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5.3 (gambar 8.

29) Possible configuration of the lapetus ocean and bordering continents in late Ordovician times(redrawn from legget et at.1982,in trench-forearc geology,pp.495-520,with permission from the geological society). Gambar(8.30) Systematic variations of element abudance,elemental ratios and isotop ratios across a typical subductions zone.arrows indicate directions of increase(redawn from windley.1984,with permission from john wiley & sons ltd.). Gambar (8.31 ab) A)earky phase of development of an island arc b)later phase of island arc development(redawn from Ringwood,1974,in journal of geological society of London.1974,with permission from the geological society.) Magmas were derived from the melting of the top of the descending oceanic slab.however,the volcanic suites of island arcs show little variations in spite of great differences in geographic locatins and tectonic environment ,so it appears thet these suites must develop from a parent with a ubiquitous,common composition.this,and petrological and mineralpgical evidence (arculus & curran,1972) strongly indicates that the parental magmas originate largely by partial melting of the astenospheric mantle immediately overlying the descending plate.however,karig & kay(1983)and Davidson(1983),among others,have demonstrated that certain isotropic ratios require a large contribution from continent-derived sediments.consequently,sediments from the trench must be carried down the subduction zone and incorporated into the asthenospheric melt. A major problem is the source of the hear required for melting the asthenosphere above the descending slab.it was originally belived that this was derived by shear heating at the top of the slab.this is unikely,however,as the viscosity of the asthenosphere decreases with increasing temperature and at the temperatures requid for partial fusion the asthenosphere would have such a low viscosity that shear melting could not occur.ringwood(1974,1977)has therefore suggested that partial melting takes places at arelatively low temperature because of the high water vapour pressure resulting from the dehydration of various mineral phases. At depths shallower than 100 km amphibolites transforms to eclogite and releases water(fig8.31).the water rises into the asthenisphere wedge overlying the benioff zone causing partial melting of the,pyrolite and the production of thoeiituc basalt magmas at depths of 80-100km.these magmas fractionate as they ascend and give rise to the basaltic andesite and andesite magmas typical of the tholeiitic suite present in young island arcs.

At depths in excess of 100km water is released by the dehydration of serpentinite bodies in the oceanic crust(fig.8.31b).the resulting high water vapor pressure causes partial melting of the quartz eclogite between depths of 100-200km producing acidic magmas.these react with the overlying pyrolite of the asthenosphere forming diapirs which rise and undergo partial fusion.during their ascent they fractionate to produce the calc-alkaline series of andesite,dacite and ryolite which typify mature island arc.

Ringwoods models thus imply that island ac magmas originate from both the top the descending plate and the overlying asthenosphere.the residual asthenosphere has been irreversibly differentiated and wil never again be able to participate in basaltic magma generation at ocean ridges.ringwoos estimates that 30-60% of the asthenosphere has been affected in this way.

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