BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH Raiffeisenstrasse 8 A-6832 Sulz/Austria T. +43/5522/4941-0 F +43/5522/4941-3 headoffice@baur.at www.baur.

at

Datum / Date

11.02.05

Methods of cable fault location: 1. Fault between core-core or /and core-sheath: Low resistant faults (R<100 ). High resistant faults (R>100 ). Intermittent faults (break down or flash faults). Interruptions (Cable cuts).

2. Defects on the outer protective shields (PVC, PE): Cable sheath faults.

Method Impulse Reflection Method. Secondary Impulse Method (SIM). Multiple Impulse Method (MIM). Impulse Current Method (ICM). Decay method. Burn down techniques. Differential Methods

Application Low resistant faults, cable cuts. High resistant faults, intermittent faults. High resistant faults, intermittent faults. High resistant faults, intermittent faults. Intermittent faults. High resistant faults, intermittent faults. Intermittent faults.

DVR: 0438146 FN 77324m Landesgericht Feldkirch

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH Raiffeisenstrasse 8 A-6832 Sulz/Austria T. +43/5522/4941-0 F +43/5522/4941-3 headoffice@baur.at www.baur.at

Multiple Impulse Method (MIM) with IRG 3000 The Advanced Secondary Impulse Method (SIM): Impulses which are sent out from a Time Domain Reflectometer into a cable will show no reflection at high impedance cable faults. Therefore the positive reflection of the far cable end will be detected. In a second step the fault will be ignited by a single high voltage pulse or DC voltage of a surge generator an arc will occur at the fault spot. Exactly at the time of arcing a second measuring pulse will be sent from the Time Domain Reflectometer into the cable which will be reflected from the arc with negative polarity because the arc is low resistive. The Time Domain Reflectometer using a 200MHz transient recorder are able to record 5 measurements showing the fault position using only one high voltage impulse. The simultaneous display of both characteristics leads to best precision of fault distance assessment.

Healthy trace

Five faultytraces, currently only one is displayed

Faulty point

Advantages: easy interpretation of faulty picture high accuracy 5 faulty pictures according to 200MHz real time transient recorder (IRG 3000)

DVR: 0438146 FN 77324m Landesgericht Feldkirch

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH Raiffeisenstrasse 8 A-6832 Sulz/Austria T. +43/5522/4941-0 F +43/5522/4941-3 headoffice@baur.at www.baur.at

ICM Impulse Current Method:

Open end

Reflection at the open end

L=t

v 2

The Impulse Current Method is the measuring method that is detecting the current impulse in traveling along the cable. The sequence of the current impulse is measured via the coupling unit SK 1D or with the SK 3D. Every impulse is reflected at the end or fault with the reflection factor depending on the resistance at this point according to earth. Reflection: r=(Z2-Z1)/(Z2+Z1) point Open end Short circuit -> Z2>>Z1 -> Z2<<Z1 Z2 resistance of the faulty point r=1 ... pos. reflection of the current impulse r=-1 neg. reflection of the current impulse

r reflection factor Z1 resistance of the cable length to the faulty

Every change in current direction of the reflected impulse is detected via the coupling unit SK1D. By means of the known impulse velocity v/2 of the individual testing cable and the distance of the reflected wave, the faulty distance can be calculated by the IRG. The distance to the faulty point can be measured by setting the cursers according to the regularity of the positive wave peaks in the picture. In practical measurements the voltage is increased so that a breakdown (low resistive fault) is causing the reflection.

DVR: 0438146 FN 77324m Landesgericht Feldkirch

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH Raiffeisenstrasse 8 A-6832 Sulz/Austria T. +43/5522/4941-0 F +43/5522/4941-3 headoffice@baur.at www.baur.at

Sequence of reflection: By adding the reflection factors (-1 and -1), the towards running impulse is positive and the backwards running impulse is negative. The reason therefore is that in this case both ends are low resistive points of reflection. As both reflection points (faulty point and SSG) are negative reflection points, theoretically, the impulse would be doubled every time. Due to natural damping influences in every cable, the impulse is damped and the useful reflection frequency is not more than 4 to 5 times.

Decay method: The decay method is based on voltage decupling by a capacitive voltage divider. The faulty cable is charged by applied DC voltage up to the level of the breakdown. This breakdown occurs a transient wave which travels between faulty point and DC generator. This transient wave will be recorded from our echo meter IRG via the capacitive voltage divider. The recorded period of oscillation gives the information of the distance to the fault.

DVR: 0438146 FN 77324m Landesgericht Feldkirch

BAUR Prf- und Messtechnik GmbH Raiffeisenstrasse 8 A-6832 Sulz/Austria T. +43/5522/4941-0 F +43/5522/4941-3 headoffice@baur.at www.baur.at

Differential Decay method and Differential Impulse Current method: Both measuring methods possess the same measuring sequence. In the select mode mask of the IRG 3000 software, the Differential Decay or the Differential Impulse Current method has to be selected, the phase must be chosen. In addiction to the phase choice, different sockets at the SK3D-Input are selected automatically. The differential decay method is based on current measurement by an inductive coupling unit. The faulty cable is charged by applied DC voltage up to the level of the breakdown. This breakdown causes a transient wave which travels between faulty point and the system. This transient wave will be recorded from our echo meter IRG 3000 via the inductive coupling unit. The differential methods need two separate measurements (one without Bypass Bridge and a second one including the Bypass Bridge at the far end). The result of these two measurements is a picture with two different corves. The splitting point of the two corves defines the faulty point. Attention: The information of the distance to the faulty point is from the far end!
Bypass Bridge

PHG / PGK /SSG Intermittent faults.

Advantages: Easy interpretation of faulty picture. High accuracy.

Eltahir G. Eltahir Sales and Application Engineer

DVR: 0438146 FN 77324m Landesgericht Feldkirch