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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

A n Introduction to the Philosophy of Language

This book is a critical introduction to the central issues of the philosophy of language. Each chapter focuses on one or two texts that have had a seminal inuence on work in the subject, and uses these as a way of approaching both the central topics and the various traditions of dealing with them. Texts include classic writings by Frege, Russell, Kripke, Quine, Davidson, Austin, Grice, and Wittgenstein. Theoretical jargon is kept to a minimum and is fully explained whenever it is introduced. The range of topics covered includes sense and reference, denite descriptions, proper names, natural-kind terms, de re and de dicto necessity, propositional attitudes, truth-theoretical approaches to meaning, radical interpretation, indeterminacy of translation, speech acts, intentional theories of meaning, and scepticism about meaning. The book will be invaluable to students and to all readers who are interested in the nature of linguistic meaning. michael morris is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sussex. He is author of The Good and the True (1992) and numerous articles.

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language


MICHAEL MORRIS
University of Sussex

Cambridge University Press

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521603119 Michael Morris 2007 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-84215-0 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-60311-9 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of U R L S for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

Contents

Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Locke and the nature of language 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 Introduction What Locke says Meaning and signication Problems about communication Words and sentences Lockes less disputed assumptions

page ix 1 5 5 5 9 10 14 18 21 21 22 26 28 32 36 40 47 49 49 50 53 55 61 63
v

Frege on Sense and reference 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Introduction Psychologism and the Context Principle Frege and logic Freges mature system (i): reference Freges mature system (ii): Sense Two further uses of the notion of Sense Questions about Sense Sense and the Basic Worry

Russell on denite descriptions 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Introduction The problems Russells solution in outline Russells solution in detail Strawson on denite descriptions Donnellan on referential and attributive uses of descriptions

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

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Contents

3.7 3.8

Russellian defences Russell beyond descriptions

66 70 74 74 76 78 80 85 90 92 94 94 96 102 105 108 113 113 114 118 121 126 130 134 134 135 138 145 147 150 152 152 153

4 Kripke on proper names 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction Kripkes target Kripkes objections (i): simple considerations Kripkes objections (ii): epistemic and modal considerations Defences of the description theory Sense and direct reference Conclusion

5 Natural-kind terms 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Introduction A Lockean view of natural-kind terms: the individualist version A Lockean view without individualism How can there be KripkePutnam natural-kind terms? How can natural-kind terms be rigid designators?

6 Quine on de re and de dicto modality 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Introduction Quines three grades of modal involvement Referential opacity and Leibnizs law Referential opacity and the three grades Quines logical problem with de re modality Quines metaphysical worries about de re modality

7 Reference and propositional attitudes 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Introduction Quines problem Quines proposed solution Perry and the essential indexical The problems for Quines solution Consequences

8 The semantics of propositional attitudes 8.1 8.2 Introduction Kripke, names, necessity and propositional attitudes

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

Contents

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8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9

Kripkes Pierre Referential solutions to the puzzle A Fregean response Davidsons proposal Can Davidsons proposal solve Kripkes puzzle?

155 158 163 166 169 173 173 175 179 183 187 189 191 194 194 195 198 202 205 210 214 214 215 219 228 231 231 232 234 239 242 248 248 249

Davidson on truth and meaning 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Introduction Meanings as entities Tarskis denition of truth Davidsons use of Tarski The obvious objections to Davidsons proposal Truth and the possibility of general semantics One nal worry

10 Quine and Davidson on translation and interpretation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Quine and radical translation 10.3 Davidson and radical interpretation 10.4 Statements of meaning and propositional attitudes 10.5 Theories of meaning and speakers knowledge 10.6 How fundamental is radical interpretation? 11 Quine on the indeterminacy of translation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Two dogmas of empiricism 11.3 Indeterminacy and inscrutability 11.4 Resisting Quine on indeterminacy: some simple ways 12 Austin on speech acts 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Performative utterances 12.3 Towards a general theory of speech acts 12.4 Truth and performatives 12.5 Issues for a theory of speech acts 13 Grice on meaning 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Grices overall strategy

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

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Contents

13.3 Sympathetic objections to Grices account of speaker-meaning 13.4 Sympathetic objections to Grices account of expression-meaning 13.5 An unsympathetic objection to Grices account of expression-meaning 13.6 An unsympathetic objection to Grices account of speaker-meaning 13.7 After Grice 14 Kripke on the rule-following paradox 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The sceptical challenge 14.3 The sceptical solution 14.4 A community-based response 14.5 Can dispositionalism be defended? 14.6 Anti-reductionism and radical interpretation 15 Wittgenstein on the Augustinian picture 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Augustinian picture 15.3 The Anti-Metaphysical interpretation 15.4 The Quasi-Kantian interpretation 15.5 Worries about these Wittgensteinian views Glossary Works cited Index 264 268 271 271 272 277 283 284 287 292 292 293 295 299 308 312 316 323 261 258 253

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-84215-0 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language Michael Morris Frontmatter More information

Acknowledgements

A number of people have read and commented on drafts of individual chapters of this book: Michael Ireland, Marie McGinn, Adrian Moore, Murali Ramachandran, David Smith. I am very grateful to them. I am also particularly grateful to an anonymous reader, who read the whole book in draft and produced a large number of detailed and helpful comments and suggestions. Finally, I would like to thank Hilary Gaskin, the philosophy editor at Cambridge University Press, for her supportive guidance through the various stages of writing the book.

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