common difference'. nth term of an AP; tn=a+(n-1)d Sum of the first n terms of an AP; Sn= n/2 [2a+(n-1)d] or Sn= n/2 (first term+last term) Geometrical Progression (GP): A GP is of the form a, ar, ar2, ar3......... where a is called the 'first term' and r is called the 'common ratio'. nth term of a GP; tn= arn-1 Sum of the first n terms in a GP; Sn= a(1-rn)/1-r Sum of infinite series of progression; S= a/(1-r) Geometric mean of two number a and b is given as GM= sqrt(ab) Harmonic Progression (HP) If a1,a2,a3,...................an are in AP, then 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3, ........1/an, are in HP nth term of this HP, tn =1/(1/a1+(n-1)(a1-a2/a1a2) ) nth term of this HP from the end, tn= 1/ (1/a1-(n-1)(a1-a2/a1a2)) If a and b are two non-zero numbers and H is harmonic mean of a and b then a, H, b from HP and then H=2ab/(a+b) Arithmetico-Geometric seriesA series having terms a, (a+d)r, (a+2d)r2,...... etc is an Arithmetico-Geometric series where a is the first term, d is the common difference of the Arithmetic part of the series and r is the common ratio of the Geometric part of the series. The nth term tn= [a+(n-1)d]rn-1 The sum of the series to n terms is Sn= a/1-r+ dr (1-rn-1)/ (1-r)2 - [a+(n-1)d]rn/ 1-r The sum to infinity, S= a/ 1-r + dr (1-rn-1)/(1-r)2 ; r<1 Exponential Series ex = 1+x/1!+x2/2!+x3/3!+.......... (e is an irrational number) coefficient of xn= 1/n!; Tn+1=xx/n! e-x = 1-x/1!+x2/2!- x3/3!+.......... Logarithmic Series loge (1+x)= x-x2/2+x3/3+x4/4+........ (-1<x 1) loge (1-x)= -x-x2/2-x3/3- x4/4 -........ (-1x< 1) loge (1+x)/(1-x)= 2-(x+x3/3+x5/5+.........) (-1<x 1)

PERMUTATION & COMBINATION

nPr = n!/ (n-r)! nCr = n!/r!(n-r)! nCr = nC(n-r) nCr = nPr/r! 0!=1 1!=1 nPn=n! nP1=n nC1=n nCn=1 Exercise questions 1. How many words can be formed by re-arranging the letters of the word ASCENT such that A and T occupy the first and last position respectively? A)5! B)4! C)6! - 2! D)6! / 2! 2. There are 2 brothers among a group of 20 persons. In how many ways can the group be arranged around a circle so that there is exactly one person between the two brothers? A) 2 * 19! B)18! * 18 C) 19! * 18 D)2 * 18! 3. There are 12 yes or no questions. How many ways can these be answered? A) 1024 B) 2048 C) 4096 D)144 4. How many ways can 4 prizes be given away to 3 boys, if each boy is eligible for all the prizes? A) 256 B) 12 C) 81 D) None of these 5. A team of 8 students goes on an excursion, in two cars, of which one can seat 5 and the other only 4. In how many ways can they travel? A) 9 B)26 C)126 D) 3920 6. How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 such that at least one of their digits is 6?

A) 648 B) 258 C) 654 D)252 7. How many ways can 10 letters be posted in 5 post boxes, if each of the post boxes can take more than 10 letters? A) 510 B) 105 C) 10P5 D) 10C5 8. In how many ways can the letters of the word EDUCATION be rearranged so that the relative position of the vowels and consonants remain the same as in the word EDUCATION? A) 9!/4 B) 9!/(4!*5!) C) 4!*5! D) None of these 9. In how many ways can 15 people be seated around two round tables with seating capacities of 7 and 8 people? A) 15!/(8!) B) 7!*8! C) (15C8)*6!*7! D)2*(15C7)*6!*7! 10. If the letters of the word CHASM are rearranged to form 5 letter words such that none of the word repeat and the results arranged in ascending order as in a dictionary what is the rank of the word CHASM? A) 24 B)31 C) 32 D)30 11. How many words of 4 consonants and 3 vowels can be made from 12 consonants and 4 vowels, if all the letters are different? A) 16C7 * 7! B) 12C4 * 4C3 * 7! C) 12C3 * 4C4 D) 12C4 * 4C3 12. In how many ways can 5 letters be posted in 3 post boxes, if any number of letters can be posted in all of the three post boxes? A) 5C3 B) 5P3 C) 53 D)35

13. How many number of times will the digit '7' be written when listing the integers from 1 to 1000? A) 271 B) 300 C) 252 D)304 14. There are 6 boxes numbered 1, 2,...6. Each box is to be filled up either with a red or a green ball in such a way that at least 1 box contains a green ball and the boxes containing green balls are consecutively numbered. The total number of ways in which this can be done is A) 5 B) 21 C) 33 D) 60 15. What is the value of 1*1! + 2*2! + 3!*3! + ............ n*n!, where n! means n factorial or n(nA(n-2)...1 A) n(n-A(n-A!)) B) (n+A!)/(n(n-A)) C) (n+A! - n!) D) (n + A! - 1!) Answers 1.B; 2.D; 3.C; 4.C; 5.C; 6.D; 7.A; 8.C; 9.C; 10.C; 11.B; 12.D; 13.B; 14.B; 15.D

PROBABILITY
Probability is a measure of how likely a particular outcome to an event is to happen.It ranges from 0 to 1. A probability of 0 means that the outcome cannot happen. A probability of 1 means that the outcome will definitely happen. And in between 0 and 1 means that the outcome may happen. Example with a coin. When a coin is tossed the outcome (or event) can be heads or tails. What is the probability it is tails? Since each outcome, heads or tails, is equally likely we can say that the probability of each is 0.5. p(coin toss is tails)= 1/2 Basic rule of probability More generally we can say that where there are n equally likely outcomes then the probability of each of these possibilities will be 1/n. So we can say that p(outcome)= (number of ways it can happen)/(total number of possible outcomes) This is the basis of all probability questions in the GMAT Example with die What is the probability of rolling a 6 when you throw a 6 sided die.Each number from 1 to 6 is equally likely to be thrown and only one of those outcomes is a 6 so using the general rule we can say that

p(throw a six)= 1/6 Example with cards If you pick a card at random from a deck of cards what is the probability that it is an ace? There are 52 cards in a pack and those there are 4 aces so p (an ace)= 4/52 - 1/13 The probability two outcomes for independent events both occur can be found by multiplying their probabilities. p(A and B)- p(A)*p(B) Example with coins What is the probability of throwing two heads in a row when tossing a coin? This is the same as asking what the probability that the first coin tossed will be head AND the second coin tossed will be a head. So the probability that of tossing two heads in a row is Example with a jar A jar contains 2 red balls and 4 green balls. What is the probability that two balls selected at random from the jar are both green? Each ball is equally likely to be selected from the jar so we can work out the probability of the first ball selected being green. Here is where we need to be careful, once we have taken 1 green ball out of the jar, the jar contains only 3 green balls ans 2 red balls so Now we can say that,So the probability that of picking out two green balls is 2/5. Total Probability Formula. P(A) = P(AjH1)P(H1) + + P(AjHn)P(Hn): Total probability Events H1;H2; : : : ;Hn form a partition of the sample space S if (i) They are mutually exclusive (Hi Hj = ;; i 6= j) and (ii) Their union is the sample space S; i=1 Hi=S; The events H1; : : : ;Hn are usually called hypotheses and from their definition follows that P(H1) + + P(Hn) = 1 (= P(S)): Let the event of interest A happens under any of the hypotheses Hi with a known (conditional) probability P(AjHi): Assume, in addition, that the probabilities of hypotheses H1; : : : ;Hn are known. Then P(A) can be calculated using the total probability formula. Total Probability Formula:P(A) = P(AjH1)P(H1) + + P(AjHn)P(Hn): The probability of A is the weighted average of the conditional probabilities P(AjHi) with weights P(Hi): Bayes Formula: Let the event of interest A happens under any of hypothesesHi with a known (conditional) probability

P(AjHi): Assume, in addition, that the probabilities of hypotheses H1; : : : ;Hn are known (prior probabilities). Then the conditional (posterior) probability of the hypothesis Hi; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n, given that event A happened, is P(HijA) = P(AjHi)P(Hi) P(A) ; where P(A) = P(AjH1)P(H1) + + P(AjHn)P(Hn): Assume that out of N coins in a box, one has heads at both sides. Such twoheaded coin can be purchased in Spencer stores. Assume that a coin is selected at random from the box, and without inspecting it, flipped k times. All k times the coin landed up heads. What is the probability that two headed coin was selected? Denote with Ak the event that randomly selected coin lands heads up k times. The hypotheses areH1-the coin is two headed, and H2 the coin is fair. It is easy to see that P(H1) = 1=N and P(H2) = (N 1)=N. The conditional probabilities are P(AkjH1) = 1 for any k, and P(AkjH2) = 1=2k: By total probability formula, P(Ak) = (2k + N- 1)/2kN and P(H1jAk) = 2k/(2k + N- 1) Conditional Probability Problem: A math teacher gave her class two tests. 25% of the class passed both tests and 42% of the class passed the first test. What percent of those who passed the first test also passed the second test: Analysis: This problem describes a conditional probability since it asks us to find the probability that the second test was passed given that the first test was passed. In the last lesson, the notation for conditional probability was used in the statement of Multiplication Rule 2. Multiplication Rule 2: When two events, A and B, are dependent, the probability of both occurring is P(A and B)= P(A).P(B|A)The formula for the Conditional probability of an event can be derived from Multiplication on Rule 2 as follows. Step1: P(A and B)=P(A).P(B|A) start with multiplication rule 2. Step2: P(A and B)/P(A) = (P(A).P(B|A))/P(A) Divide both sides of the equation by P(A) Step3: P(A and B)/P(A) = P(B|A) Cancel P(A)s on right-hand side of the equation Step4: P(A and B)/P(A) = We have derived the formula for conditional probability Problem: A math teacher gave her class two tests. 25% of the class passed both tests and 42% of the class passed the first test. What percent of those who passed the first test also passed the second test? Solution: P(Second|First) = P(First and Second)/P(First)= = 0.25/0.42 = 0.60 = 60%

SIMPLIFICATION

I. 'BODMAS' Rule: This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out the value of a given expression. Here, 'B' stands for 'Bracket', 'O' for 'of', 'D' for Division', 'M' for 'multiplication', 'A' for 'Addition' and 'S' for 'Subtraction'. Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order (),{} and []. After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the order: (i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv) Addition (v) Subtraction. Eg: (-5)(4)(2)(-1/2)(3/4)=? -5*4*2*-1/2*3/4= 15 II. Modulus of a Real Number: Modulus of a real number a is defined as a|= a, if a>0 or |a|= -a, if a<0 Thus, |5|= 5 and |-5|= -(-5)=5 III. Virnaculum (or Bar): When an expression contains Virnaculam, before applying the 'BODMAS' rule, we simplify the expression under the Virnaculum. Exercise Questions 1.((469 + 174)2 - (469 - 174)2)/(469 x 174) = ? a. 2 b. 4 c. 295 d. 643 Answer: Option b Explanation: Given exp. = ((a + b)2 - (a - b)2)/ab

=4ab/ab = 4 2. David gets on the elevator at the 11th floor of a building and rides up at the rate of 57 floors per minute. At the same time, Albert gets on an elevator at the 51st floor of the same building and rides down at the rate of 63 floors per minute. If they continue travelling at these rates, then at which floor will their paths cross ? a. 19 b. 28 c. 30 d. 37 Answer: Option c Explanation: Suppose their paths cross after x minutes. Then, 11 + 57x = 51 - 63x => 120x = 40 x=1/3 Number of floors covered by David in (1/3) min. = (1/3)*57= 19 So, their paths cross at (11 +19) i.e., 30th floor. 3. A man has some hens and cows. If the number of heads be 48 and the number of feet equals

140, then the number of hens will be: a. 22 b. 23 c. 24 d. 26 Explanation: Let the number of hens be x and the number of cows be y. Then, x + y = 48 .... (i) and 2x + 4y = 140 => x + 2y = 70 .... (ii) Solving (i) and (ii) we get: x = 26, y = 22. Therefore, The required answer = 26. 4. In a regular week, there are 5 working days and for each day, the working hours are 8. A man gets Rs. 2.40 per hour for regular work and Rs. 3.20 per hours for overtime. If he earns Rs. 432 in 4 weeks, then how many hours does he work for ? a. 160 b. 175 c. 180 d. 195 Answer: Option B Answer: Option B Explanation: Suppose the man works overtime for x hours. Now, working hours in 4 weeks = (5 * 8 * 4) = 160. Therefore, 160 * 2.40 + x * 3.20 = 432 => 3.20x = 432 - 384 = 48 => x = 15. Hence, total hours of work = (160 + 15) = 175. Public Provident Fund. If he has Rs. 1,50,000 as total savings, how much has he saved in Public Provident Fund ? a. Rs. 30,000 b. Rs. 50,000 c. Rs. 60,000 d. Rs. 90,000 Answer: Option C Explanation: Let savings in N.S.C and P.P.F. be Rs. x and Rs. (150000 - x) respectively. Then, (1/3)x= (1/2)(150000-x) x/3+x/2=75000 5x/6=75000 x=75000*6/5= 90000 Therefore, Savings in Public Provident Fund = Rs. (150000 - 90000) = Rs. 60000 6. A sum of Rs. 1360 has been divided among A, B and C such that A gets 2/3 of what B gets and B gets 1/4 of what C gets. B's share is: a. Rs.120 b. Rs. 160 c. Rs.240

d. Rs.300 Answer: Option C Explanation: Let C's share = Rs. x Then, B's share = Rs. x/4; A's share = Rs.2/3 * x/4= Rs. x/6 Therefore x/6 + x/4 + x = 1360 17x/12 = 1360 x= 1360*12/17= Rs.960 Hence, B's share= Rs.960/4= Rs.240 7. If a-b= 3 and a2+b2=29, find the value of ab a. 10 b. 12 c. 15 d. 18 Answer: Option A Explanation: 2ab = (a2 + b2) - (a - b)2 = 29 - 9 = 20 => ab = 10. 8. If 45-[28-{37-(15-*)}]= 58, then * is equal to: a. -29 b. -19 c. 19 d. 29 Answer: Option c Explanation: 45-[28-{37-(15-*)}]= 58 => 45-[28-{37-15+*}]=58 45-[28-37+15-*]=58 => 45[43-37-*]=58 45-[6-*]=58 =>45-6+*=58

39+*=58 => *=58-39 = 19

BOATS AND STREAMS

The water of a stream, usually, keeps flowing at a certain speed, in a particular direction. This speed is called the current of the stream. A boat develops speed because of its engine power. The speed with which it travels when there is no current is called speed of boat in still water. When the boat moves in the direction of the current is said to be with the stream/ current or downstream. When the boat moves in the direction opposite to that of the current, it is said to be against the stream is called upstream. Eg:-If the speed of a boat in still water is ukm/hr and the speed of the stream is vkm/hr then: * Speed downstream=(u+v)km/hr

* Speed upstream = (u-v)km/hr If the speed downstream is u km/hr and the speed upstream is v km/hr, then: * Speed of boat in still water = (u+v)km/hr * Speed (Rate) of stream = (u-v)km/hr Examples a) A man can row a boat 12 km/h with the stream and 8km/h against the stream. Find his speed in still water. a) 2km/hr b) 4km/hr c) 8km/hr d) 10km/hr Solution: Speed of boat in still water = (u+v) km/hr = (12+8)=10km/hr b) A man can row a boat 27km/h with the stream and 11km/h against the stream. Find speed of stream a) 2km/hr b)4km/hr c)8km/hr d)10km/hr Solution: Speed (Rate) of stream = (u-v) km/hr = (27-11)=8km/hr c) A boat running downstream covers a distance of 16km in 2 hours while for covering the same distance upstream, it takes 4 hours. What is the speed of the boat in still water? a)4km/hr b)6km/hr c)8km/hr d) None of these Rate of downstream=(16/2 ) kmph=8kmph Rate of upstream =(16/4) kmph=4kmph Therefore Speed in still water=1/2(8+4) kmph=6kmph Note: If ratio of downstream and upstream speeds of a boat is a:b. Then ratio of time taken= b:a Speed of stream=a-b/a+b *Speed in still water Speed in still water =a+b/a-b *Speed of stream Exercise Questions 1. A man rows downstream 32 km and 14km upstream. If he takes 6 hours to cover each distance,

then the velocity (in kmph) of the current is: a)1/2 b)1 c)1and d)2 Solution: Rate downstream=(32/6)kmph; Rate upstream=(14/6)kmph Velocity of current=1/2(32/6-14/6)kmph=3/2kmph=1.5kmph 2. In one hour, a boat goes 11km along the stream and 5km against the stream. The speed of the boat in still water (in km/hr)is: a)3 b)5 c)8 d)9 Solution: Speed in still water=1/2(11+5)kmph=8kmph 3. Speed of a boat in still water is 16km/h. If it can travel 20km downstream in the same time as it can travel 12 km upstream, the rate of stream is. a)1km/h b)2km/h c)4km/h d)5km/h Solution: Speed downstream: Speed upstream=20:12=5:3 Speed of current=5-3/5+3*16=4km/h 107 reads.

SUDES AND INTEGERS

LOGARITHMS

FOR VERBAL REASONING CLICK HERE FOR FULL MATERIALS PDF & DOWNLOAD FREE http://upscjob.com/r-s-aggarwal-verbal-reasoning-pdf/ (FILE NAME WRITTEN IN BLOG UPSCJob Verbal Reasoning)

NON VERBAL REASONING:

THE END

WE R ON FACEBOOK SO LIKE OUR PAGE & GROUP FOR FURTHER UPDATES AND MATERIALS.

https://www.facebook.com/upscjob

https://www.facebook.com/groups/govtjobalert/ ALL THE BEST FOR SBI PO

REMEMBER THIS THING