Nip

Philippines National Implementation Plan (NIP) on Environment Improvement in the Transport Sector Low Pollution-Low Emission
MESSAGE BY THE SECRETARY OF THE DOTC PHILIPPINES OR BY THE UNDERSECRETARY FOR ROAD TRANSPORT
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 Objectives of National Implementation Plan ......................................................... 1 Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines ................................................................ 1 Scope of NIP ........................................................................................................ 2 Structure of NIP .................................................................................................... 2 Geography............................................................................................................ 3 Population ............................................................................................................ 3 Economy .............................................................................................................. 4 Land Use .............................................................................................................. 4 Current Status of the Transport Sector ................................................................. 6 Road transport ............................................................................................... 6 Rail transport ................................................................................................. 9 Maritime transport ........................................................................................ 12 Air transport ................................................................................................. 14 Climate Change ........................................................................................... 15 Air pollution .................................................................................................. 17 Noise pollution ............................................................................................. 20 Waste ........................................................................................................... 20 Energy ......................................................................................................... 21 Others .......................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 2 Country Profile ............................................................................................... 3
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector ......................................... 6 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3
Environmental Situations .................................................................................... 15
On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed and Master Plans ................................................................................................ 23 Road transport ............................................................................................. 23 Rail transport ............................................................................................... 27 Maritime transport ........................................................................................ 28 Air transport ................................................................................................. 29 Overview ...................................................................................................... 31 Road transport ............................................................................................. 34 Rail transport ............................................................................................... 35 Maritime transport ........................................................................................ 35 Air transport ................................................................................................. 36
On-going) .................................................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5
Issues with respect to Transport and Environment ............................................. 31
Chapter 4 Visions ......................................................................................................... 37
4.1 4.2 5.1
Visions ............................................................................................................... 37 Goals .................................................................................................................. 37 Road .................................................................................................................. 38 Outline of the Actions ................................................................................... 38 Details of the Actions (Planned/proposed) ................................................... 39 Outline of the Actions ................................................................................... 45 Details of the Actions ................................................................................... 45 Outline of the Actions ................................................................................... 47 Details of the Actions ................................................................................... 47 Outline of the Actions ................................................................................... 49 Details of the Actions ................................................................................... 49
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs .......................................................................... 38 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 6.1 6.2
Railway .............................................................................................................. 45
Maritime ............................................................................................................. 47
Aviation .............................................................................................................. 49
Chapter 6 Implementation Plan ..................................................................................... 51 Implementation bodies ....................................................................................... 51 Check and evaluations ....................................................................................... 52 Implementing Bodies .................................................................................... 52 Check and Evaluation System on Vision ...................................................... 52 Check and Evaluation System on Environmental Actions ............................. 53
6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 7.1 7.2
Chapter 7 Way Forward ................................................................................................ 58 Web based monitoring System ........................................................................... 58 Public Awareness Campaign .............................................................................. 59
Appendices .................................................................................................................... 60 References ..................................................................................................................... 72
Acronyms and Abbreviations

AQI AQMF EMB CAA CLRV CNG CO CO2 DENR DILG DOE DOTC DOST DTI EST LGU LNG LTFRB LTO MVIS NAAQGV NCR NGO NGVPPT NMT NO2 O3 PETC PM PM 10 PM 2.5 RA SO2 SUV SVPCF TSP WHO Air Quality Index Air Quality Management Fund Environmental Management Bureau Clean Air Act Customized Local Road Vehicles Compressed Natural Gas Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Department of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Interior and Local Government Department of Energy Department of Transportation and Communications Department of Science and Technology Department of Trade and Industry Environmentally Sustainable Transport Local Government Unit Liquefied Natural Gas Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board Land Transportation Office Motor Vehicle Inspection System National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Value National Capital Region Non-Government Organizations Natural Gas Vehicle Program for Public Transport Non Motorized Transport Nitrogen Dioxide Ozone Private Emission Testing Centers Particulate Matter Particulate Matter with diameter of 10 microns or smaller particulate matter with diameter of 2.5 microns or smaller Republic Act Sulfur Dioxide Sports Utility Vehicles Special Vehicle Pollution Control Fund Total Suspended Particulates World Health Organization
UNITS AND MEASURES C g/m km km $

2 3
Degrees Celsius micrograms per cubic meter Kilometers Square Kilometers Philippine Pesos United States Dollar
PHP
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1
Objectives of National Implementation Plan

The ASEAN-Japan Action Plan on Environment Improvement in the Transport Sector (AJ-APEIT) was affirmed at the 7th ASEAN-Japan Transport Ministers Meeting held on December 2009 in Hanoi, Vietnam. Under AJ-APEIT, ASEAN Member States agreed to draft their individual National Implementation Plans (NIPs) and to implement measures to realize low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems on the basis of the NIPs where greenhouse gases and air pollutants emitted from the transport sector are controlled, consequently international and regional environment baselines are preserved. The NIPs are expected to promote these objectives with the action plans reflected as the pillars of measures. The NIP of the Philippines describes the strategies and plans of actions to realize low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems in the Philippines context.
1.2
Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines

The National Integrated Transport Plan of the country has already been drafted, including the Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) plan which was completed in 2010. The NIP of the Philippines on the other hand highlights the low carbon and low emission transport systems proposals, promotion of non-motorized transport systems and inclusion of maritime and aviation sectors. All plans in the NIP are expected to be included in the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change covering the period 2010 to 2022. Figure 1 shows the relationship among the different programs related to the conservation of the environment and the mitigation of emitting greenhouse gases.
Figure 1: Relationship among different programs related to NIP in the Philippines
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3
Scope of NIP
The target area of the NIP encompasses the whole country including urban and suburban areas. It also covers all types of transport modes: road, rail, maritime, and aviation sectors. The target period of the NIP is from F.Y. 2011 to F.Y. 2016. However, some proposals may cover beyond this period.
1.4
Structure of NIP
The NIP of the Philippines is organized as follows: Chapter 1 describes the background, policy context, scope, and structure of NIP; Chapter 2 shows the country profile; Chapter 3 presents the current status and issues in the transport sector; Chapter 4 proposes the visions while Chapter 5 explains the action plans. Then, Chapter 6 outlines the implementation plan. Finally Chapter 7 summarizes the future direction.
Chapter 2 Country Profile
Chapter 2
Country Profile
2.1
Geography
The Philippines comprises an archipelago of some 7,107 islands located off Southeast Asia, between the South China Sea on the west and the Philippine Sea on the east. The major islands are Luzon in the north, the Visayan Islands in the middle, and Mindanao in the south. The total area is about 300,000 square kilometers, including about 298,000 square kilometers of land and about 2,000 square kilometers of water.
Figure 2 Map of the Philippines

Source: NSO, 2012
2.2
Population
The total population of the Philippines is 92,337,852 (as of May 1, 2010, the 2010 Census of Population and Housing). The population growth rate between 1995 to 2000 of 3.21% decreased to an estimated 1.95% for the 2005 to 2010 period. Among the 17 regions, Calabarzon (Region IVA) had the largest population with 12.61 million, followed 3
Chapter 2 Country Profile by the National Capital Region (NCR) with 11.86 million and Central Luzon (Region III) with 10.14 million. The population of these three regions together comprised more than one-third (37.47 percent) of the Philippine population. About 13% of the population is living in the urban area, whereas 87% in the rural area. Table 1 shows the 10 most populated cities in the Philippines (Household Statistics Department, 2012). Table 1 Top 10 Most Populated Cities in the Philippines
Rank Cities/Municipalities Population (2010) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Quezon City Manila Caloocan Davao Cebu Zamboanga Antipolo Pasig Taguig Cagayan De Oro 2,761,720 1,652,171 1,489,040 1,449,296 866,171 807,129 677,741 669,773 644,473 602,088 Density (persons/sq.km) 16,616.85 42,857.87 27,921.25 593.00 2,749.75 544.11 2,214.12 21,605.58 13,460.17 1,231.62 NCR NCR NCR Region XI Region VII Region IX Region IV-A NCR NCR Region X Region
NCR: National Capital Region Source: Household Statistics Department, 2012 http://census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2012/pr1227tx.html
2.3
Economy
The Philippines key sectors are service, agriculture and industry, particularly food processing, textiles and garments, and electronics and automobile parts. Most of these industries are located in the urban areas around Metro Manila and Cebu. The Philippines Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 1,537,152 in 2010 (in million Philippine Pesos: at constant 1985 prices) which grew by 7.3% from 2009, 1.1% in 2009 from 2008, 3.7% in 2008 from 2007 and 7.1% in 2007 from 2006. The service sector has the highest percent share of the GDP that is equal to 54.4%, followed by the industry sector (33.3%) and by the agriculture, fishery and forestry sector (12.3%) (Source: 2011 estimate World Bank National accounts of the Philippines. 1946-2010).
2.4
Land Use
A broad central cordillera dominates the relief of Central Luzon, running through the northern portion and middle of the country that rises to 2,750 meters. On the side of 4
Chapter 2 Country Profile the Pacific Ocean is Sierra Madre, which is a 100-km wide mountain range that gradually increases in width towards the central highland region up to 300 km (AFD, 2010). As shown in Table 2, approximately 65% of the nation is covered by forest whereas approximately 33% is covered by agricultural area. Table 2: Land use pattern in the Philippines
Land Use Agriculture Forestry Settlement Mining and quarrying Inland Fisheries Open Land Total
Source: NLUC, 1996
Area (ha) 9,728,800 19,062,600 131,400 8,700 595,700 1,100 29,528,300
Percentage 32.95 64.56 0.44 0.029 2.02 0.004 100.00
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector
3.1
Current Status of the Transport Sector
3.1.1 Road transport 1) Road network The Philippines has approximately 203,000 km of road as of 2008, which covers almost the entire nation. 29,370 km of road, which is equal to 14.5% of the total road network, is classified into national road whereas the other roads are local roads, consisting of provincial, municipal, city and barangay roads. About 72% of the national roads are paved with concrete and/or asphalt whereas 22% of the local roads are paved. The rest parts of the roads are gravel-surfaced and/or earth roads. The paved road coverage is equal to 0.15 km per square km of land area while the paved road density is equal to 0.5 km per 1,000 population (See Appendices in details). 2) Motor vehicles Figure 3 shows the number of registered vehicles by type of vehicle in the Philippines. 6.6 million motor vehicles were registered in 2010 in which about 3.5 million vehicles (52%) are motorcycles and tricycles while about 1.7 million vehicles (26%) are utility vehicles (UV) such as jeepney. The number of motorcycles and tricycles have increased 2.8 times from 2009 to 2010. Although the registered UV has increased by 20% from 2000 to 2005, it has not increased significantly in the recent 5 years.
Figure 3 Number of registered vehicles by type of vehicles in the Philippines

Source: Land Transportation Office
3) Modal Share in the Country Figure 4 shows the national transport modal share in the Philippines. The road transport is dominant in terms of both passenger and cargo traffic among the four modes of transport: road transport, rail transport, water transport, and air transport. The road transport carried approximately 1.71 billion passengers and 25.9 million tons of freight in 2006, representing 98% share in passenger traffic and 58% share in cargo traffic.
Figure 4 Transport modal share in 2006: Passenger (Left figure) and Cargo (Right figure)
Source: AusAID, 2008
4) Ridership and trips of public transport in urban areas MMUTIS study showed that about 80% of total trips were made by public transport, particularly about 40% of total trips were made by jeepney as of 1996. (See Appendices in detail). It also showed that the ridership of jeepney had the highest share among public transport ridership, and has significantly increased. The number of operating units of jeepney and buses in Metro Manila are 48,366 and 2,944, respectively while the number of jeepney and bus routes are 641 and 104 respectively, as of 2006 (Mega Manila Public Transport Study, 2007).
5) Truck and Freight Movements As reflected in Table 7 Motor Vehicle Emissions by Vehicle Type i n Metro Manila in 2008, trucks that are predominantly diesel fuel driven contributed the following in tons per year; 11,539.07 VOC, 38,671.47 CO, 38,983.34 NOx, 248.35 SOx and 1,372.21 PM10. Therefore, appropriate amelioration measures should be 7
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector designed to address these emissions. restrictions enforced by the government. In the Philippines, truck and freight Logistic companies have sprouted and The
forwarders are organized and their concerns are more directed towards operation reported to be steadily increasing due to respectable return on investments. sector is not also investing in measures to correct emission of pollutants.
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector 3.1.2 Rail transport 1) Urban rail service Currently urban rail services are operated only in Metro Manila. Electrified rail-based mass transit systems were introduced mainly to address the worsening traffic congestion in predominantly major road network. Three railway transit systems are now operated and four more lines are at planning stage or under Public Private Partnership (PPP) negotiations. The ridership, passenger-km, and load factors in the three railway transit systems are shown in Table 3. Table 3: Ridership, Passenger-km, and load factor of urban rail service in Metro Manila
2006 LRT Line 1 Ridership (M) Passenger-km (M) Load Factor (%) LRT Line 2 Ridership (M) Passenger-km (M) Load Factor (%) MRT Line 3 Ridership (M) Passenger-km (M) 134.90 929.46 142.69 983.13 149.58 1,030.61 151.70 1,045.21 73.99 *** 509.79 *** 158.81 47.54 323.75 30.94 52.93 360.45 34.13 58.59 398.99 38.84 62.09 422.83 40.34 63.36 394.57* 39.91 38.99 63.83 111.07 1,078.49 61.86 118.60 1,151.61 66.80 138.04 1,340.37 62.42 149.44 1,451.06 67.87 155.91 1,379.79 * 68.98 77.32 156.93 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
June to December 2011; ** January to June 2010 LRT Line 1, from Monumento in Caloocan City to Baclaran in Pasay City (15km) LRT Line 2, from Santolan in Marikina to CM Recto in the City of Manila (14km) MRT Line 3, fr om North Avenue in Quezon City to EDSA in Pasay City (17km)
Figure 5 Railway network in Metro Manila

Source: DOTC, 2010
2) Regional rail service Inter-regional railway services are provided by the Philippine National Railways (PNR), a government-owned and controlled corporation. PNR operates 491 km railway lines running along the Main Line South from Manila to Legaspi, Albay. PNR previously operated a Main North Line running from Manila to San Fernando, La Union, but this line has been closed since 1981. PNR currently offers three types of services: long-distance passenger service, commuter service, and freight and express cargo services. The Metro Manila Commuter Service operates between Caloocan and Calamba for a revenue line of about 56 km. The Commuter Line runs north south through the CBD (central business district) of Metro Manila. Although there was a high potential demand for the Commuter Line , its low service frequency did not enable the line to meet the peak demand. Furthermore, as trains did not run on the schedule, the number of passengers declined from its peak of 22,000 10
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector persons per day in 1977 to about 15,000 persons per day in 1990. The decline in passenger traffic continued with only 7,500 persons per day in 2007. Table 4: Ridership, Passenger-km, and load factor of PNR service
2006 Commuter Service No. Of Commuters Passenger- km (000) Bicol Commuter Service (BCS) No. Of Commuters Passenger- kms (000) Bicol express No. of passengers 17,861 * 4,051 44,561 158,085 ** 415,726 2,496,374 34,949 1,911,3172 6,758 1,133,060 15,862 2,009,404 28,131 Dec 2009 7,975,275 15,350,635 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
June to December 2011; **
January to May 2010
Figure 6 PNR Commuter Express Service

Source: World Bank, 2009
3) Modal Share As shown in Figure 4, the share of the rail transportation accounts for only 0.15% of total passengers traffic, and there is no rail cargo traffic in the Philippines.
11
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector 3.1.3 Maritime transport 1) Ports The Philippines has over 1,000 ports including Batangas, Surigao, San Fernando, Iloilo, Calapan, Legazpi (See Appendix in details). There are 447 fishing ports, 214 feeder ports, 833 commercial ports as of 1997. 2) Maritime traffic The ports serviced 346,000 vessels in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 10.0% from 2009 to 2010. Domestic and foreign ship calls grew by 10.0% and 10.4%, respectively. Annual cargo throughput was 166.4 million metric tons (MMT) in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 11.0% from 2009 to 2010. Foreign cargo increased by 23.9% while the domestic cargo decreased by 3.0%. Annual container traffic is 4.5 million TEUs in 2010 with an annual growth rate of 12% from 2009 to 2010. Import container traffic grew by 18.1% while export grew by 18.2%. In total the traffic of foreign container cargoes has increased by 18.2%. Annual domestic maritime passenger traffic is 52.7 million passengers with an annual growth rate of 20.1% from 2009 to 2010 while foreign maritime passenger traffic is 8.82 million passengers with an annual growth rate of 20.8% from 2009 to 2010. (PPA, 2010) 3) Nautical Highway The Road-RoRo Terminal System (RRTS) is one of the flagship programs of the Arroyo administration. Executive Order (EO) 170 and subsequent issuances mandated the policy of its integration with the national highway system. The 2004-2010 Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) lays out the blueprint for a nautical highway system in the archipelago by identifying the road-RoRo links that need to be developed, namely, the Western Nautical Highway (also called the Strong Republic Nautical Highway or SRNH), the Central Nautical Highway, and the Eastern Nautical Highway. The 919-kilometer SRNH was promoted in 2003 to enhance the accessibility of local destinations in the western part of the country; since then, it is reported to have reduced travel costs by 40 percent for passengers and 30 percent for cargo. (Ruperto, 2007) Figure 7 indicates the Nautical Highway in the Philippines. The Nautical Highway aims to strengthen and enhance the efficiency of existing inter -island connections (See Appendices in details). The development of Nautical Highway routes in the country expanded the coverage of bus and truck services to inter -island connections, thereby increasing the overall average distance traveled by these 12
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector types of vehicles.
Figure 7 Philippine Nautical Highway (RORO Routes)

4) Modal Share As shown in Figure 4, the share of the maritime transportation accounts for 1.22% and 41.95% of total passengers traffic and total cargo traffic, respectively. W ater transportation plays an important role especially cargo traffic.
13
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector 3.1.4 Air transport
1) Airports There are eight international airports and 87 domestic airports in the Philippines as shown in Figure 8. The major airports among them are Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), Mactan Cebu and Davao. The passenger shares of these three airports for domestic flights were 45.2%, 12.5% and 6.8%, respectively in 2009. On the other hand, the passenger share of international flights for NAI A, Cebu and Davao were 88.5%, 6.7% and 0.08%, respectively.
Figure 8 Philippine Airport System

2) Air traffic Annual air traffic passengers were 40,862,311 in 2010, which increased by over 100% from 2001. Annual air cargo traffic was 563,081 tons in 2010, which increased by 9.6% from 2001. Aircraft movement has also increased rapidly from 343,039 in 2001 to 621,870 in 2010. 3) Modal Share As shown in Figure 4, the share of the air transportation accounts for only 0.49% and 0.06% of total passengers traffic and total cargo traffic, respectively.
14
3.2
Environmental Situations
3.2.1 Climate Change Table 5 shows that overall GHG emissions in 2000 is 21,767 thousand tons CO 2 -eq (equivalent). Total emissions from non-LUCF (Land use change and forestry) sectors is 126,879 thousand tons CO 2 -eq. Note in the 1994 inventory, total emissions from non-LUCF sectors was 100,865 thousand tons CO 2 -eq. This means approximately 26% increase from 1994 to 2000. The emissions from the transport subsector is 25,935.78 thousand tons CO 2 -eq, which accounts for 37% of the emissions from energy sector. Table 5 The Philippines 2000 Green house Gas Inventory
Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources
15
According to DOE, the GHG emissions from the transport subsector in 1990 was 10.6 MtCO 2 while those in 2007 was about 26.55 MtCO2e. This means that the GHG emissions from the transport subsector increased by 150% from 1990 to 2007, that is equivalent to an annual growth of 5.5% (Figure 9). The contribution of maritime transport and aviation significantly started to increase from 1998. It accounts for about 18% of total GHG emissions from the transport subsector emissions in 2007. This was caused mainly by the improvement in shipping and air services with the expansion of seaport and airport systems in the country. Since 2000, the GHG emissions from road transport have been increasing at an average annual growth rate of 3.1%. Figure 10 shows that the utility jeepneys accounts for 37% of road transport GHG emissions, followed by trucks (33%), and cars, including SUVs and taxis (18%). (World Bank, 2009)
Figure 9 Transport GHG emissions by subsector

Source: DOE
Figure 10 GHG Emissions from Road Transport by Vehicle Type in 2007

Source: DOE
16
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector 3.2.2 Air pollution 1) Emissions Emissions from mobile source contribute significantly to total emissions of particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Table 6 shows that the share of mobile source to the total amount of VOC, CO, NOx, and PM10 in the Metro Manila Region are 95.6%, 99.4%, 89.0%, and 17.0%, respectively. Motor vehicles are the dominant source of air pollutants in the urban area. Table 7 shows that UVs such as jeepneys, most of which are old diesel vehicles, are the major source of PM. Almost 50% of PM in Metro Manila is emitted by jeepneys. Other pollutants from jeepneys, such as NOx and SOx, also show high share at 21% and 42% of the total mobile source emissions. On the other hand, major source of VOC is motorcycles/tricycles which have a share of 45%. Rapid motorization may have great potential impacts to deteriorate the air quality in urban areas, particularly in Metro Manila. The urban rail transport do not emit air pollutants from the train cars because of their electrification. On the contrary, the regional rail transport emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx because PNR uses diesel train cars. However, currently these are not quantified. Although maritime transport and air transport are the typical sources to emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx, they have not been quantified so far in the Philippines, and no evident and significant air pollution contribution from the sector is recorded. Aircrafts emit air pollutants such as PM and SOx. However, currently these are not quantified yet, and no significant air pollution is recorded.
17
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector Table 6 Major air pollutants emissions by sources in Metro Manila Region in 2008 (tons/year)
VOC Stationary Mobile Area Total 407.59 239,975.02 10,517.40 250,900.01 Sox Stationary Mobile Area Total 55,016.49 3,904.78 336.93 59,258.20 92.8% 6.6% 0.6% 100.0% 29,332.19 143,602.30 172,934.49 0.2% 95.6% 4.2% 100.0% CO 611.38 1,032,851.31 5,726.49 1,039,189.18 PM10 0.0% 17.0% 83.0% 100.0% 0.1% 99.4% 0.6% 100.0% NOx 8,559.40 112,119.09 5,271.42 125,949.91 6.8% 89.0% 4.2% 100.0%
CO= carbon monoxide, NOx= nitrogen oxide, PM= particulate matter, SOx= sulfur oxide, VOC= volatile organic compound Source: DENR, 2010
Table 7 Motor vehicle emissions by vehicle type in Metro Manila Region in 2008 (tons/year)
VOC Cars Gasoline Diesel UV Gasoline Diesel Buses Gasoline Diesel Trucks Gasoline Diesel MC/TC Gasoline Diesel Sub-Total Gasoline Diesel Total Source: DENR, 2010 210,346.67 29,628.35 239,975.02 945,520.64 87,330.67 1,032,851.31 42,694.07 69,425.02 112,119.09 1,896.04 2,008.74 3,904.78 13,080.47 16,251.72 29,332.19 32,450.35 311.91 68,793.04 11,655.22 1,107.55 6,122.15 434.89 11,539.07 107,560.84 CO 267,715.41 911.75 515,947.8 41,625.77 1,107.55 6,122.15 10,396.01 38,671.47 150,353.87 NOx 14,602.66 959.73 25,797.39 23,310.43 120.11 6,171.52 1,017.34 38,983.34 1,156.57 Sox 646.69 63.69 411.28 1,657.38 0.88 39.32 7.43 248.35 829.76 PM10 535.43 276.4 1,023.3 14,385.87 1.47 217.24 12.42 1,372.21 11,507.85
2) Ambient air quality Table 8 shows the national ambient air quality guideline values in the Philippines. Figure 11 shows the timeline of national total suspended particulate (TSP) monitored from 2003 to 2007. This shows that TSP has decreased by 33%, that is a 18
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector change from 144 to 97 microgram/m 3 . Although the TSP geometric mean concentrations have been significantly reduced, it isstill above the 90 microgram/m 3 , annual mean TSP guideline value (one year averaging time). The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) is continuously monitoring the
particulate matter in the PM10 range at three sampling sites in Metro Manila. Figure 12 shows that annual mean levels of PM10 observed at all the PNRI Metro Manila sites satisfied the annual ambient air quality long term guideline value of 60 micrograms/m 3 . However, the annual mean levels of PM2.5 have consistently exceeded the US EPA long term guideline value of 15 micrograms/m 3 . This indicates that the fine particulate pollution should be addressed at least in Metro Manila. Table 8 National ambient air quality guideline values
Short Term Micro-g /Nm Suspended Matter TSP PM10 Sulfur Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Photochemical Oxidants as Ozone Carbon Monoxide Lead Particulate
3
Long Term Averaging Micro-g /Nm

3
Averaging ppm Time 1 year 1 year 0.03 1 year
ppm
Time 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours
230 150 230 150 180 150 140 60 35mg/NCM 10mg/NCM 1.5 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.03 30 9
90 60 80
24 hours 24 hours 1 hour 8 hours 1 hour 8 hours 3 months 1.0 1 year
Source: National Air Quality Status Report (2005-2007), DENR
Figure 11 National ambient TSP trend, 2003-2007

Source: EMB
19
Figure 12 PM10 and PM2.5 annual mean levels at the Metro Manila sampling sites
Source: PNRI
3.2.3 Noise pollution Currently, no periodical noise pollution measurement is implemented in Metro Manila. Noise pollutions around the Ninoy Aquino International Airport is experienced by residents in the past. Ernesto et al. (2011). Reports that a population of 43,300 was exposed to noise levels from 70 to 75dBA (LDN) and 161,300 from 65 to 70 dBA (LDN) due to the noise produced by landing and taking off of aircrafts at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. However, these problems have been improved by taking a series of countermeasures such as introducing silencer, day-time operations, rerouting of aircrafts and operating period restrictions.
3.2.4 Waste Currently, there is no significant solid waste problem contributed by the transport sector.
20
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector 3.2.5 Energy In 2010, the total energy demand in the Philippines was 24.5 MTOE. Figure 13 shows that energy consumption in the transport sector accounts for 36.8%. The energy consumption of the transport sector of the Philippines has increased significantly from 1.9 MTOE in 1980 to 9.0 MTOE in 2010, which means the annual growth rate of 5.4%. 78.6% of the transport energy is consumed by road transport, followed by international civil aviation (11%), water transport (7.8%), and domestic air transport (2.6%).
Commercial, 10.9%
Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry (AFF), 1.4% Transport, 36.8%
Domestic Air Transport, 2.6% Water Transport, 7.8%
International Civil Aviation, 11%
Railway, 0.1%
Industry, 26%
Residential, 25%
Road Transport, 78.6%
Total Consumption: 24.5 MTOE
Total Consumption: 9.0 MTOE
2010 Energy Demand by Sector
2010 Transport Energy Consumption
Figure 13 Energy demand by sector
3.2.6 Others
Table 9 shows that maritime accidents in the Philippines. Though number of maritime accidents varies from year to year, the occurrences have been flat rather than on a downward trend. Incidents figured by cargo vessels and chemical tanker/vessels have been recorded in Philippines, as a result, oil or HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substances) spillage in marine environment.
21
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector Table 9

All VESSEL TYPE Aground Sunk Collision Caught Fire Capsized Missing Drifted/Engine Trouble Flooding Rammed Others
Summary of Maritime Accidents in the Philippines (1995 -2006)

1995 58 37 17 23 33 0 13 0 0 0 1996 19 35 5 6 32 0 9 3 10 0 1997 5 16 6 8 11 0 9 0 2 1 1998 42 37 5 9 88 12 8 0 6 1 1999 44 37 5 11 109 0 0 0 0 57 2000 21 25 14 7 47 1 14 2 3 17 2001 27 21 11 10 49 5 17 1 6 21 2002 22 23 10 15 44 6 20 1 5 6 2003* 2004 35 35 20 12 67 24 37 2 15 10 48 24 11 7 64 11 39 4 5 13 2005 19 17 5 7 34 4 12 4 4 16 2006 21 23 1 8 25 18 17 0 1 0
Source: Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) Note: * The source for 2003 data is the Maritime Industry in the Philippines Databook 2005
22
3.3
On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed and On-going)
3.3.1 Master Plans As previously discussed in chapter 1 of the report, the Philippines have either completed or finalizing several programs that concerns transport system and the environment. following table presents the reports made for each of the categories.
Category Transport and Environment (DOTC, DENR) Environment Climate Change the President of the Philippines) Air Pollution Environmentally Sustainable Transport Establishment of Environmentally sustainable Transport Unit in the Others DOTC Climate Change Commission (CCC) National Air Quality Status 2010-2011 National Framework Strategy on Climate Change 2010-2022 (Office of Major Plans Environmentally Sustainable Transport, Strategies and Action Plans
The
3.3.2 Road transport The following presentation covers the types of actions either currently implemented or in the pipeline to address the air quality related issues. issues on emission control in the road based modes. This presentation was replicated in the succeeding tables to cover the rest of the modes and sectors. Table 1 is specifically devoted to
23
1. Emission control, Standards, I/M

Action Responsible organization DOTC/ DENR Location Objectives
Adoption of EURO 4
Nationwide
Anti Smoke Campaign
Belching
DOTC-DENR-LTO and Philippine Business for Social Progress, Philippine Businessmen-Bishops' Conference, Philippine Business for the Environment and Philippine Medical Association (PMA) DOTC, LTO
Nationwide but main focus in Metro Manila
MVIS program
East Ave., Quezon City Old MIA Road, Pasay City San Fernando, Pampanga Mandaue City, Cebu Alaminos, Laguna
adopting Euro IV standards or specific parameters of Euro IV standards in 2016 Help improve air quality and prevent further deterioration Increase environmental awareness in the private sector Demonstrate how business can use its economic clout to force proper environmental performance. Improve Air Quality through abatement and mitigation of air pollution from mobile sources in Philippines from ill maintained motor vehicles
2. Vehicle Technology
Action Responsible organization of four Local government Units Location Objectives
Promote operation stroke tricycles
Mandaluyong City, San Fernando City Makati City Mandaluyong city Surigao City
Reduce pollution tricycles/motorcycles
from
Promotion of electric vehicle, such as electric Jeepney, motorcycle
DOTC-DOE, Local government Units with assistance from World Bank
Mitigate pollution from motor vehicles
3. Public Transportation
Action Responsible organization DOTC Location Objectives
Development of Public Transport Planning Support System for Metro Manila Rationalization of public road transport routes Metro Cebu Demonstration Project BRT
Metro Manila
Capacity Building
DOTC, LTFRB, MMBOA
LTO,
Metro Manila Cebu City Cebu City
Increased Efficiency of public transport Modal shift
DOTC, Government of Cebu City
24

Enhancement of the Pasig River Ferry Services Enhance the operation of the nautical highway (RORO service) PRRC DOTC, MARINA, PPA Metro Manila Nationwide Modal shift Enhance the development and promotion of an effective and efficient intermodal /multimodal transportation network system in the Philippines Implement the rail network development plan for Metro Manila
Development of additional urban rail services
DOTC, PNR
Metro Manila, Panay and Mindanao
4. Travel Demand Management

Action Responsible organization MMDA Location Objectives
Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program (UVVRP)
Metro Manila, the metropolitan area of the country's capital Nationwide
Reduce the number vehicular traffic
of
Implement traffic management measures such as restoration of signalized intersections Travel demand management and traffic system management Truck Ban Increase electronic (EPS) utilization of payment system of
MMDA, LGU, DPWH
Travel time reduction Reduce fuel consumption and pollution emission Travel time reduction Reduce fuel consumption Traffic Efficiency Increase efficiency and reduce vehicle congestion at toll plaza Induce walking by providing pedestrian facilities such as underpass and overpass with escalators and connecting the various malls by elevated walkways with MRT 3 station.
MMDA, LGU
Nationwide
MMDA, Association DOTC/TRB
Truckers
Metro Manila Toll Roads
Pedestrianization commercial centers
Ayala Commercial Center Management
Ayala-Makati Commercial Center
5. NMT
Action Responsible organization DOTC, DILG and LGUs to UP, Marikina City Location Objectives
Develop bikeways Conversion of roads pedestrian haven
Marikina city, UP Quezon City Marikina City
Promote bicycle usage Pedestrianization
25
6. Freight and logistics

Action Responsible organization DOTC, truckers assn. Location Objectives
Better freight and logistics management
Nationwide
Efficient goods movement
7 Cleaner fuel
Action Responsible organization Legislation Location Objectives
Passage of Senate Bill 2856 and House Bill 5460
Nationwide
Tax subsidy for electric vehicle and components, manufacture and importation Promote the utilization of compressed natural gas (CNG) in the transport sector in consonance with the goal of ensuring fuel supply diversification and supply security Diversify the country's fuel sources while contributing to solutions to air pollution caused by vehicular emission Promote operation of environmentally friendly transport services, fuel utilization
Natural Gas Vehicle Program For Public Transport (NGVPPT) Sixty (60) bus units initially
DOE, Accredited Operators
NGVPPT, Bus
Manila
Alternative Fuel Program Auto-LPG program for taxi services
DOE, DOTC
Nationwide
Operation buses
of
5,000
CNG
DOTC
Nationwide
8. Biofuel
Action Responsible organization Biofuel DOE, Philippine Coconut Authority, National Biofuel Board, DOE DOE DOE Location Objectives
The Philippine Program
Nationwide
Promote biofuel usage
Mandatory requirement of 2% biodiesel blend Mandatory requirement 10% ethanol blend of
Nationwide Nationwide
Promote biodiesel use Promote biofuel use
26
9. Behavioral change
Action Responsible organization DOE, the industrial establishments under the so-called Partnership for Energy Responsive Companies/Ecozones Honda Phils., UP and DOTC MMDA Location Objectives
Car-less day, carpooling and anti-idling campaigns (Voluntary program)
Nationwide
Promote fuel conservation and reduce pollution and traffic congestion
Ecosafe driving program
awareness
Metro Manila
Promote fuel efficiency
Introduction of bike lanes
Metro Manila
Traffic efficiency and road safety
10. Environmental monitoring

Action Responsible organization National: EMB. LGUs of HUCs Local: Location Objectives
Identify potential hotspots and prioritize establishment of stations Identify potential staff to be trained in the HUCs Conduct trainings (e.g. use DENR mobile AQ monitoring van); conduct of action planning workshops on AQM Update of baseline roadside noise level data by 2010 Set up Inter Agency TWG
Nationwide
National: EMB, DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU National: EMB, DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU
Nationwide
Capacity Building
National: EMB, HLURB, DOTC, DTI-BPS EMB
3.3.3 Rail transport 1. Rail infrastructure The following sections present the current problems confronting the railway sector. The presentation is divided into infrastructure, emission control, inventory and behavioral change or paradigm shift in favor of environmental conservation.
Action Responsible organization DOTC/LRTA Location Objectives
MRT/LRT Capacity Expansion Program: Common Ticketing System Project
Metro Manila
Integrate the fare collection system of the existing MRT 3 and LRTA railway lines
27

MRT/LRT Capacity Expansion Program: Privatization of LRT 1 Operation and Maintenance MRT/LRT Capacity Expansion Program: Privatization of MRT 3 Operation and Maintenance MRT/LRT Expansion Program: LRT South Extension Project DOTC/LRTA Metro Manila Integrate LRT Line 1 operation and maintenance to a private sector service provider during the interim period of 3-4 years Integrate MRT Line 3 operation and maintenance to a private sector service provider during the interim period of 3-4 years Extend the existing 15 kilometer LRT Line 1 system southward to Bacoor, Cavite by an additional 11.7 kilometers Involve the expansion, operation, and maintenance of the existing LRT Line 2
DOTC
Metro Manila
DOTC/LRTA
Metro Manila
MRT Line 2 Extension Project
DOTC/LRTA
Metro Manila
3.3.4 Maritime transport This section is devoted to maritime transport. Due to limited information the issues and
actions identified were classified according to emission control and standards, port infrastructure limitation and the need to develop maritime emis sion inventory.
1. Emission control, standards, regulation

Action Responsible organization DOTC PPA Location Objectives
Regulation of ballast water Utilization source of port power
Nationwide Cagayan de Oro and other ports
2. Port infrastructure
Action Responsible organization PPA Location Objectives
Clean and Green Program
Puerto Princesa Manila North Harbor , National wide Metro Manila
Promote environmental health and awareness in all sectors of society Improve port facilities and services that meet international standards Provide an alternative transport route to help decongest the perennial traffic in Metro Manila Enhance the development
Infrastructure Facilities
PPA
Enhancement of the Pasig River Ferry Services
PRRC
Enhance the operation of the
MARINA
Nationwide
28

nautical service) highway (RORO and promotion of an effective and efficient intermodal /multimodal transportation network system in the Philippines PPA Cagayan Oro de Shift power environmentally source use to power
Port Power Use
3. Inventory
Action Responsible organization of Environmental PPA Location Objectives
Creation Units
Create new unit for the environmental protection in PPA GHG emission inventory is for UNFCCC
National GHG/air pollutants emission inventory development
DENR, DOE
3.3.5 Air transport The following section deals on the issues confronting the aviation sector. on-going projects which upgrade the air terminal and runways. addressed similarly but may be on limited basis. 1. Airport infrastructure
Action Responsible organization of Tropicalized Airport DOTC, CAAP DOTC/MIAA/CAAP Location Objectives
It presented the
Due to the limited solid Noise pollution is
waste, the actions concentrated on rain water discharge system.
Promotion Airports
Tourist areas Bohol
Promote eco-airport for use of low cost carriers (LCC) Replace the existing Tagbilaran Airport within a 230-hectare spread. The development project include: a passenger terminal building, a control tower, an administration & operation building, a cargo terminal building, a rescue & fire fighting building, support facilities, a new apron, connecting taxiways, an upgrade of the existing 2.6 km runway, and the provision of new navigational and traffic control equipment. Development project components include a passenger terminal, cargo
New Bohol Development
Puerto Princesa Airport
DOTC/CAAP
Puerto Princesa
New Legaspi (Daraga) International Airport
DOTC/CAAP
Legaspi (Daraga)
29

building, control tower, administration building, and vehicle parking area. Airside project components include a runway strip, taxiway, apron, and air traffic navigation equipment. Privatization of Laguindingan Airport Operation and Maintenance DOTC/CAAP Laguindingan Replace the existing Lumbia Airport in Cagayan de Oro City and to procure necessary equipment in order to satisfy operational safety requirements. Expand new Kalibo Airport Terminal Building that has wider spaces for pre-departing passengers and also a spacious arrival lobby and concession Conduct structural integrity tests, and commence negotiation for the completion works, testing and commissioning for full operationalization by 2012 Develop a dynamic & integrated CNS/ATM system suing satellite technology to enhance safety, reliability and efficiency of air traffic and airspace in the Philippines The N ew Iloilo Airports roof is designed to let in light and make full use of natural lighting inside the terminal of the New Iloilo Airport Address noise pollution issue in the vicinity of the airport
Kalibo Airport
DOTC/CAAP
Kalibo
NAIA Terminal 3 Upgrading and Full Operationalization
DOTC/MIAA
Metro Manila
NEW CNS/ATM SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
DOTC/CAAP
Nationwide
New Iloilo Development Project
Airport
DOTC/CAAP
Iloilo
Take off restriction
and
landing
DOTC/CAAP
Ninoy Aquino International Airport
30
3.4
Issues with respect to Transport and Environment
3.4.1 Overview The road sector is identified to have seriously caused the environmental damages particularly in urban areas in the Philippines. Mobility in the Philippines is dominantly served by road transport. It has a significantly high modal share in the total trips made both in passenger (98%) and cargo (58%). Motor vehicles have been increasing rapidly with an average annual growth rate of 6.0% in the past decade. These motor vehicles emit vast amount of air pollutants, such as PM, SO 2 , NOx, CO, and CO 2 . Particularly, the jeepneys are the major sources of the air pollutants. Jeepneys accounts for 26% in modal share and 40% in ridership of public transport in Metro Manila. They use old diesel engines, which emit more air pollutants than automobiles with new engines. In addition the importation of second-hand engines and vehicles further contributed to the worsening pollution from the road traffic. The car-oriented traffic system also causes serious traffic congestions in the urban areas. Although urban rail services such as the three LRT and MRT lines have been introduced into Metro Manila to mitigate the traffic congestion, their modal share is still very low. To tackle these environmental and transport problems, many measures have been implemented, including the establishment of air pollutants emission standards for motor vehicles, roadside anti-smoke belching campaign, inspection and maintenance program, promotion of four stroke tricycles, introduction of electric vehicles or low emission vehicles, investment for additional LRT and MRT lines, truck ban, development of bikeway, introduction of CNG, LPG and biofuel. Campaigns to raise public awareness of the harm pollution is causing people have been also implemented such as car-less day and ecosafe-driving. Additionally the environmental standards covering air quality and fuel were introduced. Since there was no master plan or action plan focusing mainly on transport and environment, in 2010, the Strategies and Action Plans were formulated under the Environmentally Sustainable Transport (EST). The report proposed many actions to mitigate environmental problems in the transport sector covering environmental monitoring, noise management, vehi cle emission control, inspection and maintenance, cleaner fuel, public transport planning and TDM, non-motorized transport, public health, etc. However, many of these measures have not been implemented effectively. Limited attention has been accorded to the environmental problems in the transport sector. The environment situation in highly urbanized cities especially in Metro Manila has not improved remarkably. Generally the implementation of appropriate inspection and maintenance system for motor vehicles, the introduction of low emission vehicles, and the operation of LRT and MRT expectedly contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions from the transport 31
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector sector. Also, the introduction of standards for jeepneys and other import regulation of second hand vehicles and engines may have significant potential impacts to reduce pollutions. However, in the Philippines, the abovementioned measures have not worked as expected. For example, the motor vehicle inspection and maintenance program have focus mainly on road safety such as headlights and blinkers rather than operational performance of the vehicle, and pollution emission corrective measures. The cleaner fuel programs such as CNG and LPG have high potential to reduce emissions from motor vehicles, these actions have been limited so far. The modal shifts from automobiles to public transport may not be addressed only by providing LRT and MRT. A whole package approach including both the improvement of public transport and demand management of private car traffic should be explored. In maritime sector, the port service (domestic/foreign ship calls and cargo throughput) increased by over 10% from 2009 to 2010. This leads to the sharp increase of environmental concerns from the maritime transport. It requires the maritime stakeholders to be more concerned with the marine environment and take necessary actions to control marine pollution from ships to arrive at comprehensive programs to address maritime pollution. For example, PPA has been carrying out some improvement in managing ports. While the Philippines has a large number of ports, as mentioned in section 3.1.3, limited environmental actions such as Clean and Green Program and Infrastructure Facilities are implemented as pilot project in cooperation with LGUs. These projects are yet to be implemented nationwide. The national inventory of the maritime sector has been developed under UNFCCC guideline. However the current inventory required a certain degree of accuracy. analysis. The quality basis of the UNFCC guideline is not satisfied. This activity is confronted by limited budgets and human resources for data collection and On the other hand, incidents of vessel such as cargo vessels and chemical tanker/vessels collision have occurred in Philippines. As a result, oil or HNS (Hazardous and Noxious Substances) are spilled, attracting serious concerns on marine environment. To avoid these incidents and to protect marine environment, the introduction of VTMS (Vessel Traffic Management System) and MET (Maritime Education and Training) programs should be introduced. Finally, in the aviation sector, both air passenger and cargo traffic have increased rapidly. In order to correspond to this upward trend, existing airports in Philippines have been upgraded or refurbished. The increase of aircraft movement however, is causing environmental issues such as climate change, air pollution, noise pollution, etc. For example, the Ninoy Aquino 32
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector International Airport which is located near residential areas has resulted to noise pollutions among the residents around the airport. To avoid and reduce these environmental issues, the implementation of a comprehensive mitigation measures, including new navigation system, the introduction of aircraft technologies, the promotion of eco -airport, etc. should be seriously pursued. The details of issues and necessary actions for each sub -sector are described in the following sections.
33
Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector The succeeding presentations highlight the actions pursued to address the identified issues in the transport sector that breed serious environmental problems. improvement measures. The presentation is by sector such as: road, rail, maritime and aviation with their corresponding specific
3.4.2 Road transport

Major Issues Increasing number of motor vehicles and ridership, that lead to higher emissions Relatively high percentage, 38%, of total GHG emissions comes from transport sector More than 90% of total air pollutant emissions (VOC, CO, NOx) in Metro Manila are emitted by mobile sources Roads are the dominant means for mobility. Very high share by road passenger trips (98.14%) and low share by railways (0.15%), that are causes of higher emission in transport sector Travel in Metro Manila is characterized by high levels of congestion, slow travel speeds, long journey times and limited road capacity. (El-Hifnawi and Jenkins, 2002) 30 percent of trips are less than 2 kilometers in length and these trips are thought to be contributing to a large amount of the congestion that leads to higher emissions. (MMUTIS , 1996) Utility vehicles (jeepneys) are the major source of GHG (37% of the transport total), PM and CO Around 40% of person trips in Metro Manila is done by jeepneys, most of these have very old type diesel engines Since jeepney has no sets of standard, there are many issues concerning the safety, comfort and emissions. (Bacero and Vergel, 2010) Jeepney use second-hand engines, these are usually old, inefficient, consume more fuel and high emitters (Kirby, et al., 1986). In 2007, based on the study conducted by UPNCTSFI, only 31 % of the 212 in-use public utility jeepneys tested passed the emission standard set by Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). (Bacero and Vergel, 2010) Motorcycles and tricycles are major contributors for VOC Emission control, I/M Electrification Modal shift to more efficient means of transportation, standards, emission control, I/M, electric vehicle, TDM etc. Issuance of standards for Customized Local Road Vehicle(CLRV) Modal shift to railway or more efficient means of transportation, TDM Necessary Actions I/M, standards, emission control, low emission vehicles, modal shift to public transportation, TDM, cleaner fuel, biofuel, etc.
34

Conversion of two-stroke to four-stroke Introduce electric tricycle Motor vehicle inspection does not focus in operational performance and addressing pollution (Diaz, 2001 Environmental Policy and Road Transportation in the Philippines ) I/M
There are a total of 1.38 million motor vehicles registered in Metro Manila; 66.3 percent of these vehicles are gas-fed while 33.7 are diesel-fed. High proportion of unpaved road, only 21% of the entire road network paved, that leads to much travel time and fuel consumptions
Alternative fuel such as CNG, biofuel and electric vehicles
Increase paved road to save the travel time and fuel consumption, emissions
3.4.3 Rail transport

Major Issues The railway subsector plays a very small role in the inter - and intra-urban transport of passengers. Its share in freight transport is even more negligible. Insufficient network of urban railways and lack of capacity result in limited role in railways. Connections with buses or other mode of transportations are not sufficient enough to increase the ridership of the railways (PNR). Necessary Actions Extension and new development of LRT and MRT Enhancement of existing railway services
3.4.4 Maritime transport

Major Issues Lack of capability to enforce maritime safety regulations, pollution prevention. (Garcia, 2005) The importance of maritime education and training (MET) can not be understated. Around 80 to 90 percent of maritime accidents are ascribed to human error. (Baylon et al., 2012) The countrys ageing inter -island fleet consists of secondhand vessels imported mostly from Japan. Importation of Necessary Actions Emission control, standards, regulation Upgrade of maritime schools curricular. Upgrade vessels and study end-of-life scrapping system
secondhand vessels is a practice that has contributed to the countrys poor maritime safety record. (Garcia, 2005) Harbor Center only handles non-containerized cargoes. Batangas and Subic handle very low TEU volumes. The present Rationalize container terminal utilization to decongest
35

NCR port usage has created traffic problems, adding to the extreme congestion of Metro Manila, and a contributor to passenger and cargo traffic as well as industrial concentration in the capital. (Arangkada Philippines, 2010) Oil spillage from ships Introduce vessel traffic management system and maritime education and training programme. Limited emission inventory Manila
3.4.5 Air transport

Major Issues Current navigation cannot sufficiently allow efficient use of airspace (route placement, fuel efficiency, noise abatement) . (CAAP, 2011) Airport terminal use much electricity for lighting, monito rs of check-in counters, etc. A population of 43,300 is exposed to noise levels from 70 to 75dBA (LDN) and 161,300 from 65 to 70 dBA (LDN) due to the noise produced by aircrafts operating at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. (Ernesto B. et al., 2011) Airport infrastructure, Aircraft technology, Environmental Monitoring At the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Runway1330 utilization is not allowed from 6PM to 5AM Issuance of noise standard and regulation for air services related noise pollution Aircraft emissions produce air contaminants such as NOx, HC and fine particulate matter (PM), which in turn can involve broader environmental issues related to ground level ozone (O3), acid rain and climate change, and present potential risks relating to public health and the environment. (Popescu et al., 2011) is still limited Waste water All new airports are required to put up sewerage treatment plant Ground power utilization Push/pull aircraft parking is employed Aircraft technology, Environmental Monitoring, Inventory Tropicalized airports Necessary Actions Airport infrastructure
36
Chapter 4 Visions
Chapter 4
Visions
4.1
Visions
Paradigm Shift: PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH SUSTAINABLE PASSENGER AND GOODS MOVEMENTS PROPELLED BY CLEAN ENERGY
4.2
Goals
The followings are indicators and targets of characterizing vision for low-carbon and low-pollution transport systems.(Dr. R. Regidor, UP-NCTS,2009) 4.2.1. Air Pollution Improvements Actions PM10 reduction by 30% in 2011(DENR vows 30% cleaner air by 2011 -Metro, The Philippine Start August 25 2010) Reduction in PM10 by around 12 to 16 tons per day due to MVIS and operation of 4 stroke by tricycles Reduction in PM10 by around 11 tons per day due to Urban Rail Expansion 4.2.2. Green House Gases (GHG) Emission Mitigation 10% reduction in VKT of CO 2 by Public transport route rationalization (2015) 30% reduction in VKT of CO 2 through Demand Management Measure and improving public transportation (2015) 20% reduction in VKT of CO 2 through better freight and logistics management (2015) Waste water and solid waste management at air and mari ne terminals Rationalization of power utilization at air and marine terminals
4.2.3 Update of Noise Pollution Standard and Regulations Issuance of DENR Administrative Order mandating the enforcement of u pdated standards and regulations of noise pollution from the transport sector
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs
Chapter 5
Future Plans and Programs

Several actions are either on their
The NIP identified long term programs and projects.
developmental stages or are proposed to be implemented or completed beyond 2016. These proposals either require intensive capitalization or the technology is still under research and development (R&D) stages. These proposals are presented in this chapter to alert the authorities of the future actions required. The presentation is by sector, like the previous tables.
5.1
Road
5.1.1 Outline of the Actions

Pillar of measures Outline - Establishment of Motor Vehicle Inspection System - Improvement of vehicle inspection and maintenance syst em 1. Emission control, Standards, I/M - Regulation of secondhand vehicle - Introduction of Jeepney standard - Introduction of new or revised emission standards e.g. Euro4, fuel economy, noise - Operation of fuel efficient vehicles - Operation of vehicles using alternative fuel 2. Vehicle Technology - Conversion of tricycles to electric tricycles - Operation of CNG, electric and hybrid buses - Operation of Bus Rapid Transit(BRT) - Promotion of MRT, LRT, BRT 3. Public Transportation - Enhance ferry services - Multi modal service in nautical highways - Development of PNR commuter and inter-regional services - Truck Ban on certain periods of the day - Introduction of pedestrian only streets 4. Travel demand management - Promotion of staggered work and school hours - Development of sub-urban cities - Vehicle ownership policy - Promotion of Bikeway and installation of bike lanes 5. NMT - Promotion of vehicle traffic utilization reduction campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week
38

- Improvement of freight transportation complex, truck terminals 6. Freight and logistics and physical distribution centers - Alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.) in the national 7 Cleaner fuel development plan - Alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.) in the national 8. Biofuel development plan 9. Behavioral changes 10. Environmental monitoring PM - Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. vehicle 11. Inventory emission factors, registrations - Expansion/completion of missing road network ring road, bypass) and bridges - Restoration of signalized (vehicle actuated traffic signal 12. Infrastructures system) intersections in Metro Manila - Grade separation at main interchanges - Establishment of integrated and multi-modal terminals - Operationalization of People Survival Fund (PSP) for climate 13. Institutional/Legislative measures change adaptation - Operationalization of laws that legislate tax subsidies for electric vehicle development manufacturing and importation - Promotion of ecosafe-driving - Introduction of environmental monitoring systems e.g. noise,
5.1.2 Details of the Actions (Planned/proposed)
1) Emission control, Standards, I/M

Title of action (Implementing Agency) Project cost Implemen tation schedule GHG Contribution to environmental matters Air pollut ants Noise Waste water Solid waste
Description/Status
Development of National Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program (DOTC/LTO) Motor Vehicle Type Approval System Test covering emission test proposed in 2012 (DOTC) Philippines Harmonization of Vehicle Standard and Classification for submission to ASEAN (DOTC)
TBD Installation of Type Approval System Center to cover emission, tire, and glass
2012 -2015
39

Philippines version of the ASEAN Agreement on Mutual Recognition of the Vehicle Type Approval System Arrangement for submission to ASEAN (DOTC) Intensify advocacy for conduct of Preventive Maintenance of vehicles Allow fleet operators, bus corporations and transport cooperatives self emission test upon presentation of acceptable maintenance plan/actions Submission of annual maintenance activities to support application for extension of validity of franchise (authority) Issue Guidelines Requiring Commercial Vehicles (Public transport) to submit Maintenance program to support franchise (authority) applications Improve Private Emission Testing Centers operation by introducing ICT in test result transmission Empower local government units in anti smoke belching campaigns Develop fuel efficiency standards for PT vehicles/fuel efficiency ratings for private modes (for PT to aid in LTFRB fare setting) Develop vehicle scrappage program Encourage enactment of local ordinances to impose fees and set aside collection as a local clean air fund Encourage creation of LGU ASBUs with training
2) Vehicle Technology
Description/Status
Promotion of fuel efficient passenger cars and light commercial vehicles Development of Standards of Customize Local Road Vehicle
X X
X X X
40
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 3) Public Transportation

Description/Status
Urban Transport Program for Highly Urbanized Cities: Bus Rapid Transit System (DOTC) Metro Manila BRT system feasibility study will start 2012 Revisit Route EDSA Organized Bus System Along
TBD
2012 -2016
X
USD 802,000. TBD
X X
Not yet
Operation of CNG, electric vehicle and alternative fuelled public transport services
4) Travel demand management

Description/Status
Implement Unified Vehicle Volume Reduction Program Introduction of bike lanes Introduction of more toll roads Increase utilization of electronic payment system (EPS)
X X X X
X X X X X
5) NMT
Description/Status
Introduction of bikeways Restoration of pedestrian sidewalks Introduction of pedestrian haven and covered walkways
x x x
x x x
x x x
41
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 6) Freight and logistics

Description/Status
Rationalization logistics providers/operation
of Issue regulations vehicle franchising registration
on and
7) Cleaner fuel
Description/Status
Provision of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for producers and users of cleaner fuels (National: DOE) Incentives for assemblers of cleaner fuel vehicle; incentives for clean fuel conversion/retrofit companies) (National: DOE, BOI, DOF) Negotiate for sources of natural gas supply (e.g. Malampaya or imported) (National: DOE, BOI, DOF) Develop standards for LPG conversion of tricycles (National: DOE, BOI, DOF) Conduct of FS for additional CNG refueling stations (National: DOE, DOTC) Encourage investors for LNG terminals and pipeline distribution system (National: DOE, DOTC) Promote operation of vehicles using alternative fuels Study feasibility of Fuel Tax Study on appropriate fuels for motorcycle/tricycles (e.g. conversion of 2-stroke to LPG) (National: DOE, DOTC)
X X
X X
42
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 8) Biofuel

Description/Status
Harmonization of biofuel blends with Euro 4 standards (National: DOE, DOTC) Suitability of E10 to carbureted vehicles (National: DOE, DOTC)
9) Behavioral changes
Description/Status
Promotion of Ecosafe-driving Promotion to stop idling at intersections Full implementation of People Survival Fund (PSF)
X X
X X
10) Environmental monitoring

Description/Status
Purchase of noise level meters (National: DOTC/LTO. Local: LGU ASBU) Installation of additional Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network and modernization of test equipment (National: EMB. Local: LGUs of HUCs) Dissemination of template of ordinance (samples, ex. QC) (National: EMB, HLURB, DOTC. Local: LGU)
43
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 11) Inventory

Description/Status
Establish baseline data for other criteria pollutants; determine contribution of transport to emissions (inventory) emission factor development and AAQ modeling; source apportionment/ speciation (EMB)
44
5.2
Railway

Pillar of measures Outline - Urban railway network expansion * Completion of south and west Extensions * Completion of MRT7 and North Rail * Metro Cebu LRT system * Feasibility Studies of Central Visayas and Mindanao Rail 1. Rail infrastructure systems * Rehabilitation of PNR South and PNR commuter service - Railway capacity expansion * Common Ticketing System for all Rail lines in Metro Manila - Improvement of transport nodes - Introduction of experiences and knowledge to estimate the 2. Inventory emissions 3. Environmental Monitoring - Introduction of environmental monitoring systems
5.2.2 Details of the Actions 1) Rail infrastructure

Description/Status
Privatization of Northrail Operation and Management (DOTC) Main Line South Upgrading/ Modernization (DOTC/PNR) Mindanao System (DOTC) Railway
TBD
2012 -2015 2012 -2015 2012 -2016
TBD
X X
X X
TBD
Introduction of regenerative brake and power inverters in the trains to reduce power consumption Unified Ticketing System
45
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 2) Inventory

Title of action (Implementing Agency) Introduction experiences knowledge to the emissions of and estimate Description/Status Project cost Contribution to environmental matters Implemen Air tation Waste Solid GHG pollut Noise schedule water waste ants
3) Environmental Monitoring
Title of action (Implementing Agency) Description/Status Project cost Contribution to environmental matters Implemen Air tation Waste Solid GHG pollut Noise schedule water waste ants
Introduction of environmental monitoring systems
46
5.3
Maritime

Pillar of measures 1. Emission control, standards, - Promotion of fuel switch (low sulfur) regulation - Regulation of secondhand vessel/ferry - Improvement of cargo handling system at port 2. Port infrastructure - Promotion of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) - Improvement of port facilities - Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. 3. Inventory emission factors 4. Decongestion of the Manila - Development of programs for optimum utilization of container International Terminal 5. To introduce Design Energy Index -Promote power efficiency Container terminals as Batangas and Subic Ports. Outline - Introduction of emission standards
Efficiency (EEDI)
5.3.2 Details of the Actions
1) Emission control, standards, regulation

Description/Status
Introduction of emission Introduction of newly standards emission standards Regulation of Regulation of secondhand vessel/ferry secondhand vessel/ferry Promotion of fuel switch (low sulfur)
X X
X X X
47
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 2) Port infrastructure

Title of action (Implementing Agency) Development of New Cebu Port (CPA) Maritime Aids to Navigation Program (DOTC/PCG) Solid Waste Management System (SWMS) (PPA) Shore Reception Facility (SRF) (PPA) Description/Status Project cost Contribution to environmental matters Implemen Air tation Waste Solid GHG pollut Noise schedule water waste ants
X X
X X X
3) Inventory
Description/Status
Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. emission factors
48
5.4
Aviation

Pillar of measures 1. Airport infrastructure - Promotion of eco-airport 2. Aircraft technology 3. Environmental Monitoring 4. Inventory emission factors - Introduction of noise reduction technologies - Introduction of air quality monitoring at airport - Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. Outline - Improvement of air traffic control system (New CNS/ATM)
5.4.2 Details of the Actions 1) Airport infrastructure

Title of action (Implementing Agency) Project cost Implement ation schedule GHG Contribution to environmental matters Air pollu tants Noise Waste water Solid waste
Description/Status
Mactan-Cebu International Airport Development Project (MCIAA) Privatization of NAIA and DMIA Development (DOTC/MIAA/CIAC) Balabac Airport Development Project (DOTC) Introduction of alternative fuel or shift to electric, for ramp vehicles Introduction of movable type (power supply car) GPU. Improvement of air traffic control system (New CNS/ATM) (CAAP) Use of energy saving lights for buildings Adoption of "Green Architecture Design" in the conceptual design Use of automatic switch for restrooms Optimize lights use of room
TBD
2012 -2015 2012 -2015 2012 -2014
TBD
X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X
TBD
Full implementation of Ground Water Sewage System
49
Chapter 5 Future Plans and Programs 2) Aircraft technology

Title of action (Implementing Agency) Project cost Implement ation schedule GHG Contribution to environmental matters Air polluta nts Noise Waste water Solid waste
Description/Status
Introduction of noise reduction technologies
3) Environmental Monitoring
Title of action (Implementing Agency) Project cost Implement ation schedule GHG Contribution to environmental matters Air polluta nts Noise Waste water Solid waste
Description/Status
Introduction of air quality monitoring at airport
4) Inventory
Title of action (Implementing Agency) Project cost Implement ation schedule GHG Contribution to environmental matters Air pollu tants Noise Waste water Solid waste
Description/Status
Development of local data in estimating emissions, e.g. emission factors
50
Chapter 7 Way Forward
Chapter 6
Implementation Plan
6.1
Implementation bodies
The main organizations who will implement the NIP are DOTC, DENR, DOE, DTI and MMDA/LGU. The table below shows the organizations related to the implementation of the NIP. In the Philippines, tricycle operations and local traffic management systems are implemented and managed by Local Government Units (LGUs). identified in the NIP. Presently, to optimize financial resources Public Private Partnership (PPP) in transport investment is promoted aggressively. Further, there are private sectors Hence, like LGU the private that implement mitigation and adaptation measures. Hence, LGUs are listed with relative organizations that will enforce and monitor some proposals
sectors are identified as possible implementors and may monitor the effectiveness and results of the environmental preservation programs and projects implemented in the country. Table 10 Relative Organizations
Regulation Entity Policy Economic Road Transport (Infrastructure) DPWH TRB PNCC LGUs PEA MMDA Coastal Road Corp. Private Transport Service DOTC LTFRB LTO OTC Private IMBOA, FEJODAP, FTODAP, etc. Traffic Management X x X X X X X Vehicle registration and enforce traffic code For transport cooperatives only Common carriers Transport industry associations X x X x X X X X X X X X X X X Regulate toll roads Original franchisee of NLE and SLE O&M of city roads SOE that served as joint venture partner in R-1 Expressway Reviews proposed investments in its role under a Regional Dev't. Council Project company for the R-2 Expressway Consulting & construction firms Technical Operation /Other Functions Remarks
51

Also serves as land use & transportation coordinating body for Metro Manila
MMDA LGU
x x
X X
X X
X X
Rail Transport (Infrastructure and services) DOTC PNR LRTA MRTC Private X x x x X X X X X X X X X Operates LRT3 formulation planning and policy
O&M for suburban rail O&M for LRT1 and 2 Operate The MRT3 Consulting & construction firms
6.2
Check and evaluations
6.2.1 Implementing Bodies For transport related issues the DOTC will conduct yearly monitoring and adjust whenever necessary the implementation of the pillar of measures of the NIP. Pollution Emission Monitoring will be done by the Department of Environment and National Resources. Fuel quality monitoring will be implemented by the Department of Energy.
Implement Stage
DOTC DPWH MMDA/ LGU
Transport Service
Rail Transport
Infrastructure
Traffic Management
Monitoring Stage
DOTC DENR DOE
Transport related issues
Pollution emission
Fuel quality
Monitoring Report
Figure 14 Implementing Bodies
6.2.2 Check and Evaluation System on Vision The DOTC being the prime agency that finalized the National Implementation Plan (NIP), in coordination with concerned agencies and stakeholder groups, shall operate a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to track the implementation 52
Chapter 7 Way Forward progress of the provisions of the NIP. The NIP is presented and is expected to form part of and the National Climate Change Action Plan of the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change. 6.2.3 Check and Evaluation System on Environmental Actions As per Rule VIII, Sec.1 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Climate Change Act of 2009, the provisions of this Framework and its National Climate Change Action Plan, review is every three (3) years using a participatory evaluation process. However, the first major evaluation period of the Philippine NIP will be done in 2016.
Figure 15 Check / Evaluation system
6.2.4 Tool Kits potentially useful to the evaluation of the Philippines NIP
53
Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9
Step 1: Evaluate the existing transport system Step 2: Develop the BAU scenario Step 3: Assessing Opportunities
Chapter 10 Step 4: Develop Alternative Scenarios Chapter 11 Step 5: Prioritize and Plan Chapter 12 Step 6: Implement and monitor
54
Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET)
55
Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim)
56
Chapter 7 Way Forward Other Models
Sources: 1.Mr. Caley Johnson Sustainable Fuels & Vehicle Group Deployment & Industry Partnership Division 2. Vehicle Cost Calculator. Compares the lifecycle costs and emissions of a vehicle over its 15 year life. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/calc/. Witt Sparks 3. Petroleum and Emission Reduction Planning (PREP) Tool. Helps fleets set petroleum reduction goals and determine what it will take to achieve them. https://prep.cttstest-new.nrel.gov/afdc/prep/. Witt Sparks 4. Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) 57
Chapter 7 Way Forward Model by Argonne National Laboratory. http://greet.es.anl.gov/. This has many fuels, pathways, and vehicle scenarios to model. Andy Burnham (Argonne). 5. Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim). Has the capability to take drive cycle data and vehicle characteristics (size, acceleration, coefficient of drag, etc.) and combine them to estimate fuel use. http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/vsa/fastsim.html. Aaron Brooker.

13.1 Web based monitoring System
The Philippine NIP is a compendium of action plans of various government agencies and best approaches implemented by local government units. In order to ensure that the future plans of actions embodied in the NIP are implemented, the DOTC shall head the monitoring of these activities. As proven effective in other projects of the Philippine government, a web base d monitoring program should be developed and shall be the monitoring tool of the NIP. Hereunder presented is the suggested format.
NIP Pillar of Measures Monitoring Report Period: _____________ Program/Project Identified Measures Key Result Area (KRA) Targets
Responsible Timetable Agency/Group
Status
58
13.2
Public Awareness Campaign

The DOTC as participant to the various fora on environmental conservation activities have developed the Philippine NIP as a master list of programs and projects envisioned to address environmental mitigation concerns and will make copies of the NIP available both in hard and electronic copies in these venues and to any interested parties and individuals. To ensure effective public information dissemination of the Philippine NIP an internet portal shall be developed. The portal will include the final version of the One of the inputs will be A window shall be NIP and the status of implementing the actions.
collected from the monitoring system similarly developed. recommendations and issues on the NIP.
provided where any visitor of the portal may register comments, improvements, The said information shall be processed and if meritorious shall be included in the NIP. In addition, during the capacity building projects of the Climate Change Commission of the Philippines, the inter-agency meetings of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development and in several private sector public awareness initiatives, presentation of the NIP coverage and proposals as reflected in the pillar of measures shall be done. Any result of these activities may comprise the second edition of the Philippines NIP.
59
Appendices
Appendices
Existing National Roads by Surface Type, 2009 (km)
Length of National Bridges, 2009
Ridership of Road based Public Transportation
Source: MMUTIS 1996
60
Appendices
Motorized trips by mode and distance in Metro Manila (MMUTIS study area)
Predominant travel mode Car + Utility vehicles Tricycle-motorized Taxi Jeepney Bus Light Rail Transit (LRT) National Railways Total public Total private Grand total Total trips 4,658,760 4,307,129 1,152,654 9,574,501 3,034,977 442,164 7,275 18,518,700 4,658,760 23,177,460 Trips < 2 km 1,057,398 2,425,283 184,361 3,067,772 126,289 8,108 369 5,812,182 1,057,398 6,869,580 Percent of trips < 2 km 22.7 56.3 16.0 32.0 4.2 1.8 5.1 31.4 22.7 29.6
Engines Used in Jeepneys of Metro Manila
Source: E.D.Diaz
Current situation of LRT and MRT in Metro Manila
61
Appendices CY 2010 Cargo Throughput, Container, Passenger & Ship Calls
Source: PPA, 2010
Number of vessels in 2000 Merchant vessels Passenger-cargo vessels

Source: DOTC
4,931 2,297
Nautical Highway a) Western Nautical Highway (also known as Strong Republic Nautical Highway) Oroquieta City -Dapitan City-Dipolog City Road Dipolog -Dumaguete City RORO Dumaguete -Samboan, Cebu RORO Samboan -Barili-Toledo City Road Toledo -San Carlos City RORO San Carlos - Dumaguete Road Dumaguete -Bacolod City Roads - Dumaguete-Bais-Mabinay-Kabankalan-Bacolod route - Dumaguete North Road-San Carlos Coastal-Bacolod North Road Bacolod -Iloilo City RORO Iloilo City -Caticlan (Aklan) Roads - Iloilo City-Passi-Calinog-Ivisan-Kalibo-Nabas-Caticlan Road 62
Appendices - Iloilo East Coast-Capiz Road Caticlan, Aklan -Roxas, Mindoro Oriental RORO Roxas -Calapan, Mindoro Oriental Road Calapan -Batangas City RORO b) Central Nautical Highway Calinan, Davao -Buda, Bukidnon-Misamis Oriental Road Butuan City -Agusan del Norte-Misamis Oriental Road Balingoan, Misamis Oriental -Guinsiliban, Camiguin RORO Guinsiliban -Mambajao Road, Camiguin Mambajao, Camiguin -Jagna, Bohol RORO Jagna -Tubigon Roads, Bohol - Bohol Circumferential Road - [Loay Interior Road] Jagna-Sierra Bullones-Clarin-Tubigon Road Tubigon, Bohol -Cebu City RORO Cebu City -Toledo Road Toledo -San Carlos RORO San Carlos -Dumaguete Road Dumaguete -Samboan RORO Samboan -Cebu City Road Cebu City -San Remigio, Cebu Road San Remigio -Placer, Masbate RORO Placer, Masbate -Aroroy, Masbate Road Aroroy, Masbate -Boca Engano, Masbate RORO Boca Engano, Masb ate-Claveria, Masbate Road Claveria, Masbate -Pantao, Albay RORO Claveria, Masbate -San Pascual, Masbate Road San Pascual, Masbate -Pasacao, Camarines Sur RORO c) Eastern Nautical Highway Davao -Compostela Valley-(Alegria-Santiago, Bayugan-San Francisco-Trento-Monkayo)Agusan-Surigao Road Surigao City -Liloan, Southern Leyte RORO Liloan, Southern Leyte -Naval, Biliran Highway Naval, Biliran -Cataingan, Masbate RORO Cataingan -Aroroy, Masbate Highway
63
Appendices
Aircraft Fleet in Domestic Routes
Sources: PAL, Cebu Pacific, Air Philippines
64
Appendices
Road
Environmental problems
Current situation Current causes Issues
Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance system - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) - Lack of fuel economy target Vehicle Technology - Lack of low emission technologies (CNG, LPG, hybrid, EV, etc.) Public Transportation - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, BRT, Bus, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient bus lane - Inefficient transport nodes Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient parking area - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass) NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week Freight and logistics - Insufficient freight transportation complex Cleaner fuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.) Biofuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.)
Climate Change
Increasing number of vehicles
Increasing GHG emissions in the road transport sector
Increasing volume
traffic
Traffic congestion
High proportion in the total GHG emissions
High vehicles
emission
Inefficient patterns
driving
Insufficient inventory
GHG
Behavioral changes - Lack of eco-driving Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. vehicle emission factors, registrations
65
Appendices Current causes
Road
Current situation Issues
Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance system - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) Insufficient vehicle emission standard Vehicle Technology - Lack of low emission technologies (CNG, LPG, hybrid, EV, etc.) Public Transportation - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, BRT, Bus, etc.) in urban areas Traffic congestion Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient parking area - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass) High emission vehicles NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week Freight and logistics - Insufficient freight transportation complex Inefficient driving patterns Cleaner fuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (CNG, LPG, etc.) Biofuel - Introduction of alternative fuel introduction (Biofuel, etc.) Behavioral changes - Lack of eco-driving Environmental monitoring - Insufficient monitoring stations and equipment Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants emissions, e.g. vehicle emission factors, registrations
Air pollution
Increasing number vehicles Increasing air pollutant emissions in the transport sector
of
Increasing volume
traffic
High proportion in the total air pollutants emissions
Insufficient monitoring Insufficient pollutants emissions inventory air
66
Appendices
Road
Current situation Current causes Issues
Noise Pollution
Increasing number vehicles Increasing noise emissions in the road transport sector Increasing volume
of
traffic
Emission control, standards, I/M - Inappropriate vehicle registrations to road capacity - Insufficient vehicle inspection and maintenance system - Insufficient secondhand vehicles regulations - Introduction of 4-stroke engine - Lack of Jeepney standard (safety, technology standard) - Insufficient noise standard level Vehicle Technology - Lack of low noise emission technologies (EV, Hybrid, etc.)
Traffic congestion Travel demand management - Insufficient TDM - Insufficient road network (ring road, bypass) High emission vehicles NMT - Lack of NMT (Bikeway, etc.) - Lack of traffic campaign e.g. car free day, mobility week Inefficient driving patterns Behavioral changes - Lack of eco-driving
High proportion in the total noise emissions
Insufficient noise pollution level
Environmental Monitoring - Lack of noise monitoring stations and equipment
67
Appendices Current situation
Railway
Climate Change Increasing GHG emissions in the transport sector
Current causes
Issues
Traffic congestion
High emission vehicles Insufficient GHG inventory
Rail infrastructure - Insufficient network of urban railways - Lack of railway capacity (standard gauge, double truck, double-double truck, etc.) - Inefficient transport nodes - Insufficient secondhand locomotive regulations Inventory - Lack of experiences and knowledge to estimate the emissions
Air pollution Traffic congestion Increasing air pollutant emissions in the transport sector High emission vehicles Insufficient pollutants emissions inventory Noise pollution Increasing noise emissions in the transport sector Rail infrastructure - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient network of urban railways - Inefficient transport nodes air Inventory - Lack of experiences and knowledge to estimate the emissions Rail infrastructure - Insufficient public transport system (MRT, LRT, etc.) in urban areas - Insufficient network of urban railways - Inefficient transport nodes - Insufficient secondhand locomotive regulations
Traffic congestion
Insufficient noise pollution level
Environmental Monitoring - Lack of noise monitoring stations and equipment
68
Maritime
Climate Change High GHG emissions at port High emission vessels Insufficient GHG inventory Emission control, standards, regulation - Insufficient secondhand vessel/ferry regulations Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. emission factors
Current causes
Issues
High emission port systems
Port infrastructure - Insufficient cargo handling system at port - Continuous engine operating when moored - Inefficient port facilities
Air pollution High air pollutants emissions at port
High emission vessels
Emission control, standards, regulation - Lack of emission standard - Insufficient fuel switch (low sulfur)
High emission port systems
Port infrastructure - Insufficient cargo handling system at port - Continuous engine operating when moored - Inefficient port facilities Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants emissions, e.g. emission factors
Insufficient pollutants emissions inventory
air
Waste Water Waste water emissions at port
Ballast drainage
water
Emission control, standards, regulation - Improper ballast water treatment
Waste drainage
water
Port infrastructure - Lack of waste water treatment facility
69
Aviation
Current causes Issues
Climate Change High GHG emissions in the aviation transport sector Insufficient GHG inventory High emission airport systems Airport infrastructure - Insufficient energy saving systems e.g. eco -airport
Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating GHG emissions, e.g. emission factors
Air pollution High air pollution around airport Airport infrastructure - Airport situated in urbanized/densely populated areas
High emission airport systems
Environmental monitoring - Lack of air quality monitoring at airport Insufficient pollutants emissions inventory air Inventory - Lack of local data in estimating air pollutants emissions, e.g. emission factors
70
Aviation
Noise pollution Airport infrastructure - Airport situated in urbanized/densely populated areas High emission airport systems
Current causes
Issues
Noise pollution around airport
Aircraft technology - Lack of noise reduction technologies
Waste water Waste pollution airport water around
Disposal of waste water directly to drainage
Airport infrastructure - Insufficient treatment facilities and capacity
Solid waste Solid pollution airport waste around
Improper disposal of garbage waste
Airport infrastructure - Insufficient treatment facilities and capacity
71
References
References
AFD, 2010: AFD Stud y o n Climate Change Issues and Financing Needs in the Philippines, Agence Francaise de Develop ment. Angelica M Baylo n et al., 2012: The Challenges in Philippine Maritime Ed ucation and Training. Arangkada Philippines 2010: A Business Perspective. AusAID, 2008: National Transport Planning and Policy, Report, The Australian Agency for International Develop ment. Bacero and Vergel, 2010: Assess ment of Jeepney in Metro Manila for the Develop ment o f Specifications and Standards, 12th WCTR, July 11 -15, 2010 Lisbon, Portugal. Ballesteros, Marife M., Land Use Planning in Metro Manila and the Urban Fringe, DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2000 -20. Baylon et al. 2012: The Challenges in Philippine Maritime Education and Training. CAAP, 2011: ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC 08 -007. Diaz, 2001: Environmental Policy and Road Transportation in the Philippines, National Center for Transportation Studies. University o f the Philippines. DOE: 2010 Energy Secto r Acco mplishment Report. El-Hifnawi and Jenkins, 2002: Alleviating Traffic Congestion in Manila, Appraisal of the Pasig Expressway. Ernesto B. et al., 2011: The I mpact of Aircraft Noise on Co mmunities in the Vicinity of the Nino y Aq uino Inter national Airport. Fabian and Gota, 2009: CO2 Emissions fro m the Land Transport Sector in the Philippines: Estimates and Policy I mp lications, Proceedings o f the 17th Annual Conference of the Transportation Science Society o f the Philip pines. Francisc Popescu et al., 2011: Direct measurements an numerical simulations issues in airport air quality. Garcia, 2005: Progress in the I mplementation of the Philippine National Marine Policy: Issues and Options. JICA, 1996: Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (MMUTIS). JICA, 2007: Mega Manila Public Transport Study (MMPTS) Final Report. Karl N. Vergel, 2004: A Stud y on Roadside Noise Generated b y Tricycles. Manila Observator y, 2005: Integrated Environmental Strategies Philippines Pr oject Report Metropolitan Manila, Fo cus on the Transport Sector. Michael Garcia, 2005: Progress in the Implementation of the Philippine National Marine Policy: Issues and Optio ns.
72
References
NCTS: Philippine Transp ortation Statistics, National Center for Transportati on Studies, Philippines. NSO, 2012: The Philippines in Figures 2012, National Statistics Office. Popescu et al., 2011: Direct measurements an numerical simulations issues in airport air quality. PPA, 2010: Annual Report 2010, Philippine Ports Authority. Ruperto Alonzo, 2007: THE ROAD-RORO TERMINAL SYSTEM: Bicol Mainland-Masbate-Cebu Connection. USAID, 2007: Philippines Countr y Report, the United States Agency for International Develop ment. World Bank, 2009: A Str ategic Approach to Climate Change in the Phil ippines: An Assessment of Lo w-Carbon Interventions in the Transport and Po wer Sectors.
Please send your comments to Mr. Arnel Manresa, DOTC Chief Road Transport Planning Division at manresaarnel@yahoo.com
73

Nip

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Nip

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Philippines National Implementation Plan (NIP) on Environment Improvement in the Transport Sector Low Pollution-Low Emission

Chapter 2 Country Profile ............................................................................................... 3

Environmental Situations .................................................................................... 15

Issues with respect to Transport and Environment ............................................. 31

Chapter 4 Visions ......................................................................................................... 37

4.1 4.2 5.1

6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 7.1 7.2

Appendices .................................................................................................................... 60 References ..................................................................................................................... 72

Acronyms and Abbreviations

UNITS AND MEASURES C g/m km km $

Objectives of National Implementation Plan

Policy Context of NIP in the Philippines

Figure 1: Relationship among different programs related to NIP in the Philippines

Chapter 2 Country Profile

Figure 2 Map of the Philippines

Area (ha) 9,728,800 19,062,600 131,400 8,700 595,700 1,100 29,528,300

Percentage 32.95 64.56 0.44 0.029 2.02 0.004 100.00

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Current Status of the Transport Sector

Figure 3 Number of registered vehicles by type of vehicles in the Philippines

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Figure 5 Railway network in Metro Manila

June to December 2011; **

January to May 2010

Figure 6 PNR Commuter Express Service

Figure 7 Philippine Nautical Highway (RORO Routes)

Figure 8 Philippine Airport System

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Figure 9 Transport GHG emissions by subsector

Figure 10 GHG Emissions from Road Transport by Vehicle Type in 2007

Long Term Averaging Micro-g /Nm

Averaging ppm Time 1 year 1 year 0.03 1 year

Time 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours 24 hours

24 hours 24 hours 1 hour 8 hours 1 hour 8 hours 3 months 1.0 1 year

Source: National Air Quality Status Report (2005-2007), DENR

Figure 11 National ambient TSP trend, 2003-2007

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry (AFF), 1.4% Transport, 36.8%

Domestic Air Transport, 2.6% Water Transport, 7.8%

International Civil Aviation, 11%

Road Transport, 78.6%

Total Consumption: 24.5 MTOE

Total Consumption: 9.0 MTOE

2010 Energy Demand by Sector

2010 Transport Energy Consumption

Figure 13 Energy demand by sector

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector Table 9

Summary of Maritime Accidents in the Philippines (1995 -2006)

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

On-going Environmental Actions in the Transport Sector (Completed and On-going)

Chapter 3 Current Status and Issues in the Transport Sector

1. Emission control, Standards, I/M

Anti Smoke Campaign

Nationwide but main focus in Metro Manila

Promote operation stroke tricycles

Reduce pollution tricycles/motorcycles

Promotion of electric vehicle, such as electric Jeepney, motorcycle

DOTC-DOE, Local government Units with assistance from World Bank

Mitigate pollution from motor vehicles