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Chapter 2 Cell as a Unit of Life

2.1 What is Cell?

All living things are made up of cells. Cells have different shapes & sizes and only be seen by using microscope. A cell is the basic unit of life. Every cell is made up of
Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane

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What is microscope?

What is microscope?

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Steps to use a microscope

a) Use both hands when carrying a microscope. b) Always keep the stage and other parts of the microscope dry and clean. c) Always clean the lenses with tissue paper only to avoid scratching them. d) Always viewing a specimen with the low objective lens first. Then change to the medium or high power lens if necessary. e) Use the fine adjustment knob for focusing when viewing with the medium or high power objective lens. f) Always cover the specimen on the slide with a cover slip. g) Use both eyes to view specimens.
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Cell
Every cell is made up of
a) Nucleus Is a spherical structure in the cell Controls all the activities of the cell Contains genes which decide on inherited characteristics Is a jelly-like fluid in a cell About 70% is water and other 30% are protein, starch, mineral salts, vitamins and others Many chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm Is a thin semi-permeable layer around a cell Protects the cell and separates a cell from other cells Controls substances (water, gases and others) entering and leaving the cell
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b) Cytoplasm

protoplasm

c)

Cell membrane

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Cell
Structures only found in plant cell
a) Cell wall Protects the cell Maintains the shape of the cell Is made up of cellulose Is non-living Are tiny green bodies Make and contain chlorophyll green pigment Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight which is required by green plants to make food during photosynthesis Contain cell sap Cell sap contains dissolved sugar and mineral salts Found in mature cells

b) Chloroplasts

c)

Vacuoles

Similarities between an animal cell and a plant cell

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Basic units of life in animals and plants Made of protoplasm Has a nucleus Has cytoplasm Has a cell membrane Carries out chemical processes such as respiration

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Differences between an animal cell and a plant cell

Animal Cell Smaller Not fixed Does not have a cell wall Does not have chloroplast Does not have vacuoles. But only found in the lower animals (unicellular organisms) Contains granules (glycogen) Cell Size Shape Cell wall Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell Bigger Fixed Has a cellulose cell wall Has chloroplast which make chlorophyll Has large vacuoles usually in mature cell

Food storage

Contains starch granules

2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Unicellular Organisms An organism which is made up of only one cell Have a body size that is very small, cannot be seen with the unaided eye and only be seen through the microscope Live in water (ponds, lakes, rivers and sea) and wet or moist places (tree trunks and in the soil) Carry out all the life processes that large organisms do such as respiration, feeding, excretion, movement, growth, reproduction and response to stimuli.
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Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular Animals Unicellular Plants

Chlamydomonas

Euglena

Paramecium

Yeast

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2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Multicellular Organisms An organism which is made up of many cells Have different type of cells. Each type of cells serve a different function. Some multicellular organisms are very complex (human being, birds, fish, flowering plants, etc) Some multicellular organisms are simple(hydra, spirogya, etc)

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Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular Animals Multicellular Plants

Mucor Hydra Spirogyra green colour because it has chlorophyll

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2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body

Cells Tissues

Organs

Systems

Organism

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Cells
Human body is made up of various type of cells with different shapes, size and structures. Each type of cells carried out a particular function. Sample type of cells found in human body:-

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Type of Cells a) b) c) d) Muscle cells Bone cells Nerve cells Epithelial cells

Functions Contract and relax to provide movements of different parts of body Support and protect certain organs in body Receive stimuli and send nerve impulses to all parts of the body Form a layer to protect the cells below & control the exchange of substances among parts of the body and betweens the body & surroundings Transport oxygen to all parts of body (no nucleus) Destroy microorganisms & protect body from being attacked by microorganisms Male reproductive cells Female reproductive cells
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e) f)

Red blood cells White blood cells

g) h)

Sperms Ovum

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Tissues
A group of similar cells performing the same work or function Sample type of tissues found in human body:-

Nerve tissues Muscle tissues

Epithelial tissues

Connective tissues

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Organs
A group of different tissues which carry out a specific function Each type of tissue in an organs helps the organ to perform its function. An organ is a specialized structure. Sample type of organs found in human body:-

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Systems
Consists of group of different organs working together to perform a particular function. Main functions of the different systems found in human body:a) Skeletal system support body & protect internal organs b) Muscular system bring about movement of body c) Digestive system breakdown food into simple substances so can be absorbed and used by body d) Blood circulatory system transport food, oxygen, waste products, hormones and others in body e) Nervous system to receive stimuli, transmit impulses & coordinate all activities in body f) Respiratory system absorb and transport oxygen to body & remove CO2 from body g) Excretory system get rid of excess water and other unwanted dissolved such as urine from body h) Reproductive system produce reproductive cells and form new individuals 19

Skeletal system

Muscular system
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Digestive system

Blood circulatory system

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Nervous system

Respiratory system
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Excretory system

Reproductive system
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