PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND INTERPERSONAL PROBLEMS

Mozumdar Arifa Ahmed Counseling Unit, Teaching Learning Center

BRAC University, 66 Mohakhali C/A

Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to explore the relation of parental attachment with interpersonal problems. It was also investigated the gender differences on interpersonal problems. A total of 100 individuals (male =50, female=50) were selected by incidental sampling technique from Dhaka city. The measuring instruments used in this study were: (1) Demographic and Personal Information Questionnaire; (2) Bangla version (by the present researcher, 2009) of Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) (Ronald P. Rohner, 1971) for measuring parental attachment; (3) Bangla version (by the present researcher, 2009) of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) (Alden, Wiggins, Pincus & Horowitz, 2000) for measuring different types of interpersonal problems. According to the objective of the present study the obtain data were analyzed using T-test and Pearson product moment correlation. Correlation analysis indicated that parental attachment had significant negative correlation with interpersonal problems and Ttest showed that there is no significant difference between male and female on interpersonal problems. Key words: Parenting, parenting relationship, interpersonal problems style, parental attachment, interpersonal

I. INTRODUCTION

The role of the family in raising the children is one of the most important roles. It is the first factor that influences the behavior of the children in their early childhood. The family socializes the child, guiding the child to be members of the society beyond the family. The family conveys religious and cultural beliefs and traditions to the next generation. The family is considered to encourage "intimacy, love and trust where individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society from the rough and tumble industrialized world, and as a place where warmth, tenderness and understanding can be expected from a loving mother and protection from the world can be expected from the father. The relationships of the children with their parents create a strong bond through the family which assists to play the major role of the family. This relationship can vary in both quality and quantity. Quality of the parent- child interaction depends largely on the parenting style.

Parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies parents use in raising their children. One of the best known theories of parenting style was developed by Diana Baumrind (1991). In her research she identified four main parenting styles in early child development: 1. 2. 3. 4. Authoritative Parenting Authoritarian Parenting Indulgent Parenting Neglectful Parenting

Four Parenting styles are described below Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive pattern of parenting in which adults set many rules for their children, expect strict obedience, and rely on power rather than reason to elicit compliance. Authoritative parenting is a flexible style of parenting in which adults allow their

Parental Attachment and Interpersonal Problems children autonomy but are careful to explain the restrictions they impose and will ensure that their children follow these guidelines. Permissive parenting is a pattern of parenting in which otherwise accepting adults make few demands of their children and rarely attempt to control their behavior. Uninvolved parenting is a pattern of parenting that is both aloof and overpermissive, almost as if parents cared neither about what they may become. sense of security. Attachment lays the foundations of social, emotional and cognitive development, with repercussions extending into adulthood. Secure attachment has a lifelong effect on growth, development, trust and relationships. If a child is not provided this consistent, loving care, insecure attachments form. Insecure attachments influence the developing brain, which leads to a variety of symptoms. Interactions with others, self-esteem, self-control, learning, and optimum mental and physical health are affected. Insecure attachment contains three different patterns of attachment styles which are avoidant, ambivalent and disorganized attachment. Thus, we see that there are mainly four different styles of attachment. Ethologist John Bowlby (1980, 1988) and Inge Bretherton (1985,1990) have proposed an interesting explanation for both the stability and the enduring effects of early attachment classifications. They believe that as infants continue to interact with parents, they develop internal working models that is, cognitive representations of themselves and other people that are used to interpret events and to form expectations about the character of human relationships.

These four styles of parenting involve combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on the one hand and demand and control on the other (Maccoby & Martin, 1983).

Figure 1. Two major dimensions of parenting Parental responsiveness (also referred to as parental warmth or supportiveness) refers to "the extent to which parents intentionally foster individuality, selfregulation, and self-assertion by being attuned, supportive, and acquiescent to childrens special needs and demands" (Baumrind, 1991). Parental demandingness (also referred to as behavioral control) refers to "the claims parents make on children to become integrated into the family whole, by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and willingness to confront the child who disobeys. Parental attachment is the process by which the parent becomes the secure base from which one can explore the environment and develop a sense of competence and mastery. The central theme of attachment theory is that mothers who are available and responsive to their infant's needs establish a 2

Figure 2. Four perspectives on close emotional relationships that evolve from the positive or negative working models of self and others that people construct from their experiences with intimate companions. (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) Attachment influences the satisfaction and duration of relationships and relationship dynamics. Interpersonal relationships take place in a great variety of contexts, such as family, friends, marriage, acquaintances, work, clubs, neighborhoods. Although humans are fundamentally social creatures, interpersonal relationships are not always healthy.

Parental Attachment and Interpersonal Problems Examples of unhealthy relationships include interpersonal problems. Interpersonal problems are recurrent difficulties in relating to others, and are a common reason why people seek psychotherapy (Horowitz, Rosenberg, & Bartholomew, 1993). The interpersonal circumplex provides a general model for organizing and assessing interpersonal dispositions, including interpersonal problems (Gurtman, 1992). The model maps interpersonal stances onto two dimensions: agency and communion

Figure 3. The Interpersonal Circumplex (with the IIP Scale name for each octant)

(Horowitz, 2004) Figure 3 shows that these two orthogonal dimensions together define an interpersonal circle (Kiesler, 1983) that can be subdivided into eight octants. The eight sectors are Domineering/Controlling indicates difficulties in relinquishing control over others. Vindictive/Self-centered describes problems of hostile dominance and the tendency to fight with others. Cold/Distant refers to low degrees of affection for and connection with others. Socially Inhibited assesses the tendency to feel anxious and avoidant in the presence of others. Nonassertive means problems in taking initiative in relation to others and coping with social challenges. Overly Accommodating indicates an excess of friendly submissiveness. Self-Sacrificing indicates a tendency to affiliate excessively. Intrusive/Needy describes problems with friendly dominance. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Both psychoanalytic theorists (Erikson, 1963; Freud, 1905/1930) and ethologists (Bowlby, 1969) believe that the feelings of warmth, trust and security that infants gain from secure attachments set the stage for healthy psychological development later in life. For example, infants who were securely attached at 12 to 18 months are better problem solvers as 2 years olds (Frankel & Bates, 1990), are more complex and creative in their symbolic play (Pipp, Easterbrooks & Harmon, 1992), display more positive and fewer negative emotions (Kochanska, 2001), and are more attractive to toddlers as playmates (Fagot, 1997; Jacobson& Wille, 1986) than those who are insecurely attached. In fact, infants whose primary attachments are disorganized/ disoriented are at risk of becoming hostile aggressive pre-school and gradeschool children whom peers are likely to reject (Lyons- Ruth, Alpern, & Repacholi, 1993; LyonsRuth, Easterbrooks, & Cibelli, 1997). And recent studies reveal that youngsters whose attachments to parents were or are currently insecure are more likely than those with secure attachments to experience poor peer relations and fewer close relationships and to display deviant behaviours and other psychopathological symptoms through out childhood

and adolescence (Allen et al., 1998; Carlson , 1998; DeMulder et al., 2000; Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardif, 2001) So it can be said that children can be influenced by the quality of their parental attachments for many years to come. In fact, a sizable majority of adolescents and young adults from stable family backgrounds continue to display the same kind of attachments that they had established in infancy with their parents (Hamilton, 2000; Waters et al., 2000). An encouraging and cooperative parent is a source of support and can help foster the development of a secure parent-child attachment bond. This attachment bond, in turn, can provide the child with a secure base from which to explore the environment and develop personal and interpersonal competencies. (Bretherton, 1992) The purpose of the present study was to explore the relation of parental attachment with interpersonal problems. The present study will help us to know the impact of the quality of parental attachment on interpersonal problems. III. METHOD Participants There were 100 participants in the present study. Among them, 50 were male and 50 were female. The participants were selected by using incidental sampling technique from different area of Dhaka city. The age range of the participants was between 20 to 35 years. Most of the participants were students of different universities. Education level of participants varies from H.S.C to Master degree. They belonged to middle socio-economic status and were unmarried. Measures used To measure the independent and dependent variables (parental attachment and interpersonal problems) the following measuring scales were used. Bangla version (by the present researcher) of Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) (Ronald P. Rohner, 1971) for measuring parental attachment. 2. Bangla version (by the present researcher) of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) ( Alden, Wiggins, Pincus & Horowitz, 2000) for measuring different types of interpersonal problems. In addition a Demographic Information Blank was also used. 1.

1. Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) 1.1Description of the Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) The Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire is a self- report instrument designed to measure individuals perceptions of parental acceptancerejection. The adult PARQ assesses adults perceptions of their parents treatment of them when they were about seven through twelve years old. Bangla version (developed by the present researcher) of Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult version) by Ronald P. Rohner (1971) was used to measure individuals perceptions of the warmth, affection, care, nurturance, support, or simply love or rejection they received in their family of origin. The PARQ was constructed on a rational-theoretical basis (Goldberg, 1972) in 1971.Most of the items in the questionnaires refer to parental behavior rather than parental attitudes. Adult versions of the PARQ consist of four scales: Warmth /affection Hostility / aggression Indifference / neglect Undifferentiated rejection

PARQ hostility/aggression is only moderately strongly related to BPB physical punishment (adult, r=.43). However, physical punishment was recognized in advance as being only an approximately satisfactory criterion for hostility/aggression. The three CRPBI scales were predicted to be fairly direct measures of the other three PARQ scales. This prediction was supported with the correlation of .81 or greater for every scale in the adult version. 1.4Reliability and validity of the Bangla version of the Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) To construct the Bangla version of the PARQ the 60items were translated into Bangla. Then that Bangla version was given to two translators to retranslate it into English. One of the translators was the professor, Department of English, University of Dhaka; and the other one was the professor, Department of English, Brojolal Govt. College, Khulna. Then it was checked by the present researcher and her supervisor for the correctness of translation. After syntheses of the Bangla and English translated version final Bangla version of the scale was prepared. 1.5Scoring of the Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) Each item of four subscale of adult version of PARQ has four alternative responses- almost always true, sometimes true, rarely true and almost never true and the responses are scores 1,2,3, and 4 respectively. From these alternative answers the participants put a () mark on one that was most suitable for him or her. In case of some items of the indifference/neglect subscale the scoring procedure is reversed. That is, here for the answers- almost always true, sometimes true, rarely true and almost never true the scores are 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. The total score of each subscale is computed by adding the obtained scores of each individual item of that scale. The total score of PARQ can be obtained by adding all four subscales scores, with the entire warmth scale reverse scored (to reverse score the warmth scale, subtract the warmth scale-score from 100). The maximum possible score is 240 and the minimum is 60. The higher score indicates the presence of very serious parental rejection. 2. Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (IIP-64): 2.1Description of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (IIP-64): Bangla version (by the present researcher) of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) (Alden,

The PARQ contains total 60 items. The warmth /affection scale on the PARQ contains 20 items; the hostility / aggression and indifference / neglect scales each contain 15 items, and the undifferentiated rejection scale contains 10 items. 1.2Reliability of the English version of the Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) Cronbachs coefficient alpha (Nunnally, 1978) was used as the principal measure of reliability, insofar as possible test/retest reliability coefficients are also reported. PARQ reliability coefficients (alphas) for the mother version of the Adult PARQ ranged in the 1975 validation study from .86 to .96 with a median reliability of .91. Spilt 1.3Validity of the Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (Adult-PARQ) To assess the validity of the original scale, the mother version of the Adult PARQ there were measures of convergent validity and discriminant validity. A measure of the convergent validity of PARQ scale shows that all four scales of the adult are significantly related (p<.001) to their respective validation scales.

Wiggins, Pincus & Horowitz, 2000) was used to measure different types of interpersonal problems. The Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) is a self-report instrument that identifies a persons most salient interpersonal difficulties. The IIP-64 contains 64 statements describing common interpersonal problems drawn from an original pool of 127 items. This instrument may be administered to individuals or groups. The test and norms are approved for adults (18 years and older). The items of IIP-64 are divided into two sections: One section begins The following are things you find hard to do with other people; the other section begins The following are things that you do too much. The IIP-64 contains the following eight subscales Domineering/Controlling Vindictive/Self-centered Cold/Distant Socially Inhibited Nonassertive Overly Accommodating Self-Sacrificing Intrusive/Needy

Bangla and English translated version final Bangla version of the scale was prepared. 2.5Scoring of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (IIP-64) Each item of eight subscales of the IIP-64 has five alternative responses not at all, a little bit, moderately, quite a bit, extremely and the responses are scored as 0,1,2,3, and 4 respectively. From these alternative answers the participants put a () mark on one that was most suitable for him or her. Raw subscale scores are obtained by calculating the sum of the eight item responses for each of the eight scales and the total score of IIP-64 can be obtained by adding all eight subscales scores. The Total T score indicates the persons self-report of overall interpersonal difficulty across all problem areas. If the Total T score is more than 2 standard deviations above the mean (T=70), the persons distress is very high relative to the general population. Scores on the eight domain scales will then identify specific areas of interpersonal difficulty relative to the general populations. Procedure Data of the present study were collected following standard procedure. Necessary rapport was established before administering the questionnaires. For administering instruments, each subject was given the following general instruction This questionnaire asks about your feelings to your mother and some interpersonal difficulties. Your answers will be completely anonymous and confidential and will be used for research purpose. Try to answer all questions as honestly as possible. Give each question a moment thought and then answer it. Please answer each question independently. Besides this general instruction each subject was given separate instructions for each of the measures and scales. They were allowed to ask questions freely if they had any query regarding any item of the scale. After completion of their task, the questionnaire and the answer sheet were collected from them. They were given thanks for there sincere co-operation. Next, the researcher scored all responses accordingly and made the necessary coding for data analysis. Data entry and all necessary analysis were done using SPSS programmed (12.0 version) for windows package.

2.2Reliability of the English version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (IIP-64) The original inventory consists of high level of testretest reliability (r=0.56-0.76; for 8 subscales) and inter subscales correlation of 0.76 to 0.86. 2.3Validity of the English version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (IIP-64) The original inventory contains high external validity. The correlation between IIP-64 and Beck Depression Inventory II was found 0.33 to 0.48 for 8 subscales. Also the correlation between IIP-64 and Beck Anxiety Inventory was found 0.31 to 0.44 for 8 subscales. 2.4Reliability and Validity of the Bangla version of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (IIP-64) To construct the Bangla version of the IIP-64 the 64 items were translated into Bangla. Then that Bangla version was given to two translators to retranslate it into English. One of the translators was the professor, Department of English, University of Dhaka; and the other one was the professor, Department of English, Brojolal Govt. College, Khulna. Then it was checked by the present researcher and her supervisor for the correctness of translation. After syntheses of the

IV. RESULTS

Pearson product moment correlation was used to determine the relationship between parental attachment and interpersonal problems. The results indicated that parental attachment was negatively correlated with interpersonal problems [r (98) = -.701, p<.01]. Thus, person who had high parental acceptance had low interpersonal problems. T-test was used to determine the gender difference of interpersonal problems. The analysis of interpersonal problems by male (M = 108.12, SD = 12.90) versus female (M = 107.76, SD = 12.78) indicated no significant difference, t (98) = .140, p > .005. Therefore, the gender variable was not included in the main analysis.

situations have great influence on interpersonal problems which can overlook gender differences. VI. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that studies on interpersonal problems are necessary for understanding the underline patterns of individual issues. More research still required in this field to discover the relationship with lot more other factors. Some limitations like economical, time and manpower hindered this study in different ways. Further researcher should incorporate the relationship studies of interpersonal problems with different personality traits. For better understanding of interpersonal problems, particularly in Bangladeshi culture we need to investigate the personality pattern of the adults. Also to understand the nature of interpersonal problems we need to carry out series of research to determine whether it differs in terms of different demographic factors, such as- family size, socio-economic status of the family, marital status etc. The findings from these types of research will definitely help us to understand the nature, causes and consequences of interpersonal problems in Bangladesh and thus will contribute importance for the clinician to develop a treatment program addressing the family disorganizing issues. Besides these, incidental sampling has narrowed the score of the present study in terms of generalizing the findings. So the study recommends further research on larger sample from different areas of Bangladesh, that is proper representative sample and with better methodological sophistication.

V. DISCUSSIONS
Results of this study showed that interpersonal problems are negatively correlated which was significant with remembrances of parental attachment in childhood. The results mean that the more the offspring perceive their parents specially mother rejecting the more they are high in interpersonal problems and the more the offspring perceive their parents specially mother accepting the more they are low in interpersonal problems. The result support PARTheorys theoretical prediction that rejection by parents is likely to become associated with individuals psychological maladjustment. The results are consistent with some previous research findings (Rohner & Khaleque, 2005; Parmar & Rohner, 2005; Varan, Rohner & Eryuksel, 2005; Rohner & Britner, 2002) A loving and accepting relationship with parents in childhood appears to act as a protective buffer in the context of many serious psychological effects. Another result of this study showed that there is no significant difference between male and female in interpersonal problems. The reason for these results is not wholly clear. We speculate, however, that the close affectional bond between mothers and their children forms the core of Bangladeshi family relationship. There is no difference between male and female children in the case of maternal attachment. Another explanation can be given by theoretical concepts. Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) described a persons personality as the relatively enduring pattern of recurrent interpersonal situations that characterize a human life. This view emphasized the important role of social interaction in defining personality. According to Sullivan, the interacting parties in an interpersonal situation always influenced and influenced by each other. So, interpersonal

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