THE HERCULES THEME IN THE "AENEID" Author(s): John W. Zarker Source: Vergilius (1959-), No. 18 (1972), pp.

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34 THE HERCULES

VERGILIUS THEME IN THE "AENEID"

to assemble all the The purposeof this paper is twofold: first, allusionsto Hercules in theAeneid and comment upon them;second, element to examineVergil's use of these allusionsboth as a unifying of the characterization to in theAeneidand as factors Aeneas, relating the epic hero of AugustanRome. The Hercules themeis a pervasive theAeneid. and compelling one which throughout appearsand reappears Vergiluses the personand exploitsof the epic Hercules as both foil thatidentifiand modelforAeneas and his deeds. This papercontends theepic heroofthepast,Hercules,withhis accountrements cationwith and laborsshouldnotbe sought and, in fact,thatHerculesis no longer Rome. a suitable heroin theworldof Augustan in the Aeneid was aroused in the Hercules motif My interests inAeneid6" (CJ 62 [1967] and Theseus "Aeneas of an earlier study by 220 foil.)whereit was shown: those areexhibited, ofTheseus laudable worthy Atfirst the more aspects In Book andemulation. progressively ofadmiration 6, however, Vergil Aeneas Inmaking hero. Athenian the of attractive the less reveals qualities Latin raises ofTheseus, and actions laterinclinations these eschew Vergil as a more Aeneas and and moral toa higher portrays plane spiritual epic One acti". the from has might who hero temporis noble "exempla profited Theseus of inVergil's that even portrayal basically unsympathetic suggest direction and ) the of (i.e. censura" pietas isa "tacita there spiritual morality . . The in the Athenians and of handling in Greeks of the particular. general that of method beVergil's 6 may aspect in Aeneid condemning Theseus of destrucin the asevidenced issacred what violates which character Greek of ofTroy.1 tion article ofMiss Gilmartin theshort with inagreement I am partially whenshe states:2 Hercules deified for his wasan Asthe labors, famous hero philanthropic of examination obvious for Aeneas. Close Vergil's presentaparallel-model and hasrevealed inthe tion ofHercules that, Aeneid, however, subtly that is distinguished from ofAeneas. hisheroism Hercules, continually, who itis Hercules infact, isnot a positive for Aeneas. model Eventually characteristic the and demonstrates follows the of Aeneas, humility pattern ofVergil's hero. is followed Hercules'example to provethat intends byAeneas Thispaper theactionsof his model. from and thatAeneas does notprofit of Herculesin theAeneid , As a focal pointforthe examination the one shouldnotethevolumeon Vergilby Quinnwherehe describes episode as actionsin the deathof Priamscene and the Nisus-Euryalus "heroic the of impulse.":3 examples mouth. in taste the anunpleasant leave these of some episodes Undoubtedly, than condemnarather usissurely from wants what Yet understanding Virgil ofthehero's theinadequacy to stress aredesigned Theepisodes tion. it that the soldier's toshow its not provokes though training, code, depravity; situation when the isa poor inbattle, situations answer tothe a ready guide anability toreckon orhumane moral but demands isnot insight, clear-cut, toanemergenfirst of our with more the response consequences far-reaching

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35 answers. In often situations the heroic wrong . such impulse provides such an "heroic impulse" in Aeneid 2. 314-316 Aeneas demonstrates he had been warnedby the spectreof Hectorto take the sacred after from Troy:4 objectsand depart inarmis, nec sat rationis amens arma capio; etconcurrere inarcem bello manum sed glomerare ardent .... cum sociis animi; (2.314-316) thatVergil'sanalysisof Aeneas' emotions further is Quinncomments exact: almostclinically mentem furor iraque 17) 16-3 inarmis. succurrit mori (2.3 pulchrumque praecipitat, outto AeneasbyPanthus, is pointed to thesituation The proper response his "sacra . . . victosque of Apollo who rushesout bearing the priest deos parvumque nepotem"(2.320). The actionof Panthuspathetically thoseof Aeneas laterin Book 2. foreshadow of It is the thesisof this paper that Hercules is an exemplum s "heroic impulse" and thatassociationwithHercules and his Quinn' withpietas, yet Vergildoes make Aeneas exploitsis not compatible he even has Aeneas assume take Herculesas a modelforemulation; of Hercules. One can only speculateon Vergil's reasons the identity that to showAugustus forso doing.It maybe thatVergilis attempting oftheRomanrepublic, theheroes oftheheroic thepolicies past,including of the RomanState. werenotalwaysin thebest interests it At this is Herculeswas claimed to juncture important realizethat an ancestor study by Mark Antony.Miss MacKenzie in her thorough CornellDiss. of "Hercules In theEarlyRomanEmpire"(Unpublished . 4:5 Ant 1968)citesPlutarch, a noble He had ofform; anda shapely a broad beard, dignity forehead, andan aquiline nose were to show thevirile thought qualities peculiar tothe and statues ofHeracles. wasanancient there Moreover, portraits that tradition the Antonii were descendants ofAnton, Heracleidae, being a son ofHeracles. And this tradition that heconfirmed, Antony thought both ofhis as has the and been attire. said, shape by body, byhis Miss MacKenzie also relatesthe anecdote fromAppian, Civil Wars 3.16.16:Octavianis speaking to Antony:6 have been as toa more They spoken, however, declared friend of fully toone. . . who would Caesar, have been him if hehad known adopted by that would with the you ofAeneas inexchange accept kinship for family that ofHercules; for this created doubt inhis mind when hewas thinking ofdesignating as his successor. strongly you In addition, Miss MacKenzie points outthatOctavianbeganhistriumph on the thirteenth of August,the veryday or the day after the festival oftheAraMaximaofHercules;thepoint ofthedatemaybe that Augustus was triumphing over the forcesof evil as did Herculesor perhapsthat he was disparaging claims. Fully aware of the Antony'sgeneological refused to acceptthetitle implications, Augustus invictus, usually applied toHercules andhencealso applicable toAntony. IndeedMiss MacKenzie that allusion to Herculeswas a matter suggests to be considered carefully

VERGILIUS

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VERGILIUS 36 in Augustan times because ofAntony's claimsofkinship; after however, had beenforgotten, ofAugustus and Herculesmay Antony comparisons havebecomeacceptable becauseofHercules'victories overvarious monand especially his apotheosis. sters,his servicesto mankind, The allusions to HerculesintheAeneidbeginwith thedescription to leave Troywithhis family: of Aeneas preparing colla umeros haec fatus latos subiectaque veste insternor super fulvique leonis, pelle .... oneri; (2.721-723) succedoque the lion skin,Aeneas takes up metaphorically By assuming the mantle of Hercules; in the guise of the epic hero, Aeneas beginshis labors. In addition tothelionskin ofHercules, Aeneasis taking uponhisshoulders his father with"sacra .... patriosquePenatis" and in his hand he leads lulus, "non passibusaequis." Here beginsthetension, thedichotomy betweenHercules the epic hero and Aeneas the Augustanhero renowned for between pietas. One could look at theAeneidas a conflict theheroiccode of Greek epic as exemplified by Herculesand Theseus and thecode ofpietas of the Romanideal hero.7 In Book 3 thereis only a passingreference to Hercules when the Aeneidae have left Greece and are approaching the heightsof Caulonia: hinc sinus Herculei est Tarenli (sivera fama) .... cernitur, (3.551-552) This allusionserves to remind the readerthatAeneas is crossingthe an implicit pathof Herculesand suggests of heroicexploits. comparison Quinn states.;8 is toshow inthe first half ofthe intention poem clearly, Virgil's Pretty his todevelop orrather a series toprove oflabores Aeneas undergoing - a sort thephysical to thepsychological from oftransference pietas labours ofHercules. the oldstory ofthe level reference Herculean no overt Book4 furnishes onlya wordpattern to be notedlaterin Book 10. After beingapproached by Anna,Aeneas oak in theAlpinegusts: likea mighty is buffetted hinc heros vocibus hinc adsiduis secud Haud atque etmagno tunditur curas, pectore persentit volvuntur inanes. lacrimae immota mens (4.447-449) manet, As Poschl notesthelacrimaeare thetearsof Aeneas and are analogous to the leaves falling In Book 10 (line465) the effect upon the ground.9 ofHercules'inability to wardoff deathfrom Pallas is similarly described: effundit inanis."The use of similar "lacrimasque to describe expressions thefeeling of Aeneas and Herculesin similar situations would seem to their identities and cause the auditor merge to think of themin similar terms. The point ofthewords is notthat AeneasandHerculesareaffected inthesamemanner butthatinbothcases thetearsare ineffectual. There are some situations in whichthe heroor hero-god cannotbe effective. In the funeral games in Book 5 Aeneas awards to Salius, who had been tripped up by Nisus, a lionskin: sic fatus ter Gaetuli immane leonis gum dat Salio vfflis onerosum aureis. atque (5.351-352) unguibus One wonders whether this Aeneas carried be thesamelion'spelton which

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thatin 8.522-553 Evander Anchisesin Book 2; yetConington comments hide as a kindof "horse-cloth".Howeverthat gives Aeneas a similar What sort of luck does may be, Salius becomes a Hercules figure.10 thelion skinbring to Salius? In Book 10 the fateof Salius is revealed in themidst of mutual slaughter: . . .atThronium Salius Nealces Saliumque iaculo etlonge fallente (10.753-754) insignia sagitta. There is some poeticironyin the factthatSalius, the Herculesfigure, of Hercules' is slainby one who is skilledin the bow; the importance and thetaking of Troyis easilyrecalled. bow bothto Philoctetes thegamesin Book 5, Entellusspeaks of the boxing Also during warfare againstDares, weaponsof Herculesin a kindof psychological theTrojanchampion: siquis caestus etHerculis arma 'quid, ipsius vidisset hoc inlitore tristemque ipso pugnam? haec tuus arma Eryx germanus quondam gerebat cernis adhuc infecta (sanguine spar soque cerebro), 11 his Alden contra his suetus. . . . (5.410-414) magnum stetit, ego As a result of a blow thatwas duckedby Dares, Entellusfallsheavily likea pinetreeon Erymanthus or Ida (1.448). Reference to Erymanthus Hercules'laborof theErymanthian suggests boarand confirms theHerculis arma (1.410). Finally,Entellusbecomesenraged and Aeneas puts an end to thefight lest Dares getkilled: Tum Aeneas iras pater procedere longius etsaevire animis Entellum haud acerbis. . . . (5.461-462) passus The irae of Entellus is noteasilyabatedas Putnam has noticed:"Dares is . . . narrowly recalledfromdeath Dates is sparedthrough thesacrifice ofthebull."12In addition to theconceptof sacrifice, there is theidea ofira- rage- as a characteristic ofthehero,be he Hercules, or Aeneas.13 Entellus, In Book 6 Aeneas is contrasted withTheseus and Herculesboth of whomhad descendedinto the Underworld. Aeneas pleads thathe too is of divinebirth and others have preceded him: sipotit manis accersere Orpheus coniugis Threicia fretus cithara canoris, fidibusque sifratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit viam totiens. itque reditque quid Thesea, magnum memorem etmi Alciden? ablove summo. quid genus (6.119-123) The Sibylgrants his claimof divinebirth as she addresseshim:14 sate divum sanguine Tros facilis Anchisiade, descensus Averno: .pauci, _ quos amavit aequus aut Iuppiter ardens evexit adaethera virtus, (6.125-126; 129-131) At the *!?-At , Charonaccosts Aeneas and the Sibyl; he admitshavine ferried Herculesand Theseus across: nec vero Alciden mesum lae tatus euntem nec Thesea eccepisse lacu, Pirithoumque, dis quamquam invicti geniti viribus atque essent15 Tartareum ille manu custodem invincla petivit a solio ipsius temen regis traxitque tem; hidominam Ditis thalamo deducere adort. (6.392-397)

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delineation of theepic heroesTheseus and Hercules In his progressive in Book 6, Vergilreveals the reasons fortheirgoingto Tartarus;the reasonswereviableforepic heroesbutnotwhen judgedby moralstandfrom those of ards. The Sibyl statesthatAeneas' missionis different pastepic heroes: tales hie nullae insidiane fabsiste moveri), ianitor antro nec tela licet vim ferunt; ingens terreat aeternum latrans umbras, exsanguis .servet limen. casta licet Proserpina patrui etarmis, Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis rebi descendit adumbras. imas adgenitorem sitenulla movet tantae pietatis imago, atramum hunc ramum latebat) (aperit quiveste exira corda residunt. tum tumida (6.399-407) agnoscas. The responseof Charonupon seeingthebough("longo post tempore") is immediate; ad 6.409comments: heacceptsAeneasatonce.16 Conington as having wasrepresented Itis scarcely that orTheseus Hercules likely other that with by come as Charon seems tosay the prevailed they bough, disastrous. and that were the means, accordingly consequences thattheothersdid nothave the Boughwhen The Sibylherself suggests theywent: volens sequetur, facilisque ipse namque ullis viribus non aliter sitefata vocant; ferro. convellere (6.146-148) nec duro vincere poteris thatHerculesin hisvisitused force Serviussuggests and terrified Charon (ad 392): adinferos Hercules Charon territus inOrpheo descendit, est Lectum quando quod, incompedibus anno fuit rem obquam statm integro eum suscepit: in motive Aeneas differed In summary, whilegoingto the Underworld whileHerculeswentto steal his epic predecessors; butnotin birth from to take away Prosperina, Cerberusand Theseus wentwithPirithous Aeneas wentto see his father.Indeed the Sibyl emphasizesthe two son by herdouble use of the patronymic, aspects of Aeneas' character and doubleuse ofpietas (6.403,405). of Anchises(6.126,322) Finally,in Book 6 Augustusand his empireare comparedwith immedHercules,and Bacchus; theallusionto Herculesfollows Saturn, iately the words, "Caspia regna," "Maeotia tellus," and "septemreferences These geographical ostiaNili" (6.798-800). mayrefer gemini... or Augustus: to variouseventsin thelifeof either Antony telluris nec vero Alcides tantum obivit, aut fixent cervam licet, Erymanthi aeripedem ... . (6.801-803) tremefecerit ora etLernam nem areu; pacarit and Herculesis definitely between In thiscase thecomparison Augustus on theline: in favorof Augustus; (ad 801) comments Conington Thetruth as a seems tobe that conceives of Hercules Virg. generally hero invarious who down the various monsters ofthe world... puts parts and socompares him inhis submistoAugustus, who received the progress sion ofthe various barbaric the tothat reference nations, being expedition last the the four which the through provinces, occupied emperor during ofVirg.'s andfrom which hewasreturning when the life, years dying him. met poet

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In addition to the comparison betweenAugustusand Hercules and a in Egypt,thereis a poeticconnection with possibleallusionto Antony Aeneas involved because oftheexpression "fixerit cervam". aeripedem is thatCerynthian The usual story alive to Eurysstagwas to be brought theus.17 The onlyother appearanceofcervain theAeneidis thenotable simile theeffects of love upon Dido: describing uritur infleix Dido totaque vagatur coniecta urbe cerva furens, qualis sagitta, inter incautam fixit Cresia nemora procul quam telis ... is (4.68-70) pastor agens This author is of theopinionthatthe phrase"ttxerit cervam" in 6.802 is not used as a variant of the myth but because of Vergil's attempt to equatethetwodeerepisodesand thepersons ofAeneas and Hercules. both Erymanthus and Lerna (6-802-803) Further, appear elsewherein the Aeneidinwhatmaybe taken as unfavorable allusions. Entellus during the boxingmatchin Book 5 (above page ) fallsheavilylike a pine on Erymanthus (5.448); in Book 12TurnusslaysMenoetes,an Arcadian 19In conclusion fisherman from thepassage "piscosae Lernae" (12.518. inBook6 aboutAugustus thetravels ofHerculeshas a number surpassing of ties elsewhere in theAeneid; further, boththisscene and theothers suggested by thispassage do notreflect favorably uponHercules. one of the Italianleadersinthe catalogue(7.646foil.) Aventinus, has definite ties to Hercules; he followsimmediately afterMezentius and Lausus. The wholedescription is of interest: hos amina currum Post palma per gr insignem Hercule ostentat satus pulchro victoresque equos Aventinus, pulcher paternum clipeoque insigne centum dram; cinctamque serpentibus anguis gerit Rhea sacerdos collis Aventini silva quem edidit furtivum sub liminis oras, partu Laurentia victor mixta deomulier, postquam exstincto arva, Geryone Tirynthius attigit influmine boves lavit Hiberas. Tyrrhenoque inbella manu dolones pila saevosque gerunt ettereti Sabello mucrone veruque pugnant immane leonis, ipse pedes, torquens tegimen albis tenibili saeta cum dentibus impexum indutus sic tecta capiti, regia subibat, horridus umeros innexus amictu. (7.655-669) Herculeoque This passage is important fora number of reasons.First,thefinal lines indicate thatthe lion's skinis the garment of Hercules and suggested to this authorthatall passages involving Herculeanattributes should be examined.20 he is described as thehandsome son of handSecondly, some Hercules.The identity ofRhea sacerdos is a problem; Conington thatshe maybe Rhea SilviatheVestal. Also, following Seeley suggests in light of the aetiological 4, the priestess storyof Propertius maybe, to Camps, the Bona Dea; thetale of Aventinus' birth would according seemto follow theassualtof Herculeson thetemple forwater logically thepriestess could (Prop.4.61 ff.).In anycase Hercules'actiontoward notbe condoned norcould his actionsbe presented as examples morally ofpietas. Finally, in addition to presenting theidea of Herculeanlabors

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thehydra, Aventinus does prepare thereader bymeansofhis shieldwith for thetaleofHerculesand Cacus in Book 8. Despitethedetailed portrait of Aventinus givenherein the Catalogue,he does not appear again in th eAeneid. It wouldappearthat and Virbius Aventinus, Agamemnonius, in theCatalogueforthevalue of their and timebackare included story rolein th eAeneid,21 notfortheir (ad 664) commented ground, Conington that"the passage maybe said to showthewantofthepoet's final revisofthisauthor, thelengthy of Aventinus ion." In theopinion description the Herculesthemebutit is essentialin preparing notonlyfurthers the auditor or readerfortheeventsin Book 8. in Book of Aventinus LeavingthedetailedHerculeandescription inHerculean that finds Book8 is very rich allusions, 7, thereader including a description betweenHerculesand Cacus. Aeneas and of the struggle in two passages which Hercules are unequivocally mergedin identity EvanAeneas arrives, encircle theCacus episode.The very dayon which der and Pallas are celebratingthe "sollemnem...honorem AmpitIn answer to Pallas' questioning, Aeneas reveals (8.102-103). ryoniadae" witha longgeneological hisnameand ancestry to showthat explanation related.Evander seats the visitors: Evanderand Aeneas are distantly . . . gramineoque viros locat sedili ipse toro etvillosi leonis praecipuumque pelle Aenean invitt acerno. accipit (8.176-78) solioque Here, Aeneas is seatedon the lion's pelt,the verysymbol of Hercules, to hearthemyth of Herculesand Cacus. At theconclusion of themyth a sight-seeing and after tourto thelocation ofthefuture Forum,Evander thehutas did Hercules: urgesAeneas to stoopbefore entering utventum 'haec* adsedes 'limina victor inquit haec ilium Alcides, subiit, (8.362-263) epit.' regia Not onlyis Aeneas likened to Herculesby having himsleep whereHercules did,butEvanderadds: ettequoque contemnere dignum opes aude, hospes, non (8.364-365) veni, asper egenis. deo, rebusque finge that"Virgilis ofcoursereferring to thestudied Otis comments simplicity of Augustus'own palace' at this time (cf. Suetonius, August 72) but ofthelinesis to indicate thesimplicity theessential purpose (thecontempt formere wealth)thatthe threedivinemen have in common.22 After at the altarswithHerculeanfires (8.542), Evanderprovides sacrificing to Etruria: theTrojanheroeswithhorsesfortheir trip dantur Teucris arva: Tyrrhena equi petentibus ducunt exsortem fulva leonis Aeneae, quem obit totum atireis. pellis praefulgens (8.551-553) unguibus As in the scene priorto the Cacus myth, the Hercules-Aeneas tie is solidified. Otis statesthat"Aeneas now takes on, as it were,the aura of Herculesas he likewise thenobleprimitivism acceptsand appreciates of thisArcadia."23 Within thetwopassagesinwhich Aeneas is seateduponthelion's skin,thereoccursthejustlyfamousHercules-Cacusepisode. Galinsky in a recent articlesummarized theviewsof variousscholarsconcerning the significance of the episode.24 In addition to the a/fie/i-theory about

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ara maxima the ofBrner, for theidentification ofHercules Schnepf argues with Ptfschl themyth as a modelforthevictories Augustus; emphasizes ofAeneas and Augustus; Bucheit makestheequation of Herculesequals Aeneas and Cacus equals Turnus;Putnamequates Cacus with"furor impius;"Otis (p.331) takes"Aeneas as theactivesuccessorof Hercules and active prototype of Augustus." It is the contention of thisauthor that is stressing theirrational elements inthebehavior ofHercules Vergil and thathe is pointing out thatHerculesdefeated Cacus by brute force, 4 ThatCacus symbolizes notintellect. 'furor is clearfrom thephrase impius "furiis Caci menseffera"(8.205); he is described as semihomo (8.194) 25What sortof forceis needed to defeat and monstrum (8. 198). furor withfire fire comes to mind.) (The old adage aboutfighting personified? Since otherscholarshave accurately identified the serpent and imagery theallusions to Tartarus, letus examine thepicture of Herculesas given as: by Vergilin Book 8; he is described . . . nam maximus ultor ne ceGeryonae tergemini spoliisque superbus Alcides aderat hac victor taurosque agebat ... agentis, (8.201-204) WhenCacus decides to take the cattlehe is describedas "funis Caci menseffers."Herculesreactionto the theft of the cattleis described as: hie vero Alcidae furiis exarserat atro felle dolor. (8.219-220) Herculestook up his weapons and his knotty club; Cacus fledin fear (timentem, turbatumque, timor, and barricaded 222,223,224) himself in hiscave: immane catenis ruptisque deicit ferro etarte saxum, quod paterna emuniit pendebat, obice fultosque . . . (8.225-227) postis, Herculesreaction is mostinteresting:26 ecce furens animis aderat Tirynthius omnemque accessum lustrane hue ora ferebat etilluc, dentibus infrendens. ter totum fervidus ira lustrat Aventini ter saxea montem, temptat limina ter fessus valle nequiquam, resedit. (8.228-232) The keyv/ords andira shouldbe noted.Not much furens rational activity can be discerned here.Eventually Herculespushesaside a hugeboulder whichservedas theroofof Cacus' cave. Herculesdoes everything by force.It is another exampleof Quinn's "heroicimpulse."Withtheroof ofthecave removed, Herculesthrows wihhe can layhishands anything on ("telis," "omnia arma," "ramis," "vastis molaribus.") Cacus, mirabile forth cloudsof smoke("caliginecaeca," a possible dietu,puffs on pun Cacus): non Alcides tulit animis, seque ipse per ignem iecit precipiti saltu, undam quaplurimus fumus agit nebulaque aestuat atra. ingens specus (8.256-258) After Cacus andrecoving hiscattle, Hercules throttling out"pedibus drags informe cadaver" (8.264).27 Ever after Hercules' victory, theeventwas celebrated withPotitius as auctorand thePinarian as guardians family

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. A wealthof poplarwithHerculeanshade covered of the ara maxima thebrowof Evander. are necesA fewfurther encounter wordson theHercules-Cacus and pertinent to the of Cacus is mostinteresting sary.The geneology comes in the whendanger Cacus isfurorpersonified, Aeneid. Although intohiscave andletsdownthestonesupportofhercules, he retreats form "huic ..et artepaterna"(226); in 198-199 ed by "ferro. Vergilcomments VulVolcanuseratpater:" ....: This wouldmakeCacus through monstro thegeneology to Aeneas. Further, can and Venus a kindof halfbrother fromIo to Hercules of Hercules is well known,thirteen generations are Acrisiusand Ina(cf. Aeschylus P.V.). AmongHercules' ancestors of Turnusas Amatastates: chus; theyare also ancestors domus siprima origo, repetatur etTurno, (7.371-372) Mycenae. mediaeque Inachus patres Acrisiusque of Turnus' shield again stresses the ties to Io and The description Acrisius:28 Io cornibus sublatis atlevem clipeum bos saetis iam iam auro obita, insignibat, etcustos Argus, virginis ingens, argumentum Inachus urna. fundens amnem (7.789-792) caelataque pater take the In fact,one might related. Turnus are and Hercules Hence, Hercules-Cacusepisode as a symbol,not of the defeatof Turnusby i.e. furor. of one aspectof Turnus'character, Aeneas, butas thedefeat robedin hides hadcometheSalii and Potitius Sinceevening a festal meal.The Salii,with wreaths, popular (oflions?)celebrated singof theHerculeanpraisesand deeds: novercae utprima monstra eliserit manu premens anguis, geminosque utbello disiecerit idem urbes, egregias utduros mille labores. Troiamque Oechaliamque, sub fatis Iunonis Eurystheo iniquae rege 'tunumigenas, invicte, bimembris, pertulerit. tuCresia mactas manu, Pholumque, Hylaeumque etvastum sub Nemeae leonem. rupe prodigia teStygii teianitor Orci tremuere lacus, ossa recubans antro semesa cruento; super non terruit neteuUae facies, ipse Typhoeus non terationis arduus arma tenens; egentem Lernaeus turba circumstetit capitum anguis. Iovis decus addite vera divis, salve, proles, secundo.* ettua adi sacra dexter etnos (8.288-302) pede To thissongtheSaliiadd Hercules'victory overthefire-breathing Cacus. Yet the elements of the song are in themselves closely relatedto the with Cacus. Cacus is choked inthesamemanner fight as weretheserpents sentbyJuno;he toreapartcities just as he toreapartthecave ofCacus. Cacus was divinely bornas werethecentaurs Hylaeusand Pholus;Cacus is a monster as was theCretanbulland he was hugeas was theNemean lion. Cacus is himself a Typhoeus-like theheads of the Lernean figure; and Cerberusrecallthethreeheadednature dragon of Cacus as related and Ovid. In fact,thelongsongof the Salii reveals by bothPropertius

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over Cacus in thatit is a sum of the parts of the victory thegreatness labors. of all Hercules'other glorious notein the songof the Salii. In line 299 There is one discordant in reason.Yet in thewholeCacus as notlacking Herculesis described episode Hercules displayedonly rage and bruteforce.Galinsky(note (line232) "hintsat Hercules'begin24,page41) believesthat nequiquam The passage inthepriests' his rational faculties." to recourse hymn ning as a meansofrehabilitation of Herculesto allowthereader maybe taken Aeneas and Hercules;it has been to maketheconnection againbetween the unpleasant , whichhas been stressed aspect of Hercules,hisfuror in Book 8. related Aeneasis sitting While theHercules-Cacus episodeis being he uses the lion skin on the lion's pelt to hear the tale; subsequently in the hymn as a kindof horse-cloth. of the Salii Hercules is Further, "sub...fatisIunonis addressedas Invicteand is describedas suffering is Palinurus as Invicte Aeneas addressed !(6.293) by iniquae".(8.293,292). inAen 1.4 "saevae memorem and theangerofJunois firmly imprinted thepicture of Herculespresented in Book Iunonisob iram". Whatever intended tobe a second,a Roman-Trojan Hercules. 8,Aeneasis definitely Herculesis notspecifically in thelongscene mentioned Although Aeneas' new armorand magnificent shield,I believe that concerning in addition to theobviousallusionto the shieldof Achillesin theIliad, is also an allusionto the shieldof Herculesas related there by Hesiod. This is nottheoccasionto discussin detailthecomparison oftheshields ofAeneasandHerculesbyVergil andHesiod. Thereis, however, another shield,the "clipeus aureus", awardedto Augustusby the senate and Romanpeople(below p. ).29 In Book9 Mnestheus givesthehideofa liontoNisus ina Homeric Nisus and Euryalusundertake their typescene before night expedition: dat Niso Mnestheus leonis pellem horrentisque exuvias. ... (9.306-307) The ironyof the giftis revealedwhen laterEuryalusis describedas likea lionin his slaughter: ceu leoper ovilia turbans impastas plena enim vesana (suadet fames) manditque trahitque molle frmit ore pecus meta, mutamque cruento; minor incensus etipse Euryali caedes; .. . perfurit. 9.339-343) Euryalusand Nisus, the one fighting like a lion and the otherwitha lion skinappear doomed to death. The lion imagery is used to refer toTurnus in 10.454, 9.792,and 12.6;thefate ofTurnus becomesmanifest. comments on the "moral ambiguity Hornsby in similesof aniimplicit mais... ." He adds: In the simile used tocompare toa lion, Euryalus indicates how Vergil the for fame and hunger reduces itsvictim glory tothe level ofananimal andunreasoning, anditis inthesimile unthinking that weperceive the moral indictment makes onthe two Vergil youths.30 skmofN'sus and thelion-like behaviour of Euryalus conSftr to thepessimistic tribute overtones of theHerculeanimagery

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of threedifferent Book 10 contains episodes in whichthe futility thatthese associationwithHercules is stressed.It is mostinteresting whendiscussing Aeneas overlooked are episodesmostoften by scholars Aeneas' aristeia: scene is in a battledescribing and Hercules.The first Cissea durum nec longe clava sternentis Gyan agmina immanemque Herculis arma nihil illos deiecit leto; iuvere manus nec validae Melampus, genitorque labores terra dum comes Alcidae usque gravis (10.317-322) praebuit thatnottheclub,Herculisarma, northefactthat It shouldbe stressed his earthly had been closelyassociatedwithHerculesduring father their to them.The deaths of Cisseus and Gyas and the labors was helpful the foreshadow lack of aid despiteassociationwithHerculesaccurately Pallas. of fate similar a bullfrom afar,runsto meet Turnus,likea lionwho has spotted Hercules: to odds Pallas prays unequal facing Pallas; advena etmensas, adisti, quas hospitium 'per patris ... .' (10.460-461) adsis. teprecor, Alcide, coepts ingentibus his breastand within and pressesthe lament Herculeshearsthe prayer Dido (above faced when did Aeneas as inanis lacrimas forth by pours words: addresseshis son, Hercules,withkindly page36 ) Jupiter etinreparabile breve suacuique stat dies, tempus extendere sedfamam est factis, omnibus vitae; hoc virtutis (10.467-469) opus. thathe had lost his son Sarpedonat Troy; comments Further, Jupiter Turnus'fateis near. There is considerable poeticironyin the factthat theshieldofTurnusdoes notwardoff thecast of Pallas and thatTurnus a way through his shield.These allusionsmay slays Pallas by making cause one to think oftheshieldofAeneas and itsinvulnerability. Finally TurnusaddressesPallas: haud illi stabunt Aeneia parvo hospitia. (10.494-495) The same word,hospitium, appeared both in the prayerof Pallas to Hercules and thenin the vaunting of Turnusover the deathof Pallas. Neither thehospitium of Pallas to Hercules appearedbothin theprayer and thenin the vaunting of Turnusover the death of Pallas. Neither thehospitium of Hercules or Aeneas was of avail to Pallas; the whole of Book 8 is recalledby these events. The heroicdeeds of Hercules, the lion as well as Aeneas assumingthe identity of Hercules through inEvander' s hut, as nothing. skin andentering andsleeping count AssociawithHerculesare of no benefit. tionwithand identification in Book The finalexampleof the curse of Hercules' friendship 10 is Antores.Mezentiusslays Antoreswhile seekingto kill Aeneas; him. Aeneas' shieldhas protected atilia volans est excussa clipeo proculque Antoren latus inter etilia egregium figit, Herculis Antoren comi abArgia tem, quimissus haeserat Evandro Itala con9ederat urbe.(10.777-780). atque

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his emphasis One shouldnotein passingthatVergilcontinues uponthe the shield,threelines after shield;Aeneas woundsMezentiusthrough theretreat ofhisfather, thedeathofAntores. receives Lausus, defending the shield.These allusionsto shieldstendto his deathwoundthrough stress Aeneas' divineshield,likethatof Achillesand Hercules. ones in the The threeallusionsto Herculesin Book 10, thefinal of the epic hero Aeneid, are in theirown way a completerepudiation even his worship. Association Hercules,his deeds, his companionship, in withHerculesand his brandof epic valor are not longersufficient theAeneiditself. theHerculesthemein theAeneid : first, thedeeds To summarize fortheir of Hercules as an epic hero are alludedto or told at length thereare thosereferences which own value as epic material; secondly, Herculesand hisdeeds; thirdly, one passage tendtoidentify Aeneas with thanHercules; fourthly, at least one thatAugustusis greater suggests at the of Hercules beforeus; fifthly, sectionmerely keeps the figure end of the Aeneid threescenes reveal thatassociationwithHercules provesto be of no value at the timeof death.It appearsto thiswriter cominthelight that to Hercules,Aeneas is constantly ofthereferences withtheglorious heroof another age. On occasion paredand identified It is possiblethatVergilis thefuroror ira of Hercules is mentioned. thatAeneas, in contrast to Hercules,shouldmaster himself suggesting and become superior this to Hercules. How does Aeneas profit from advice?Anchiseshad statedin Book 6: tu memento Romane, imperio populos, regere tibi erunt artes morem, (hae pacisque imponere etdebellare subiectis parcere (6.851-853) superbos. In other dementiatowards thedefeated and virtus words, to thearrogant is advised,just as the shieldof Augustuspresented by the senate in 27 B.C.: incuria Iulia aureus ... etclupeus mihi senatum positus quem populumque dare virtutis etpietatis Romanm iustitiae caussa clementiaeque testatum est est eius Res Gestae clupei inscriptionem. per 34. 2 With ofAnchisesand numerous thestatement exemmythological whatdoes Vergilhave Aeneas do in Book 12 whenthe pla to consider, final Turnusoccurs?After with confrontation Aeneas' spearhas pierced theshield ofTurnus andTurnus is at hismercy, Aeneas (humulis supplex) Hercules and appearsto followthe exampleof his heroicpredecessor meetforcewithforce, violencewithviolence, with furor furor: oculis saevi monimenta doloris ille, postquam funis accensus etira hausit, exuviasque 'tune hinc indute tembilis: meorum spoliis Pallas tehoc mihi? Pallas vulnere, eripiare etpoenam exsanguine immolt scelerato sumit' hoc dicens sub ferram adverso condit pectore fervidus. Uli ast lolvuntur membra. . . . (12.945-5 1)32 frigore In Aeneid2 after the visionof Hectorhad advisedAeneas to take the and sacredobjectsof Troy and departand after seeingthe destruction fire ofTroy,Aeneas reactedas follows:

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inarmis, satrationis amens arma capio; inarcem bello et concurrere manum sedglomerare furor mentem socns ardent cum animi; iraque inarmis. succurrit mori (2.314-317) pulchrumque praecipitat, offurorhas control Aeneas' inner in theopinionof theauthor, Finally, of Book "heroic his since impulse not early improved unfortunately to the code set forth by the heroic 2. Aeneas was stillactingaccording of the past such as Hercules. Augustushad a choice: would he figures be like Antonyand Hercules?Would he avoid the excesses andfuror of the Roman Herculesof theAeneid, Aeneas? There is considerable sometime hispolicies didchange toshowthat evidence historical Augustus up by Seneca in his the battleof Actium.The changeis summed after in his youth thatAugustus essay De Clementia1.11; Seneca comments Because becameevident. ofmercy hisquality Actium "arsitira" butafter to argue thatVergil's of the timeelement,one would findit difficult At bestone might of Herculesand Aeneas influenced Augustus. portrait and economicfactors, to in addition that military, political, pressing say oftheepicheroHerculesandhisimitator thenegative presentation literary Aeneas did not pass unnoticed by Augustusand did, in fact,contrast withAugustus'laterbehavior. sharply luttsuniversity W.Zarker John view a corrective for 62(1967)309-311 CJ Daedalus" 1. Cf.H.C.Rutledge, "Vergil's insubstantially was 6.This in Aeneid Daedalus presented of paper the of importance and West Middle ofthe Association Classical ofthe atthe form different meeting A paper many containing Minnesota 1,1971. inMinneapolis, April South meeting inApril ofTennessee at the waspresented University innucleo ideas ofthese 1969. 41-37. inth e Aeneid" 14, (1968), "Hercules Vergilius 2. Kristine Gilmartin, Arbor 20;Quinn 1968) : A Critical Aeneid (Ann Description 3. . Quinn, Virgil's toleave refusal Anchises' after Troy: reaction onAeneas' alsocomments miserrimus (2.655) feror opto. inarma rursus mortemque wish. a death and tokill a desire both Theheroic together joins impulse Moronis P. (Oxis R.A. Opera used Vergili Mynors, ofVergil throughout text 4. The 1969). ford, vol. 145, Mass.1920) 9,"Antony" Lives Plutarch's trans. (Cambridge, 5. B. Perrin, 147. vol.3, 547. Mass.1912) Roman (Cambridge, trans. History 6. H. White, Appian's Vita Divi C.Suetonius school in his TranquillusAugusti (London edition, 7. M.Adams "Seneca (de ira 61(Augustus' Clementia) p. 162: onChapter comments 1939) and inhisyouth ofsavagery a period into career divides i.8-11) XX Augustus' but not hecalls clemency inhisoldage.Thelatter genuine ofmildness a period in wasalsoinvolved himself out'."Onecould Augustus worn saythat 'Cruelty See alsoW.A. codeandRoman heroic pietas. Greek the between the conflict and Octavian for Aeneid 1969) p. 100 toVirgil's (Oxford AnIntroduction Camps, Hercules. toAscanius: Aeneas Aen. 12.435-436, cf. 8. Quinn 3) p. 123; (note laborem, exme virtutem verumque Disce, puer, exaliis. fortunm tr.G. Seligson Aeneid inthe andSymbol Art The V. Pschl, Image 9. ofVergil:

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10. 11. 12.

13.

14. 15.

16. 17. 18.

19.

20. 21.

47 This Arbor view is contrary tothat ofJ.Conington and 1962) (Ann pp.45-46. H. Nettleship, P.Vergili Moronis with a Commentary2 ad Opera (London 1875) 4.449. 18discussed SeealsoPoschl note onpage 186 inanis. concerning InBook a long Salii of the deeds ofHercules 284 8,the sing praise (line following) and alsoappear onthe Shield ofAeneas with the they 663). together (line Luperci wasa sonofVenus andButes; inthe match with Eryx Hercules, boxing Eryx was slain. Inthis a half-brother one notes that of was defeated Aeneas, regard Eryx, cf.pages for the below battle ofCacus and Hercules. byHercules; Michael C.J.Putnam, The Aeneid Mass.1969) Poetry ofthe (Cambridge, p. 82; 215-216 seealsohisnote where hepoints outthat "the and foot race 22,page contests look not so much tothe events within Bk.5 as tothe ultimate boxing andmost conflict ofthe whole the clash between Aeneas and important poem, Turnus inXII." Cf.12, 764-765. I am iraand inthe Seneca describes Aeneid; currently furor studying (deira1.1.2) I have iraas brevis In the insania. 63occurrences Aeneid located as follows: ingeneral; 7 Juno; 7, gods 5, Allecto, Aeolus, etc.;3, animals; 8, Aeneas; 7, 1 Hercules, andTurnus; 12singles anddoubles; 3 general, Turnus; 1,Aeneas both Latins. sides, 8,groups, Italians, Trojans, TheSibyl in6.322 as "deum addresses Aeneas certissima proles". Invictus a common title ofHercules; heis so addressed in8.293; is,ofcourse, is so addressed Aeneas in8.293; is so addressed Aeneas in6.365; byPalinurus of the five isapplied other occurrences one toMarcellus once tothe shield (6.878), ofAeneas toTheseus and Pirithous "invicti (10.243 "clipeum...invictum"), (6.392 tothe both andItalians viribus"), (11.306 viris"), Trojans "invictisque Trojans "invicate (12.191 gentes"). Cf. "Aeternum saecula The Golden and the nomen, C.P.Segal, per Bough Tragedy I andII, Arion 4 (1965) ofHistory" Parts a most for ofBook study illuminating 6 and the ofthe Golden inunderstanding the book. importance Bough Cf. who that notes however also Hercules (ad803) Conington Euripides represents as killing the inH.F. 378. stag inthe ofVergili" CJ63(1968) "ThePastor Cf.R.A.Hornsby, 145-152, Poetry his Patterns onthe seealso 5for note recent volume, simile; bibliography p.148 esp. AnInterpretation inthe 'Aeneid'; (Iowa City ofVergil's EpicSimiles ofAction 99(1968) "Pastor Aeneas" seealsoW.S.Anderson, 9; see 91-92; 1970) 79-81 ananalysis notes for alsoPoschl ofthesimile. 9) pages (note Conington isa similar and followed 3.39 there contrast of Hercules Horace Ode where Augustus as inAen.6.6805. not Liber Cf.thepetstag ofSilvia (7.483 byBacche pater the is common Ascanius wounds where the useofharundo foil.) 7.499). (6.73; "eximiae laudis succensus amore" (7.496). stag This allusion be taken as casting may onthe aspersions ofLerna slain bigfish as a jocular byHercules or,atbest, reference tothe labor there. The performed term in6.576 , however, hydra as oneofthe appears dwellers near in Tartarus; 7.658 the isthe blazon onthe shield of hydra a complimentary Aventinus, certainly allusion tothe labor ofHercules at Lerna. drus is used inthe twice Aeneid both times inBk.7, later inthe todescribe Umbro catalogue andearlier (7.753) inthe book Allecto neither concerning refers toHercules. (7.447); usage Cf.Gilmartin notes 46.I disagree 9,10 with her page comments about Aventinus not a second hedoes being not Hercules; since Aeneas takes hisplace reappear lateras Hercules Further the role of personified. Aventinus with his close relationship toHercules isassumed inBks. 8 and10. byPallas Ofthe others mentioned inthe Mezentius andLausus Catalogue, appear often, inBk.10;Aventinus not especially Catillus and Coras in11.640, again; 465,604; Caeculus in10.544; numerous Messapus in11; Clausus times, in10.345; especially

VERGILIUS

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48 22. 24.

25.

26.

27.

28. 29.

30.

31 '

32.

VERGILIUS not not not Agamemnonius, Oebalus, Umbro, 10.544; Viribus, again; again; again; Turnus Bk.ll. Camilla, frequently; especially B. Otis, : A Study inCivilized cf.Putnam 1963) 337-338; (Oxford Virgil Poetry 57-59 a discussion for ofcupido. (note 12) pages D 335. G.K. Galinsky, "TheHercules-Cacus inAeneid Vili" AJP Episode 87(1966) 24-26. theunifying Galinsky emphasizes elements oftheepisode inBook 8 as well as itsrelation toBooks 2 and12;further Books 6 and8 areclosely joined; "Hercules and finally, Cacus, above symbolize, andTurnus" all,Aeneas (page text reads Mynors' and205. is,cf.crit.app. Theappearances fur of 288, p. furiis bear relevance to this both Hercules and scene; Cacus are sodescribed (8.219) (8.205) inthis Aeneas inthe final inthe scene; Aeneid is "furiis accensus episode (12.946) etira";Etruria "maires accensas (8.494) "furiis iustis"; furiis" (7.392); "furiis Cassandrae" Turnus (10.68); (10.872, 12.668, 10,101). Cf.the actions ofTurnus after hehad been ledaway Juno: by ter conatus ter maxima luno viam, utramque continuit... . (10,685-686) the consecutive ter two Vergil times for employs 2.792-3 and Aeneas, (Creusa) 6.700-01 both times ter conatus... (Anchises), ter inthe storm frustra; 3.566-67; Didoather death Hercules ter (4.690-91); Turnus Mezentius triple above; here; and funeral ceremonies (10.885-86); (11.188-89). For a most informative, ofVergil's scholarly Hercules comparison and Cacus tale with that ofPropertius 4.9andOvid, Fasti1.543-78, see B. Otis, "Limitations ofthe inOvid as anEpic Poet Elegist" 25-36. sums (Cambridge 1966) Propertius violent acts intwo lines: upHercules' furem sonuere invenci, furis etimplacidas diruit ira fores. Maenalio iacuit tria ramo. pulsus tempora 7.683-92" Aeneid ofTurnus: "TheArms SeealsoS.G.P.Small, 90(1959). 49times inthe 10times Clipeus appears tothe famous shield Aeneid, referring of Aeneas:8,447,625,729; other uses of word the 10,242,261,330,638,777; 12,167,432; toother individuals ortoshields ingenerl apply 12.724 for refers which except tothe shields of both Aeneas and Turnus. Other words for shields are used: palma, 38times; 13 five scutum, three times. Ofpassing interest times; umbo, times; pelta, isthe shield included in the at Actium where the offering (3.286) inscription dedicatory states: "Aeneas haec deDanais victoribus arma" (3.288). (note Hornby There 18)p.66. are17appearances ofthe lion inthe Aeneid. In addition tothe three toTurnus and two referring Nisus and concerning Euryalus, two refer tothe lions ofCybele oneto Phrygian (3.113, 10.253), lions as ships ofAeneas thelion skin (10.157), on Aeneas' back Salius' (2.722), gift (8.295), Ascanius for a lion while hopes Mezentius is described hunting (4.159). "ceuleo tus" and the lions ofCirce impas (10.723) arementioned 7.15. Thelabores ofHercules calltomind Poschl's comments onlopas andthe tale which hesings atthe atthe end ofBook Banquet 1: "Hiecanit errantem lunam ". Poschl labores is speaking solmque ofAeneas as Apollo andDidoas moon. to Aeneas referring refer aswell tohis may labors asa second Hercules; rJ?brcest ct. 12.435: disce, virtutem ex puer, meverumque laborem " Putnam 200 (note cites 12)page the reminiscence ofBook as the 1,Juno "causae irarum further henotes saevique dolores"; that Aeneas in1.92 when faced with the storm: Aeneae solvuntur "extemplo membra". Dido in frigore 4.697 isdescribed as: subitoque accensa furore...". Theadjective amens is alsoused ofAeneas in 2.745 after the lossofCreusa; Panthus Iarbas (2.321); Nisus at (4.203); (9.424) the ofEuryalus; capture mother ofEuryalus Andromache (9.478); (3.307) upon Turnus seeing Aeneas; (7.460, 10.681, each caseata time 12.622,742,776) ofgreat Aeneas in(4.279) stress; after the of hearing Amens warning both from Mercury. the sense ofthe world and from its usedoes not connote rational action.

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