Two Way ANOVA

Univariate GLM
Univariate GLM is the general linear model now often used to implement such long-established statistical procedures as regression and members of the ANOVA family. It is "general" in the sense that one may implement both regression and ANOVA models. One may also have fixed factors, random factors, and covariates as predictors. In all GLM models, the dependent(s) is/are continuous. The independents may be categorical factors (including both numeric and string types) or quantitative covariates. Data are assumed to come from a random sample for purposes of significance testing. The variance(s) of the dependent variable(s) is/are assumed to be the same for each cell formed by categories of the factor(s) (this is the homogeneity of variances assumption).

ANOVA & GLM

Univariate GLM is used primarily to run analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models. Multivariate GLM is used primarily to run multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) models. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to uncover the main and interaction effects of categorical independent variables (called "factors") on an interval dependent variable. A "main effect" is the direct effect of an independent variable on the dependent variable. An "interaction effect" is the joint effect of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable.

The key statistic in ANOVA is the F-test of difference of group means, testing if the means of the groups formed by values of the independent variable are different enough not to have occurred by chance

 If the group means do not differ significantly then it is inferred that the independent variable(s) did not have an effect on the dependent variable. If the F test shows that overall the independent variable(s) is (are) related to the dependent variable, then multiple comparison tests of significance are used to explore just which values of the independent (s) have the most to do with the relationship. Analysis of variance tests the null hypotheses that group means do not differ. It is not a test of differences in variances, but rather assumes relative homogeneity of variances. Thus a key ANOVA assumption is that the groups formed by the independent variable(s) have similar variances on the dependent variable ("homogeneity of variances"). Levene's test is standard for testing homogeneity of variances.

ANOVA Assumption
1) ANOVA assumes an interval-level dependent. 2) Homogeneity of variances. The dependent variable should have the same variance in each category of the independent variable. When there is more than one independent, there must be homogeneity of variances in the cells formed by the independent categorical variables.
Violation of the homogeneity of variances assumption will increase type I

errors in the F test (wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis).

The more unequal the sample sizes in the cells, the more likely violation of the

homogeneity assumption. Levene's test of homogeneity of variance is computed by SPSS to test the ANOVA assumption that each group (category) of the independent)(s) has the same variance. If the Levene statistic is significant at the .05 level or better, the researcher rejects the null hypothesis that the groups have equal variances.

Cont.
Note, however, that failure to meet the assumption of homogeneity of variances is not fatal to ANOVA, which is relatively robust, particularly when groups are of equal sample size. 3) Multivariate normality. For purposes of significance testing, variables should follow multivariate normal distributions. The dependent variable should be normally distributed in each category of the independent variable(s). 4) Orthogonal error. Error terms are uncorrelated (best assured through randomization of subjects). Error terms should be random, independent, and normally distributed around a zero mean. Error patterns than differ by group are not random.

Two Way ANOVA

Two-way ANOVA analyzes one interval dependent in terms of the categories (groups) formed by two independents, one of which may be conceived as a control variable. Two-way ANOVA tests whether the groups formed by the categories of the independent variables have similar MEANS. Two-way ANOVA is less sensitive than one-way ANOVA to moderate violations of the assumption of homogeneity of variances across the groups.

Syntax
UNIANOVA Score BY Situation Competence / EMMEANS TABLES(Competence*Situation) COMPARE(Competence) Since a normal score (z-score or Nvalue) gives the expected number of standard deviations away from the mean that a data value should fall if it were normal, we compute the expected observed values by determining what value is the z-score number of standard deviations from the mean (x = + z)

In the Variable View -----Indicate the Values for Situation and Competence

Go to Data View--------------Go to Transform-----------Rank Cases------

Rank Cases------ Put Variables and By --------Click Rank Types- Select Normal Scores- Cont.-----

Go to Data------------------------Aggregate

Select Function to Identify the Statistics of Interest like Standard Deviation, Mean etc---Click C ------- Click OK

Go to Transform -------------Compute Variable

Type in Target Variable ExpNormal---------Enter the formula in Numeric Expression---Click

In Scatter Plot click Simple Scatterplot------------Define the Axis/ variable---------Click title Write title -----------Click Continue and OK

Double Click on Q-Q Plot----------Click Options-----------Select Reference Line from Equation---------- In Custom Equation type y= x-----apply and close

Click Graphs-------------Legacy--------Interactive-------Boxplot

Boxplot

TWO WAY ANOVA

Fill Dependent Variable box+ Fixed Factors Box-----Click Plots-------Fill Horizontal Axis and Separate lines----------Click Add

Click Add and Get the Interaction Term---------------Click Continue

Click Post Hoc--------Do Post Hoc for Competence ---Select Tukey-------Click Continue

Click Options ---------Select all the Factors and Factor Interactions and Place in Display Means ------------Select Descriptive, Homogeneity Test and Estimate of Effect Size------Continue------Clic

SYNTAX

Write the Syntax-----------Select the Syntax--------------Run